Spatio-temporal distribution analysis of TB in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liping Zhang ◽  
Yanling Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Western China ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem, which also affects economic and social development. China has the third largest burden of tuberculosis in the world. TB control made the slowest progress in western China while the highest prevalence of it showed up in Xinjiang. The study was conducted to investigate the spatial epidemiological features of pulmonary tuberculosis in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (referred to as Xinjiang) and compared the regional differences in the incidence of TB, for the 2013-2016，which can provide scientific reference for TB prevention and control. Methods: Based on the TB monitored data, descriptive statistics was used to analyze the distribution characteristics of TB patients. Spatial correlation analysis and spatio-temporal scanning techniques were used to explore the clustering of TB in Xinjiang. Results: A total of 178,674 TB cases were notified in Xinjiang from 2013 to 2016 with an average annual incidence of 195.32/100,000. The incidence of TB in Xinjiang showed an upward trend. Male and female patients accounted for 52.56％and 47.44％ respectively，with the sex ratio being 1.11:1. The number of cases continuously increased with the increasing age，and the elderly TB patients aged 60 years and above accounted for 46.77％．Most of the patients with TB were farmers and shepherds, accounting for 72.11％．The incidence of TB presented an upward trend from east to west and from north to south. Obvious spatial aggregation was observed in the incidence of TB in 98 countries and districts from 2013 to 2016 and the global Moran’s I was 0.5768 (P<0.001). The reported incidence rate of TB showed remarkable seasonality. The hot spots of TB were mostly concentrated in the southern Xinjiang with Kashgar as the center, while the cold spots were in northern Xinjiang with Urumqi as the center． Conclusion: The TB incidence displayed spatial and temporal aggregation at the levels of district and county in Xinjiang during 2013-2016, with high risk areas relatively concentrating in the southern Xinjiang．It is necessary to conduct targeted TB prevention and control in key areas and allocate health resources reasonably. Keywords: Tuberculosis; Spatial autocorrelation; Spatio-temporal scanning analysis

scholarly journals Associations between Meteorological Factors and Visceral Leishmaniasis Outbreaks in Jiashi County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, 2005–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Li ◽  
Canjun Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Although visceral leishmaniasis disease is controlled overall in China, it remains a serious public health problem and remains fundamentally uncontrolled in Jiashi County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. During 2005–2015, there were two outbreaks in Jiashi County. Assessing the influence of meteorological factors on visceral leishmaniasis incidence is essential for its monitoring and control. In this study, we applied generalized estimating equations to assess the impact of meteorological factors on visceral leishmaniasis risk from 2005 to 2015. We also compared meteorological factors among years with Kruskal–Wallis test to explore possible reasons behind the two outbreaks that occurred during our study period. We found that temperature and relative humidity had very significant associations with visceral leishmaniasis risk and there were interactions between these factors. Increasing temperature or decreasing relative humidity could increase the risk of visceral leishmaniasis events. The outbreaks investigated might have been related to low relative humidity and high temperatures. Our findings will support the rationale for visceral leishmaniasis control in China.

scholarly journals Visceral leishmaniasis in northwest China from 2004 to 2018: a spatio-temporal analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Canjun Zheng ◽  
Liping Wang ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
Xiao-Nong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Sichuan Province ◽  
Gansu Province ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Western China ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract Background Although visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a disease caused by parasites, is controlled in most provinces in China, it is still a serious public health problem and remains fundamentally uncontrolled in some northwest provinces and autonomous regions. The objective of this study is to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of VL in Sichuan Province, Gansu Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China from 2004 to 2018 and to identify the risk areas for VL transmission. Methods Spatiotemporal models were applied to explore the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of VL and the association between VL and meteorological factors in western China from 2004 to 2018. Geographic information of patients from the National Diseases Reporting Information System operated by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention was defined according to the address code from the surveillance data. Results During our study period, nearly 90% of cases occurred in some counties in three western regions (Sichuan Province, Gansu Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region), and a significant spatial clustering pattern was observed. With our spatiotemporal model, the transmission risk, autoregressive risk and epidemic risk of these counties during our study period were also well predicted. The number of VL cases in three regions of western China concentrated on a few of counties. VL in Kashi Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is still serious prevalent, and integrated control measures must be taken in different endemic areas. Conclusions The number of VL cases in three regions of western China concentrated on a few of counties. VL in Kashi Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is still serious prevalent, and integrated control measures must be taken in different endemic areas. Our findings will strengthen the VL control programme in China.

scholarly journals Medidas De Prevención De Infecciones Y Colonizaciones Nosocomiales Por Enterococcus Faecium Resistente A Vancomicina

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (25) ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
Sandra Alvarez Hidalgo ◽  
Ruth Magdalena Gallegos Torres ◽  
Juan Campos Guillén ◽  
Maribel Liñan Fernandez ◽  
Aide Teran Alcocer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
English Language ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Infection Treatment ◽  
Health Care Associated Infections ◽  
And Control

Las Infecciones Asociadas a la Atención de la Salud (IAAS) son un problema de salud pública global, causado por microorganismos oportunistas, dentro de los cuales los Enterococcus faecium resistentes a vancomicina (ERV) son una de las tres principales especies de bacterias responsables. La colonización intestinal por ERV es considerada requisito y factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de estas infecciones. La presencia de ERV se ha asociado a multi-terapia antimicrobiana, largas estancias hospitalarias, inmunosupresión y enfermedades graves. Se ha propuesto que la diseminación intrahospitalaria entre pacientes, por el personal de salud o vía fómites, es el mecanismo de transmisión en infecciones y brotes hospitalarios. Éste es un artículo de revisión que resume las publicaciones en habla inglesa de la última década, acerca de las principales recomendaciones de prevención y control de brotes por ERV. Las medidas para la prevención y contención de la colonización e infecciones por ERV se clasificaron en: 1) medidas de vigilancia epidemiológica y detección temprana; 2) prevención de la colonización y eliminación de reservorios; 3) Manejo de pacientes colonizados y/o infectados; y 4) recomendaciones para el uso razonados de antimicrobianos y tratamiento empírico inicial de las infecciones por ERV. El impacto positivo de la implementación de este tipo de medidas ha sido demostrado por distintos autores. Health Care Associated Infections (HAI) are a global public health problem caused by opportunistic microorganisms, among which vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) are considered one of the three main responsible bacteria. The colonic colonization by VRE is considered a requirement as well as risk factor for the development of these infections. The presence of VRE has been associated with multiple antimicrobial therapy, prolonged hospitalization, immunosuppression, or serious diseases. Intrahospital dissemination between patients, through healthcare workers or via fomites, has been described as the transmission mechanism in endemic infections and hospital outbreaks. This is a review article in Spanish that compiles the English-language publications of the last decade, about the main recommendations for the prevention and control of VRE outbreaks. Recommendations for prevention and control of VRE colonization and infection are classified in: 1) epidemiological surveillance and early detection measures; 2) prevention of colonization and reservoirs elimination; 3) management of colonized and / or infected patients; and 4) recommendations for rational use of antimicrobials and initial empirical VRE infection treatment. The positive impact of the implementation of this type of measures has been demonstrated by different authors.

scholarly journals CRISPR/Cas System: A Potential Technology for the Prevention and Control of COVID-19 and Emerging Infectious Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronghua Ding ◽  
Jinzhao Long ◽  
Mingzhu Yuan ◽  
Yuefei Jin ◽  
Haiyan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
The Future ◽  
And Control

The continued global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses a serious threat to global public health and social stability and it has become a serious global public health problem. Unfortunately, existing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the prevention and control of COVID-19 have many shortcomings. In recent years, the emerging CRISPR/Cas technology can complement the problems of traditional methods. Biological tools based on CRISPR/Cas systems have been widely used in biomedicine. In particular, they are advantageous in pathogen detection, clinical antiviral therapy, drug, and vaccine development. Therefore, CRISPR/Cas technology may have great potential for application in the prevention and control of COVID-19 and emerging infectious diseases in the future. This article summarizes the existing applications of CRISPR/Cas technology in infectious diseases with the aim of providing effective strategies for the prevention and control of COVID-19 and other emerging infectious diseases in the future.

scholarly journals The state of the leprosy epidemic in Yunnan, China 2011–2020: A spatial and spatiotemporal analysis, highlighting areas for intervention

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. e0009783
Author(s):  
Xiaohua Chen ◽  
Tie-Jun Shui
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Information System ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Background Despite public health efforts to reduce the leprosy burden in Yunnan, China, leprosy remains an important public health problem in some specific areas. We analyzed the epidemiological characteristics and spatial distribution of leprosy in Yunnan, China, and provide data to guide disease prevention and control efforts. Methodology/principal findings The surveillance data of newly detected leprosy cases in Yunnan, China, during 2011–2020 were extracted from the LEPROSY MANAGEMANT INFORMATION SYSTEM IN CHINA (LEPMIS), and spatial distribution analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and spatiotemporal scanning were performed with ArcGIS 10.6.1, GeoDa 1.8.8, and SaTScan 9.4.3 software, respectively. A total of 1907 newly detected leprosy cases were reported in Yunnan, China, during 2011–2020. The new case detection rate (NCDR) decreased from 0.62 in 2011 to 0.25 in 2020, with an annual incidence of 0.41/100,000 population. The proportions of multibacillary (MB) cases, cases in female patients, cases causing grade 2 physical disability (G2D), and cases in pediatric patients were 67.07%, 33.93%, 17.99%, and 2.83%, respectively. The number of counties with an incidence above 1/100,000 population decreased from 30 in 2011 to 8 in 2020. The Moran’s I of leprosy in Yunnan, China, during 2011–2020 ranged from 0.076 to 0.260, indicating the presence of spatial clusters. Local spatial autocorrelation (LSA) analysis showed that high-high cluster areas (hot spots) were mainly distributed in the southeastern, northern, and northwestern regions. Spatiotemporal scanning showed three clusters with high NCDRs. The probably primary clusters, occurring during January 1, 2011–December 31, 2015, covered 11 counties in the southeastern region (RR = 5.046515, LRR = 271.749664, P = 0.000). Conclusion The number of leprosy cases in Yunnan decreased overall, although some high-NCDR regions remained. Geographic information system (GIS) analysis coupled with spatial analysis indicated regions with leprosy clusters. Continuous leprosy prevention and control strategies in Yunnan Province should be established, and interventions in high-risk regions should be prioritized and further strengthened.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal evolution and influencing mechanism of the COVID-19 epidemic in Shandong province, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinlong Shi ◽  
Xing Gao ◽  
Shuyan Xue ◽  
Fengqing Li ◽  
Qifan Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Aged People ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) outbreak that emerged in late 2019 has posed a severe threat to human health and social and economic development, and thus has become a major public health crisis affecting the world. The spread of COVID-19 in population and regions is a typical geographical process, which is worth discussing from the geographical perspective. This paper focuses on Shandong province, which has a high incidence, though the first Chinese confirmed case was reported from Hubei province. Based on the data of reported confirmed cases and the detailed information of cases collected manually, we used text analysis, mathematical statistics and spatial analysis to reveal the demographic characteristics of confirmed cases and the spatio-temporal evolution process of the epidemic, and to explore the comprehensive mechanism of epidemic evolution and prevention and control. The results show that: (1) the incidence rate of COVID-19 in Shandong is 0.76/100,000. The majority of confirmed cases are old and middle-aged people who are infected by the intra-province diffusion, followed by young and middle-aged people who are infected outside the province. (2) Up to February 5, the number of daily confirmed cases shows a trend of “rapid increase before slowing down”, among which, the changes of age and gender are closely related to population migration, epidemic characteristics and intervention measures. (3) Affected by the regional economy and population, the spatial distribution of the confirmed cases is obviously unbalanced, with the cluster pattern of “high–low” and “low–high”. (4) The evolution of the migration pattern, affected by the geographical location of Wuhan and Chinese traditional culture, is dominated by “cross-provincial” and “intra-provincial” direct flow, and generally shows the trend of “southwest → northeast”. Finally, combined with the targeted countermeasures of “source-flow-sink”, the comprehensive mechanism of COVID-19 epidemic evolution and prevention and control in Shandong is revealed. External and internal prevention and control measures are also figured out.

scholarly journals A community-based randomized trial for the prevention and control of brucellosis among rural populations in Iran: application of the PRECEDE planning model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangiry ◽  
Maryam Khazaee-Pool ◽  
Towhid Babazadeh ◽  
Parvin Sarbakhsh ◽  
Koen Ponnet
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Community Based ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Brucellosis is one of the most frequently occurring zoonotic diseases of veterinary and a public health problem in developing countries. It affects human and animal health and has measurable effects on the productive and reproductive performance of livestock. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to develop a community-based intervention program for brucellosis prevention and control. A two-arm parallel cluster randomized controlled trial investigated the effectiveness of the program over six months in a rural population in Ahar, East Azerbaijan, Iran. A total of 16 village health houses were randomly allocated to the intervention and the control groups (eight per arm), and 400 participants were recruited via household health records in the health houses. The PRECEDE model, which is an acronym for Predisposing, Reinforcing and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation, was used to design, implement, and evaluate the brucellosis prevention and control program. Knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, social support, environmental enabling, and behavioral factors were measured at the baseline and the six-month follow-up. A generalized mixed effects model was used to analyze data. Results: The mean ages (SD) of the intervention and control group respondents were 35.9 (11.87) and 37.28 (11.04) years, respectively. After the six-month intervention, significant between-group differences were found on all PRECEDE variables, adjusted for education, history of brucellosis, and family history of brucellosis. Conclusion: There is a need to consolidate collaborative health and veterinary sector efforts, as well as increase regular vaccination practices and financial resources to support farmers willing to slaughter animals and/or offer slaughter facilities. The present study was able to demonstrate which educational and ecological factors influence behaviors and environments related to brucellosis and, as such, provide evidence of the effectiveness of interventions based on the PROCEDE model.

scholarly journals Overcoming the Pandemic: Analysing the Ongoing Challenges in the Prevention of COVID-19 in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 630-652
Author(s):  
Puneeta Ajmera ◽  
Jaseela Majeed ◽  
Ramesh K. Goyal ◽  
Sheetal Yadav ◽  
Debraj Mukhopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
World Health ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Recent Outbreak ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a Pandemic and a global public health emergency. The eventual scope and consequences of this outbreak are uncertain at present as the condition is swiftly evolving. The purpose of this article is to cumulate existing published data and researches, identify the challenges with reference to India and develop a comprehensive preventive plan to prevent the spread of this deadly pandemic. The authors explored WHO situation dashboards, the web portal of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India and press reports of different countries, published literature on coronavirus transmission, textbooks, scientific and medical journals and several other sources to identify ongoing challenges in the fight against COVID-19 in India. After an exhaustive literature search, 15 ongoing challenges in the fight against novel COVID-19 especially with reference to India have been identified. After a thorough analysis of all these challenges along with the lessons from the International community, a preventive plan has been established to be devised by different agencies from our personal perspectives to overcome the challenges which may assist decision-makers in the prevention and control of COVID-19 in India.

Taking action on prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases in Bhutan by strengthening gross national happiness

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
Gyambo Sithey ◽  
Anne Marie Thow ◽  
Jayendra Sharma ◽  
Karma Lhazin ◽  
Mu Li
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Gross National Happiness ◽  
National Happiness ◽  
And Control

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are major public health problem in Bhutan, accounting for 68% of total deaths. The growing epidemic of NCDs threatens the achievement of Gross National Happiness (GNH). NCDs are the results of complex interaction of social and economic risk factors and change in diet and lifestyle. Effective action to prevent and control these diseases requires a whole-of-government approach.In this paper we review new evidence to support political priority for NCDs in Bhutan. One third of the Bhutanese are overweight (33%) and hypertensive (35.7), and 6.4% are diabetic. The prevalence of modifiable risk factors is also very high. We also present the analysis of strategic policy opportunities for health sector to integrate the ‘Multisectoral national action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs, 2015-2020’ into policies across all relevant sectors. Our analysis has identified three specific opportunities for the health sector to engage strategically to strengthen action on NCDs and GNH, concurrently: 1) raising priority actions on NCDs within the existing GNH multisectoral committee, to achieve both health and happiness objectives; 2) identifying shared agenda between NCDs and GNH to achieve both health and happiness objectives; and 3) identifying shared GNH determinants between NCDs and GNH to enhance action on NCDs. Addressing NCDs aligns with the optimization of Gross National Happiness. It is imperative that the Government of Bhutan recognize that action on NCDs is an integral element for achieving GNH.

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