scholarly journals Enabling Heterogeneous IoT Networks over 5G Networks with Ultra-Dense Deployment—Using MEC/SDN

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 910
Author(s):  
Abdelhamied A. Ateya ◽  
Abeer D. Algarni ◽  
Monia Hamdi ◽  
Andrey Koucheryavy ◽  
Naglaa. F. Soliman
Keyword(s):  
5G Networks ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
System Availability ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Network Availability ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Massive Number ◽  
Iot Platforms ◽  
3Rd Generation Partnership Project ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of things (IoT) is the third evolution of the traditional Internet that enables interaction and communication among machines. Many IoT platforms and networks have been developed, and recently, market sectors have started to develop specific IoT applications and services. Integrating heterogeneous IoT networks with the existing ones, mainly with the cellular networks, is a great demand. IoT represents one of the main use cases of the fifth-generation (5G) cellular system as announced by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Integrating IoT networks with 5G networks face many challenges related to dense deployment and a massive number of expected connected devices. Thus, IoT network availability and scalability are the main requirements that should be achieved. To this end, this work provides a framework for integrating heterogeneous IoT networks with the 5G networks. The proposed system considers dense deployment and system scalability and availability requirements as announced by ITU and 3GPP. Our proposed structure deploys three main communication paradigms; mobile edge computing (MEC), device-to-device communications (D2D), and software-defined networking (SDN). Our proposed system is evaluated over a reliable environment for various deployment scenarios, and the results validate the proposed structure. The proposed IoT/5G reduces the percentage of blocked tasks by an average of 30% than other traditional IoT networks. This increases the overall system availability and scalability since IoT networks can have more devices and tasks than existing IoT networks. Furthermore, our proposed structure reduces the overall consumed energy by an average of 20% than existing IoT networks, which is an effective metric for IoT networks.

scholarly journals A line-of-sight channel model for the 100–450 gigahertz frequency band

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joonas Kokkoniemi ◽  
Janne Lehtomäki ◽  
Markku Juntti
Keyword(s):  
Channel Model ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Absorption Loss ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Actual Response

AbstractThis paper documents a simple parametric polynomial line-of-sight channel model for 100–450 GHz band. The band comprises two popular beyond fifth generation (B5G) frequency bands, namely, the D band (110–170 GHz) and the low-THz band (around 275–325 GHz). The main focus herein is to derive a simple, compact, and accurate molecular absorption loss model for the 100–450 GHz band. The derived model relies on simple absorption line shape functions that are fitted to the actual response given by complex but exact database approach. The model is also reducible for particular sub-bands within the full range of 100–450 GHz, further simplifying the absorption loss estimate. The proposed model is shown to be very accurate by benchmarking it against the exact response and the similar models given by International Telecommunication Union Radio Communication Sector. The loss is shown to be within ±2 dBs from the exact response for one kilometer link in highly humid environment. Therefore, its accuracy is even much better in the case of usually considered shorter range future B5G wireless systems.

scholarly journals Quarantining Malicious IoT Devices in Intelligent Sliced Mobile Networks

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5054
Author(s):  
David Candal-Ventureira ◽  
Pablo Fondo-Ferreiro ◽  
Felipe Gil-Castiñeira ◽  
Francisco Javier González-Castaño
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Distributed Denial Of Service ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Secondary Network ◽  
Attack Surface ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
3Rd Generation Partnership Project ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The unstoppable adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) is driven by the deployment of new services that require continuous capture of information from huge populations of sensors, or actuating over a myriad of “smart” objects. Accordingly, next generation networks are being designed to support such massive numbers of devices and connections. For example, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is designing the different 5G releases specifically with IoT in mind. Nevertheless, from a security perspective this scenario is a potential nightmare: the attack surface becomes wider and many IoT nodes do not have enough resources to support advanced security protocols. In fact, security is rarely a priority in their design. Thus, including network-level mechanisms for preventing attacks from malware-infected IoT devices is mandatory to avert further damage. In this paper, we propose a novel Software-Defined Networking (SDN)-based architecture to identify suspicious nodes in 4G or 5G networks and redirect their traffic to a secondary network slice where traffic is analyzed in depth before allowing it reaching its destination. The architecture can be easily integrated in any existing deployment due to its interoperability. By following this approach, we can detect potential threats at an early stage and limit the damage by Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks originated in IoT devices.

scholarly journals 5G Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication Implementation Challenges and Operational Issues with IoT Devices

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddiqi ◽  
Yu ◽  
Joung
Keyword(s):  
Low Latency ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Machine Type Communications ◽  
Reliable Communications ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Operational Issues

To meet the diverse industrial and market demands, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has classified the fifth-generation (5G) into ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), and massive machine-type communications (mMTC). Researchers conducted studies to achieve the implementation of the mentioned distributions efficiently, within the available spectrum. This paper aims to highlight the importance of URLLC in accordance with the approaching era of technology and industry requirements. While highlighting a few implementation issues of URLLC, concerns for the Internet of things (IoT) devices that depend on the low latency and reliable communications of URLLC are also addressed. In this paper, the recent progress of 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardization and the implementation of URLLC are included. Finally, the research areas that are open for further investigation in URLLC implementation are highlighted, and efficient implementation of URLLC is discussed.

IoT Architecture and Protocols in 5G Environment

2018 ◽  
pp. 105-130
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mahmoud Mostafa
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Global Network ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Information Network ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Existing Data

The Internet of Things (IoT) is defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and IoT European Research Cluster (IERC) as a dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual “things” have identities, physical attributes and virtual personalities, use intelligent interfaces and are seamlessly integrated into the information network. Many of the applications and use cases that drive the requirements and capabilities of 5G are about end-to-end communication between devices. This chapter describes the enabling technologies for the Internet of Things, the IoT architecture, the network and communication infrastructure for IoT, and the importance of scalability for 5G based IoT systems. Also, naming and addressing issues in IoT is presented along with an overview of the existing data exchange protocols that can be applied to IoT based systems.

Analysis on the Band Plans for IMT Systems in 698-960MHz

2015 ◽  
Vol 735 ◽  
pp. 311-315
Author(s):  
Ahmad Nasruddin Atiqullah Fakrullah ◽  
Tharek Abd Rahman ◽  
Rozzeta Dolah ◽  
Umi Sabriah Haron
Keyword(s):  
Spectrum Management ◽  
Spectrum Utilization ◽  
Mobile Telecommunications ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Mobile Broadband ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Spectrum Band ◽  
3Rd Generation Partnership Project ◽  
National Resource

Spectrum band from 698-960 MHz has been identified for International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) by International Telecommunication Union (ITU). This paper provides the analysis of potential scenarios on the band plans for mobile broadband using IMT systems in the 698-960 MHz band based on the published recommendations from ITU and from 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in order to provide reference to national administrations in performing its spectrum management role. This study focuses from the perspective of maximizing spectrum utilization of this scarce national resource with consideration of the co-existence requirements, current usages and potential interference between different frequency arrangements.

scholarly journals Internet of Things: a Survey of the Advancements

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.12) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhivya V ◽  
Apoorva Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Great Part ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Broad Concept ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Internet of Things is a very broad concept and it is the name given to the interconnection of everyday devices to simplify, ease or provide useful information to the user. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines IoT as "A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on, existing and evolving, interoperable information and communication technologies". The name "Internet of Things" was first coined in 1999 by Kevin Ashton in a presentation to Proctor and Gamble. In this paper, we review the protocols, architecture, and applications surfacing in the region of the Internet of Things in the current years. The web of things has the capability of changing a great part of the world we live in. IoT comprises of an advanced cluster of sensors inserted into various "things" that ceaselessly transmits and shares significant information to different gadgets and cloud. Information that causes us better see how these things function and cooperate. But how all of this can happen on such a large scale with so many devices transmitting data? A simple answer to that would be the Internet of Things platform that brings diverse information and provides a common language for the devices and apps to communicate with each other.  

Internet of Things Key Technologies and Architectures Research in Information Processing

2013 ◽  
Vol 347-350 ◽  
pp. 2511-2515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Rong Shi ◽  
Tao Hou
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Smart Home ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Layer Model ◽  
Application Development ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Development Platform ◽  
Technology Industries ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of things is the key strategic application in the twelfth Five-Year plan of emerging technology industries in China. This paper introduces the basic concepts of Internet of things, proposes a three-layer model development platform based on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) specification, and describes the key technology and architecture in the platform, and gives smart home application development based on the platform.

scholarly journals Attenuation by a Human Body and Trees as well as Material Penetration Loss in 26 and 39 GHz Millimeter Wave Bands

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Wang ◽  
Xiongwen Zhao ◽  
Shu Li ◽  
Mengjun Wang ◽  
Shaohui Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
University Campus ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Channel Sounder ◽  
Uniform Theory Of Diffraction ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Radio Systems ◽  
Itu Model ◽  
Penetration Loss

This paper investigates the attenuation by a human body and trees as well as material penetration loss at 26 and 39 GHz by measurements and theoretical modeling work. The measurements were carried out at a large restaurant and a university campus by using a time domain channel sounder. Meanwhile, the knife-edge (KE) model and one-cylinder and two-cylinder models based on uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) are applied to model the shape of a human body and predict its attenuation in theory. The ITU (International Telecommunication Union) and its modified models are used to predict the attenuation by trees. The results show that the upper bound of the KE model is better to predict the attenuation by a human body compared with UTD one-cylinder and two-cylinder models at both 26 and 39 GHz. ITU model overestimates the attenuation by willow trees, and a modified attenuation model by trees is proposed based on our measurements at 26 GHz. Penetration loss for materials such as wood and glass with different types and thicknesses is measured as well. The measurement and modeling results in this paper are significant and necessary for simulation and planning of fifth-generation (5G) mm-wave radio systems in ITU recommended frequency bands at 26 and 39 GHz.

ANALYSIS OF ITU-T AND ITU-R RECOMMENDATIONS ON FIFTH-GENERATION COMMUNICATION NETWORKS. PART I

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.В. ТОНКИХ
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Fifth Generation

Публикация представляет собой первую часть статьи,посвященной деятельности Международного союза электросвязи (МСЭ)в области стандартизации сетей связи пятого поколения и дальнейших перспективных разработок. Рассмотрены ключевые документы МСЭ-R, заложившие основу для исследований и разработки как радиоинтерфейсов, так и сетевой архитектуры сетей 5G/IMT-2020, ориентированной на качественно новые функции и услуги. Результаты нашли свое отражение в документах фокус-групп и в рекомендациях МСЭ-Т. This publication is the first part of an article devoted to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) activity on the standardization of fifth-generation communication networks and further promising developments. The key ITU-R documents, which laid the foundation for research and development of both radio interfaces and the network architecture of 5G/IMT-2020 networks, focused on qualitatively new functions and services, are considered. The results are reflected in ITU-T focus group papers and ITU-T Recommendations.

Fifth Generation of Wireless Networks (5G): Problems and Risks

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
S.G. Kharchenko ◽  
N.K. Zhizhin
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Military Bases ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
5G Network ◽  
Directed Energy ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
The Eu

The article is devoted to the analysis of electromagnetic radiation of fifth generation (5G) networks. The characteristic of the 5G electromagnetic radiation spectrum and its features is given. The main advantages of implementing 5G networks proceeding from the Concept of the Ministry of communications of Russia are analyzed, including the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, augmented, extended reality, and virtual reality. Nine ways in which 5G and IoT will cause serious harm to people, wildlife, and our Earth are summarized. The conclusions of the Concept are being questioned. The article analyzes the results that the military personnel is expecting from the 5G network, including the introduction of hypersonic weapons, the creation of "smart military bases", "combat networks", the use of "portable combat items", drones, non-lethal, directed energy electronic weapons. It is justified: how does 5G differ qualitatively and quantitatively from 4G in its impact on human health. Based on the appeal of scientists and environmental organizations from 219 countries to the UN, the WTO, the EU, the Council of Europe and the governments of all States, the demand for the immediate termination of the deployment of a 5G wireless network on Earth and in space is justified.

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