scholarly journals Visceral leishmaniasis in northwest China from 2004 to 2018: a spatio-temporal analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Canjun Zheng ◽  
Liping Wang ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
Xiao-Nong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Sichuan Province ◽  
Gansu Province ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Western China ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract Background Although visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a disease caused by parasites, is controlled in most provinces in China, it is still a serious public health problem and remains fundamentally uncontrolled in some northwest provinces and autonomous regions. The objective of this study is to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of VL in Sichuan Province, Gansu Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China from 2004 to 2018 and to identify the risk areas for VL transmission. Methods Spatiotemporal models were applied to explore the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of VL and the association between VL and meteorological factors in western China from 2004 to 2018. Geographic information of patients from the National Diseases Reporting Information System operated by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention was defined according to the address code from the surveillance data. Results During our study period, nearly 90% of cases occurred in some counties in three western regions (Sichuan Province, Gansu Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region), and a significant spatial clustering pattern was observed. With our spatiotemporal model, the transmission risk, autoregressive risk and epidemic risk of these counties during our study period were also well predicted. The number of VL cases in three regions of western China concentrated on a few of counties. VL in Kashi Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is still serious prevalent, and integrated control measures must be taken in different endemic areas. Conclusions The number of VL cases in three regions of western China concentrated on a few of counties. VL in Kashi Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is still serious prevalent, and integrated control measures must be taken in different endemic areas. Our findings will strengthen the VL control programme in China.

Spatio-temporal distribution analysis of TB in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liping Zhang ◽  
Yanling Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Western China ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem, which also affects economic and social development. China has the third largest burden of tuberculosis in the world. TB control made the slowest progress in western China while the highest prevalence of it showed up in Xinjiang. The study was conducted to investigate the spatial epidemiological features of pulmonary tuberculosis in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (referred to as Xinjiang) and compared the regional differences in the incidence of TB, for the 2013-2016，which can provide scientific reference for TB prevention and control. Methods: Based on the TB monitored data, descriptive statistics was used to analyze the distribution characteristics of TB patients. Spatial correlation analysis and spatio-temporal scanning techniques were used to explore the clustering of TB in Xinjiang. Results: A total of 178,674 TB cases were notified in Xinjiang from 2013 to 2016 with an average annual incidence of 195.32/100,000. The incidence of TB in Xinjiang showed an upward trend. Male and female patients accounted for 52.56％and 47.44％ respectively，with the sex ratio being 1.11:1. The number of cases continuously increased with the increasing age，and the elderly TB patients aged 60 years and above accounted for 46.77％．Most of the patients with TB were farmers and shepherds, accounting for 72.11％．The incidence of TB presented an upward trend from east to west and from north to south. Obvious spatial aggregation was observed in the incidence of TB in 98 countries and districts from 2013 to 2016 and the global Moran’s I was 0.5768 (P<0.001). The reported incidence rate of TB showed remarkable seasonality. The hot spots of TB were mostly concentrated in the southern Xinjiang with Kashgar as the center, while the cold spots were in northern Xinjiang with Urumqi as the center． Conclusion: The TB incidence displayed spatial and temporal aggregation at the levels of district and county in Xinjiang during 2013-2016, with high risk areas relatively concentrating in the southern Xinjiang．It is necessary to conduct targeted TB prevention and control in key areas and allocate health resources reasonably. Keywords: Tuberculosis; Spatial autocorrelation; Spatio-temporal scanning analysis

Perspective on control options forEchinococcus multiloculariswith particular reference to Japan

Parasitology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 127 (S1) ◽  
pp. S159-S172 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. ITO ◽  
T. ROMIG ◽  
K. TAKAHASHI
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Western China ◽  
Preventive Strategies ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
Information Campaigns ◽  
Control Options

Following a brief introduction of recent advances in molecular and immunological technology for detection of persons and animals infected withEchinococcus multilocularisand an overview of the current situation of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in Japan, perspectives on control options are discussed with reference to different epidemiological situations. AE is considered the most serious parasitic zoonosis in temperate and arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. The number of human cases differs drastically among regions. While high numbers of patients are apparently associated with highE. multilocularisprevalence in domestic dogs, e.g. in parts of Alaska and western China, the number of cases is moderate or low in areas where the parasite is mainly transmitted by wild canid species (e.g. in central Europe or temperate North America). However, the severity of the disease, the absence of curative treatment for most cases, the high cost of long-term chemotherapy and the anxiety caused for the population in highly endemic areas call for the development of preventive strategies even in regions where human AE is rare. Furthermore, in view of (1) drastically increasing numbers and infection rates of foxes involved in transmission ofE. multilocularis, and (2) increasingly close contact between humans and foxes e.g. in Europe and Japan, there is considerable concern that AE incidences may in future increase in these regions. Control options depend on a variety of factors including the species of canid principally responsible for transmission and the socio-economic situation in the region. Where domestic dogs (stray or owned) are the principal hosts forE. multilocularis, control options can include those applicable toE. granulosus, i.e. reduction of the number of stray dogs, registration and regular preventive chemotherapy of owned dogs, and information campaigns for the population promoting low-risk behaviour for man and dogs. WhereE. multilocularisis mainly transmitted by wild canids, the situation is far more difficult with preventive strategies still being in trial stage. Integrated control measures could include prevention information campaigns, restricting access of pet animals (dogs and cats) to rodents, chemotherapy of foxes on local or regional scales, and strategies to minimize contacts between people and foxes.

scholarly journals Associations between Meteorological Factors and Visceral Leishmaniasis Outbreaks in Jiashi County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, 2005–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Li ◽  
Canjun Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Although visceral leishmaniasis disease is controlled overall in China, it remains a serious public health problem and remains fundamentally uncontrolled in Jiashi County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. During 2005–2015, there were two outbreaks in Jiashi County. Assessing the influence of meteorological factors on visceral leishmaniasis incidence is essential for its monitoring and control. In this study, we applied generalized estimating equations to assess the impact of meteorological factors on visceral leishmaniasis risk from 2005 to 2015. We also compared meteorological factors among years with Kruskal–Wallis test to explore possible reasons behind the two outbreaks that occurred during our study period. We found that temperature and relative humidity had very significant associations with visceral leishmaniasis risk and there were interactions between these factors. Increasing temperature or decreasing relative humidity could increase the risk of visceral leishmaniasis events. The outbreaks investigated might have been related to low relative humidity and high temperatures. Our findings will support the rationale for visceral leishmaniasis control in China.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal clustering of Mountain-type Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in China between 2015 and 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. e0009152
Author(s):  
Yuwan Hao ◽  
Xiaokang Hu ◽  
Yanfeng Gong ◽  
Jingbo Xue ◽  
Zhengbin Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Study Time ◽  
Western China ◽  
Shanxi Province ◽  
Hotspot Analysis ◽  
Temporal Clustering ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis

With several decades of concerted control efforts, visceral leishmaniasis(VL) eradication had almost been achieved in China. However, VL cases continue to be detected in parts of western China recent years. Using data of reported cases, this study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and spatio⁃temporal distribution, of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL) in China between the years 2015 and 2019. Epidemiological data pertaining to patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) were collected in Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Shanxi, Henan and Hebei provinces between the years 2015 and 2019. Joinpoint regression analysis was performed to determine changes in the epidemic trend of MT-ZVL within the time period during which data was collected. Spatial autocorrelation of infection was examined using the Global Moran’s I statistic wand hotspot analysis was carried out using the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic. Spatio-temporal clustering analysis was conducted using the retrospective space-time permutation flexible spatial scanning statistics. A total of 529 cases of MT-ZVL were detected in the six provinces from which data were collected during the study time period, predominantly in Gansu (55.0%), Shanxi (21.7%), Shaanxi (12.5%) and Sichuan (8.9%) provinces. A decline in VL incidence in China was observed during the study period, whereas an increase in MT-ZVL incidence was observed in the six provinces from which data was obtained (t = 4.87, P < 0.05), with highest incidence in Shanxi province (t = 16.91, P < 0.05). Significant differences in the Moran’s I statistic were observed during study time period (P < 0.05), indicating spatial autocorrelation in the spatial distribution of MT-ZVL. Hotspot and spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed clustering of infection cases in the Shaanxi-Shanxi border areas and in east of Shanxi province, where transmission increased rapidly over the study duration, as well as in well know high transmission areas in the south of Gansu province and the north of the Sichuan province. It indicates resurgence of MT-ZVL transmission over the latter three years of the study. Spatial clustering of infection was observed in localized areas, as well as sporadic outbreaks of infection.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Corneal Astigmatism in Patients before Cataract Surgery in Western China

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Wei Ma ◽  
Chengguo Zuo ◽  
Weirong Chen ◽  
Shaoyang Zheng ◽  
Jiangang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Corneal Astigmatism ◽  
Partial Coherence ◽  
Western China ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ◽  
The Mean

Purpose. To investigate the demographics and distribution of corneal astigmatism before cataract surgery in patients from western China and to compare and analyze these findings with those of patients in southern China. Setting. People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Design. Clinical-based cross-sectional study. Methods. Patients undergoing cataract surgery in the People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from February 2012 to August 2019 were recruited. Preoperative keratometric data measured by performing preoperative bilateral partial coherence interferometry (IOLMaster), and patient demographics were recorded and analyzed. Results. This study comprised 12,236 eyes of 7065 patients with a mean age of 64.75 ± 9.66 years, and 52.77% of the patients were female. The mean axial length was 23.14 ± 0.96 mm. Astigmatism ranged from 0 diopters (D) to 6.94 D, with a mean of 1.28 D. Corneal astigmatism was between 0.25 D and 1.25 D in 53.71% of eyes, 1.25 D or higher in 39.06% eyes, and less than 0.25 D in 7.23% of eyes. Astigmatism was with the rule (WTR) in 41.94% of the patients and against the rule (ATR) in 38.80% of patients. The mean flat and steep keratometry measurement was 43.19 ± 1.50 D and 44.24 ± 1.62 D, respectively. After matching, corneal astigmatism in western China was 1.30 ± 1.03 D, and it was significantly higher than that in southern China (0.98 ± 0.67 D, P<0.001). After matching, the proportion of WTR astigmatism was 40.99% in western China, which was also significantly higher than the proportion (26.46%) in southern China (P<0.001). Conclusion. Corneal astigmatism in patients before cataract surgery in western China was mainly between 0.25 D and 1.25 D. Compared with patients in southern China, patients in western China are younger, have a much higher degree of astigmatism, and have a higher proportion of WTR astigmatism.

scholarly journals The wild Bactrian camel Camelus bactrianus ferus in China: the need for urgent action

Oryx ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hare
Keyword(s):  
Gansu Province ◽  
Bactrian Camel ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ◽  
Camelus Bactrianus ◽  
Illegal Mining ◽  
The Status ◽  
Urgent Action

Between 31 March and 28 May 1995 and 5 April and 2 May 1996 two expeditions carried out surveys of the status and distribution of the wild Bactrian camel Camelus bactrianus ferus in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Gansu Province in the People's Republic of China, the last known habitat of the subspecies in the country. The surveys revealed that the wild camel is highly endangered in China, due to illegal mining and hunting. An estimated total of 380–500 individuals remain and immediate action is needed to ensure their survival.

Epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis with particular reference to China and Europe

Parasitology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 127 (S1) ◽  
pp. S87-S107 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. VUITTON ◽  
H. ZHOU ◽  
S. BRESSON-HADNI ◽  
Q. WANG ◽  
M. PIARROUX ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Alveolar Echinococcosis ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Gansu Province ◽  
Central China ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ◽  
North East ◽  
Tibet Autonomous Region ◽  
Epidemiological Trends

Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the metacestode of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, is the most pathogenic zoonosis in temperate and arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. Prospective collection of human cases in some areas and mass screenings using ultrasound imaging and confirmation with serological techniques have markedly improved our knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease in humans during the past two decades. Transmission occurs when eggs of the tapeworm, excreted by the final hosts (usually foxes but also dogs, wolves and cats), are ingested accidentally by humans or during normal feeding by a variety of rodents and small lagomorphs. However, the species of host animals differ according to regional changes in mammalian fauna. This review mostly focuses on epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis in those parts of the world where new and more accurate epidemiological data are now available, i.e. China and Europe, as well as on new epidemiological trends that can be suspected from recent case reports and/or from recent changes in animal epidemiology of E. multilocularis infection. The People's Republic of China (PRC) is a newly recognized focus on AE in Asia. Human AE cases were firstly recognized in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Qinghai Provinces at the end of 1950s and infected animals were first reported from Ningxia in central China and north-east of Inner Mongolia in the 1980s. E. multilocularis (and human cases of AE) appears to occur in three areas: (1) Northeastern China (northeast focus): including Inner Mongolia Autonomous region and Heliongjiang Province (2) Central China (central focus): including Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Sichuan Province, Qinghai Province and Tibet Autonomous Region and (3) Northwestern China: including Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, bordered with Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The highest prevalence of the disease, up to 15 per cent of the population in some villages, is reached in China. In Europe, data from the European Echinococcosis Registry (EurEchinoReg: 1982–2000) show 53 autochthonous cases of AE in Austria, 3 in Belgium, 235 in France, 126 in Germany, 1 in Greece, and 112 in Switzerland, and 15 ‘imported’ cases, especially from central Asia; 14 cases were collected in Poland, a country not previously considered endemic for AE. Improved diagnostic technology, as well as a real increase in the infection rate and an extension to new areas, can explain that more than 500 cases have been reported for these 2 decades while less than 900 cases were published for the previous 7 decades. New epidemiological trends are related to an unprecedented increase in the fox population in Europe, to the unexpected development of urban foxes in Japan and in Europe, and to changes in the environmental situation in many countries worldwide due to climatic or anthropic factors which might influence the host–predator relationship in the animal reservoir and/or the behavioural characteristics of the populations in the endemic areas.

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