scholarly journals A line-of-sight channel model for the 100–450 gigahertz frequency band

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joonas Kokkoniemi ◽  
Janne Lehtomäki ◽  
Markku Juntti
Keyword(s):  
Channel Model ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Absorption Loss ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Actual Response

AbstractThis paper documents a simple parametric polynomial line-of-sight channel model for 100–450 GHz band. The band comprises two popular beyond fifth generation (B5G) frequency bands, namely, the D band (110–170 GHz) and the low-THz band (around 275–325 GHz). The main focus herein is to derive a simple, compact, and accurate molecular absorption loss model for the 100–450 GHz band. The derived model relies on simple absorption line shape functions that are fitted to the actual response given by complex but exact database approach. The model is also reducible for particular sub-bands within the full range of 100–450 GHz, further simplifying the absorption loss estimate. The proposed model is shown to be very accurate by benchmarking it against the exact response and the similar models given by International Telecommunication Union Radio Communication Sector. The loss is shown to be within ±2 dBs from the exact response for one kilometer link in highly humid environment. Therefore, its accuracy is even much better in the case of usually considered shorter range future B5G wireless systems.

scholarly journals Rain Attenuation Prediction Model for Lagos at Millimeter Wave Bands

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abayomi Isiaka Yussuff ◽  
Nor Hisham Haji Khamis
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Coastal Station ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
X Band

Abstract Lagos, Nigeria (6.35°N, 3.2°E), is a coastal station in the rain forest area of southwestern Nigeria with an altitude of 38 m. Since most communication now takes place above the X band because of congestion of lower bands, it was necessary to look into ways of maximizing X-band usage. There are inadequate data for use in rain propagation studies at microwave frequencies, and even less so at millimeter wave bands where most of the signal depolarization and fading has been discovered to exist. The proposed model is a modification of the International Telecommunication Union–Radio Communication Sector (ITU-R) model combined with locally obtained regression coefficients for estimating specific attenuation as proposed by G. Olalere Ajayi. The Dissanayake, Allnutt, and Haidara (DAH), Simple Attenuation Model (SAM), and ITU-R attenuation prediction models were investigated along with the proposed model. The ITU-R model was observed to produce the best results at 40 GHz, with percentage error values of 0.61%, 0.55%, and 0.49% at 0.1%, 0.01%, and 0.001% of the time, respectively. In comparison, the proposed prediction model showed good performance at 20-GHz down-link frequency, with percentage error values of 3.6%, 3.3%, and 2.9% at 0.1%, 0.01%, and 0.001% of the time, respectively. The obtained results also showed good agreement with other similar works in the open literature. The results presented in this work are valuable for the design and planning of a satellite link in the tropical regions.

scholarly journals Enabling Heterogeneous IoT Networks over 5G Networks with Ultra-Dense Deployment—Using MEC/SDN

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 910
Author(s):  
Abdelhamied A. Ateya ◽  
Abeer D. Algarni ◽  
Monia Hamdi ◽  
Andrey Koucheryavy ◽  
Naglaa. F. Soliman
Keyword(s):  
5G Networks ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
System Availability ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Network Availability ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Massive Number ◽  
Iot Platforms ◽  
3Rd Generation Partnership Project ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of things (IoT) is the third evolution of the traditional Internet that enables interaction and communication among machines. Many IoT platforms and networks have been developed, and recently, market sectors have started to develop specific IoT applications and services. Integrating heterogeneous IoT networks with the existing ones, mainly with the cellular networks, is a great demand. IoT represents one of the main use cases of the fifth-generation (5G) cellular system as announced by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Integrating IoT networks with 5G networks face many challenges related to dense deployment and a massive number of expected connected devices. Thus, IoT network availability and scalability are the main requirements that should be achieved. To this end, this work provides a framework for integrating heterogeneous IoT networks with the 5G networks. The proposed system considers dense deployment and system scalability and availability requirements as announced by ITU and 3GPP. Our proposed structure deploys three main communication paradigms; mobile edge computing (MEC), device-to-device communications (D2D), and software-defined networking (SDN). Our proposed system is evaluated over a reliable environment for various deployment scenarios, and the results validate the proposed structure. The proposed IoT/5G reduces the percentage of blocked tasks by an average of 30% than other traditional IoT networks. This increases the overall system availability and scalability since IoT networks can have more devices and tasks than existing IoT networks. Furthermore, our proposed structure reduces the overall consumed energy by an average of 20% than existing IoT networks, which is an effective metric for IoT networks.

scholarly journals 5G Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication Implementation Challenges and Operational Issues with IoT Devices

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddiqi ◽  
Yu ◽  
Joung
Keyword(s):  
Low Latency ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Machine Type Communications ◽  
Reliable Communications ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Operational Issues

To meet the diverse industrial and market demands, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has classified the fifth-generation (5G) into ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), and massive machine-type communications (mMTC). Researchers conducted studies to achieve the implementation of the mentioned distributions efficiently, within the available spectrum. This paper aims to highlight the importance of URLLC in accordance with the approaching era of technology and industry requirements. While highlighting a few implementation issues of URLLC, concerns for the Internet of things (IoT) devices that depend on the low latency and reliable communications of URLLC are also addressed. In this paper, the recent progress of 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardization and the implementation of URLLC are included. Finally, the research areas that are open for further investigation in URLLC implementation are highlighted, and efficient implementation of URLLC is discussed.

The International Telecommunication Union: Origin and Role

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Lyall
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
International Body ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Modern Technologies

Integral to modern life, electrical telecommunications have to work within the constraints set by the unalterable laws of physics. Transborder systems require that technologies and protocols be harmonized if there is to be interconnectivity and interoperability. International agreements on wired services date back to the 1850s. Separate bodies set up to deal with international communications in east and west Europe, were brought together in 1865 in a single international body, the International Telegraph Union. Wireless communication—radio—presented the additional problem of broadcast signals interfering with each other. From 1906, it was regulated on the basis of principles that still undergird the modern arrangements, but no formal international body was established for the purpose. Instead, radio was dealt with by a sequence of plenipotentiary conferences. The separate regimes for wired and wireless services were united in 1932 when the International Telecommunication Union was established. The 193-member union is the UN specialized agency that deals with all forms of telecommunication. It underwent a major reconstruction in 1992–1994 in order to cope with modern technologies and now works within a four-year cycle. Its institutions are its plenipotentiary conference, a council, a secretariat, and three sectors responsible, respectively, for development, standardization, and radio communication. Each of these last three has a bureau and holds international world and regional conferences, and is aided by a large number of specialized study groups. In radiocommunication, that sector supervises the operation of the Radio Regulations, in which a Table of Allocations prescribes which radio frequencies are used for what purpose and maintains a Master International Frequency Register, which records the active frequency assignments made by states to transmitting stations under their control. Its work has increased markedly with development of high-frequency systems and the proliferation of satellite systems serving various purposes.

scholarly journals Studi Kasus Perebutan Frekuensi 3600-4200MHz Antara Fixed Satellite Service Dan International Mobile Telecommunication Dengan Pendekatan Regulatory Impact Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Bambang Setiawan ◽  
Ronny La Ode Aksah
Keyword(s):  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Mobile Telecommunication ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Regulatory Impact Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Impact ◽  
Satellite Service

Jaringan selular generasi baru 5G diklaim akan mempunyai kecepatan akses 20 kali lebih cepat dari jaringan selular 4G pada saat ini. Untuk mengantisipasi kebutuhan frekuensi, maka pada World Radio Communication 2015 (WRC-2015) komunitas International Mobile Telecommunication Advanced (IMT-Advanced) telah meminta kepada International Telecommunication Union (ITU) untuk menambah alokasi frekuensi 3600-4200MHz untuk IMT. frekuensi ini adalah frekuensi Extended-C-Band dan C-Band yang saat ini digunakan oleh Fixed Satellite Services (FSS) sebagai frekuensi Downlink (Space-to-earth). Sementara itu komunitas industri telekomunikasi satelit menentang identifikasi ini karena frekuensi Extended-C-Band dan C-Band ini masih sangat penting bagi industri satelit untuk menopang telekomunikasi satelit terutama pada daerah tropis yang memiliki curah hujan yang tinggi. Pemerintah Indonesia yang diwakili oleh Direktorat Jenderal SDPPI Kementrian Kominfo sebagai regulator telekomunikasi Indonesia memutuskan untuk tidak mengidentifikasi frekuensi ini sebagai frekuensi IMT. Penelitian ini digunakan untuk meneliti keputusan Pemerintah dengan REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS (RIA) atau dikenal sebagai Analisa Dampak Implementasi Undang-Undang.

scholarly journals Attenuation by a Human Body and Trees as well as Material Penetration Loss in 26 and 39 GHz Millimeter Wave Bands

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Wang ◽  
Xiongwen Zhao ◽  
Shu Li ◽  
Mengjun Wang ◽  
Shaohui Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
University Campus ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Channel Sounder ◽  
Uniform Theory Of Diffraction ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Radio Systems ◽  
Itu Model ◽  
Penetration Loss

This paper investigates the attenuation by a human body and trees as well as material penetration loss at 26 and 39 GHz by measurements and theoretical modeling work. The measurements were carried out at a large restaurant and a university campus by using a time domain channel sounder. Meanwhile, the knife-edge (KE) model and one-cylinder and two-cylinder models based on uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) are applied to model the shape of a human body and predict its attenuation in theory. The ITU (International Telecommunication Union) and its modified models are used to predict the attenuation by trees. The results show that the upper bound of the KE model is better to predict the attenuation by a human body compared with UTD one-cylinder and two-cylinder models at both 26 and 39 GHz. ITU model overestimates the attenuation by willow trees, and a modified attenuation model by trees is proposed based on our measurements at 26 GHz. Penetration loss for materials such as wood and glass with different types and thicknesses is measured as well. The measurement and modeling results in this paper are significant and necessary for simulation and planning of fifth-generation (5G) mm-wave radio systems in ITU recommended frequency bands at 26 and 39 GHz.

scholarly journals REGULATION OF RADIO FREQUENCY SPECTRUM AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Jean Claude Geofrey Mahoro ◽  
Agus Pramono
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Radio Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Telecommunication Operators

The radio frequency spectrum is a limited natural resource, which is very important and strategic in the operation of telecommunications. Considering that it is a limited natural resource, its management is regulated internationally by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), in which details are set out in the radio regulations (RR) as an integral part of the ITU Convention. The study is based on applicable legal regulations and is supported by literature studies. The results of the study indicate that the regulation of the radio frequency spectrum is based on radio regulations, international agreements within the ITU through the World Radio communication Conference forum. The implications of regulating the use of the radio frequency spectrum always take into account the general public needs for the dynamics of the progress in telecommunications technology, of which implementation of its utilisation rests in the principle of fairness and equity between regions, and efficiency. Therefore, all policies made are directed at creating a market balance, ensuring fair competition between telecommunication operators as a potential to prevent market dominance, as well as protecting consumers.

ANALYSIS OF ITU-T AND ITU-R RECOMMENDATIONS ON FIFTH-GENERATION COMMUNICATION NETWORKS. PART I

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.В. ТОНКИХ
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Fifth Generation

Публикация представляет собой первую часть статьи,посвященной деятельности Международного союза электросвязи (МСЭ)в области стандартизации сетей связи пятого поколения и дальнейших перспективных разработок. Рассмотрены ключевые документы МСЭ-R, заложившие основу для исследований и разработки как радиоинтерфейсов, так и сетевой архитектуры сетей 5G/IMT-2020, ориентированной на качественно новые функции и услуги. Результаты нашли свое отражение в документах фокус-групп и в рекомендациях МСЭ-Т. This publication is the first part of an article devoted to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) activity on the standardization of fifth-generation communication networks and further promising developments. The key ITU-R documents, which laid the foundation for research and development of both radio interfaces and the network architecture of 5G/IMT-2020 networks, focused on qualitatively new functions and services, are considered. The results are reflected in ITU-T focus group papers and ITU-T Recommendations.

ANALYSIS OF ITU-T AND ITU-R RECOMMENDATIONS ON FIFTH GENERATION COMMUNICATION NETWORKS. PART II

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.В. ТОНКИХ
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Network Functions

Во II части одноименной статьи,начало которой было опубликовано в сборнике «Труды НИИР», № 3'2021, рассматриваются результаты проводимой в рамках Международного союза электросвязи работы по стандартизации архитектуры сетей связи пятого поколения,а также требования,предъявляемые новыми сервисами и применениями к характеристикам этих сетей. Приводится обзор некоторых ключевых документов МСЭ, прежде всего Рекомендаций МСЭ-Т по требованиям к сетям с учетом дальнейшей виртуализации (софтверизации)многих сетевых функций сетей 5G/IMT-2020. In the second part of the article of the same name, that was published in the collection "Proceedings if the NIIR", No. 3'2021, the results of the work of the International Telecommunication Union to standardize the architecture of fifth-generation communication networks, as well as the requirements imposed by new services and applications to the characteristics of these networks are considered. An overview of some key ITU documents is provided, primarily the ITU-T Recommendations on network requirements, taking into account the further virtualization (softwarization) of many network functions of 5G / IMT-2020 networks.

scholarly journals The graph neural networking challenge

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
José Suárez-Varela ◽  
Miquel Ferriol-Galmés ◽  
Albert López ◽  
Paul Almasan ◽  
Guillermo Bernárdez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Computer Networks ◽  
Real World ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Educational Resources ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Broad Audience

During the last decade, Machine Learning (ML) has increasingly become a hot topic in the field of Computer Networks and is expected to be gradually adopted for a plethora of control, monitoring and management tasks in real-world deployments. This poses the need to count on new generations of students, researchers and practitioners with a solid background in ML applied to networks. During 2020, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has organized the "ITU AI/ML in 5G challenge", an open global competition that has introduced to a broad audience some of the current main challenges in ML for networks. This large-scale initiative has gathered 23 different challenges proposed by network operators, equipment manufacturers and academia, and has attracted a total of 1300+ participants from 60+ countries. This paper narrates our experience organizing one of the proposed challenges: the "Graph Neural Networking Challenge 2020". We describe the problem presented to participants, the tools and resources provided, some organization aspects and participation statistics, an outline of the top-3 awarded solutions, and a summary with some lessons learned during all this journey. As a result, this challenge leaves a curated set of educational resources openly available to anyone interested in the topic.

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