scholarly journals Language skills differences between adults without formal education and low formal education

2022 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariane Pereira ◽  
Karin Zazo Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Oral Language ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Auditory Comprehension ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Language Assessment Battery ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The influence of education on cognition has been extensively researched, particularly in countries with high levels of illiteracy. However, the impact of low education in all cognitive functions appears to differ. Regarding to language, the effects of education on many linguistic tasks—supported by different processing—remain unclear. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether oral language task performance differs among individuals with no formal and low-educated subjects, as measured by the Brazilian Montreal-Toulouse Language Assessment Battery (MTL-BR). This is the only language battery available for use in Brazil, but lacks normative data for illiterate individuals. The secondary objective was to gather data for use as clinical parameters in assessing persons with aphasia (PWA) not exposed to a formal education. Methods A total of 30 healthy illiterate individuals aged 34–60 years were assessed. All participants underwent the MTL-BR Battery, excluding its written communication tasks. The data obtained in the present study were compared against results of a previous investigation of individuals with 1–4 years of education evaluated using the same MTL-BR instrument. Results Statistically significant differences in performance were found between non-formal education and the low-educated (2–4 years) groups on the tasks Auditory Comprehension, Repetition, Orthographic/Phonological Fluency, Number dictation, Reading of numbers and also on simple numerical calculations. Conclusion The study results showed that individuals with no formal education/illiterate had worse performance than low-education individuals on some of the language tasks of the MTL-Br Battery, suggesting that each year of education impacts cognitive-language performance. Also, data were obtained which can serve as a guide for PWA not exposed to a formal education.

scholarly journals Formal language assessment in low-educated healthy subjects

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Aiko Akashi ◽  
Karin Zazo Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Language Assessments ◽  
Normative Criteria ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract Although many studies have shown the influence of education on cognition, the impact of low education on the various cognitive functions appears to differ. The hypothesis of the present study is that, with regards to language, the use of parameters derived from populations with 5-8 years of education leads to false-positive results. Objective: to determine the influence of low education on the language tasks assessed by the MTL-Brazil Battery Methods: 30 healthy adults with 2-4 years of education were submitted to the MTL-Br Battery, comprising 22 subtests. The data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis for each subtest and Z-scores were then calculated based on the parameters of a population with 5-8 years of education. All participants would be considered impaired if the Battery had been applied according to published normative criteria for a population with 5-8 years of education. Results: Separate analysis revealed that published scores for 17 out of the 22 Battery tasks were inappropriate for a population with 2-4 years of education. Conclusion: Education was found to effect performance for each of the language abilities differently. In addition, the study results can be applied to language assessments of individuals with 1-4 years of education using the MTL-Br battery, since this is the only language test for adults available in Brazil, and for which there are no normative data for low-educated subjects.

scholarly journals Effect of education on listening comprehension of sentences on healthy elderly: analysis of number of correct responses and task execution time

CoDAS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Lima Silagi ◽  
Camila Maia Rabelo ◽  
Eliane Schochat ◽  
Letícia Lessa Mansur
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Execution Time ◽  
Listening Comprehension ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Task Execution ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
And Task

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze the effect of education on sentence listening comprehension on cognitively healthy elderly. Methods A total of 111 healthy elderly, aged 60-80 years of both genders were divided into two groups according to educational level: low education (0-8 years of formal education) and high education (≥9 years of formal education). The participants were assessed using the Revised Token Test, an instrument that supports the evaluation of auditory comprehension of orders with different working memory and syntactic complexity demands. The indicators used for performance analysis were the number of correct responses (accuracy analysis) and task execution time (temporal analysis) in the different blocks. Results The low educated group had a lower number of correct responses than the high educated group on all blocks of the test. In the temporal analysis, participants with low education had longer execution time for commands on the first four blocks related to working memory. However, the two groups had similar execution time for blocks more related to syntactic comprehension. Conclusion Education influenced sentence listening comprehension on elderly. Temporal analysis allowed to infer over the relationship between comprehension and other cognitive abilities, and to observe that the low educated elderly did not use effective compensation strategies to improve their performances on the task. Therefore, low educational level, associated with aging, may potentialize the risks for language decline.

Warfarin Patients With Anemia Show Trend of Out-of-Range International Normalized Ratio Frequency With Point-of-Care Testing in an Anticoagulation Clinic

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina E. DeRemer ◽  
Bliss McMichael ◽  
Henry N. Young
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Academic Medical Center ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Anticoagulation Clinic ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Many factors influence international normalized ratio (INR); however, few studies have examined the impact of anemia in warfarin patients. The primary objective of this study was to explore the relationship between in-clinic anemia and the control of INR within an anticoagulation clinic. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on a random sample of patients seen in an academic medical center pharmacy-managed anticoagulation clinic. Hemochron® Signature Elite machine was utilized to monitor point-of-care (POC) INR. In-clinic anemia was defined as hematocrit <32%. Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA MP a webbased platform ( https://www.stata.com/statamp/ ). Results: Of the 300 patients analyzed, 45 (15%) patients had in-clinic anemia. Patients with in-clinic anemia were more likely to be younger ( P < .05), female ( P < .05), and have a diagnosis of sickle cell disease or anemia ( P < .05). In the unadjusted logistic regression model, patients with in-clinic anemia were less likely to have an in-range INR ( OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.27-0.98). The adjusted regression model did not show significance. Conclusion: Study results suggest that in-clinic anemia may be more prevalent among younger, female patients prescribed warfarin, and patients diagnosed with in-clinic anemia may be a risk factor for out-of-range INR. Pharmacists practicing in anticoagulation clinics can incorporate this information into patient care practice in efforts to maintain optimal management.

scholarly journals An Investigation of the Impact of Task Complexity on ESL Learners’ Spoken Language Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1362
Author(s):  
Amir A. Hassanein ◽  
Emad A. S. Abu-Ayyash
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Oral Language ◽  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
High Achievers ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
Oral Production ◽  
To Come ◽  
Esl Learners ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the multiple effects of task complexity on language performance and production in English as a Second Language (ESL) classrooms. Through its qualitative design, the present study aims to gain well-founded insights about the potential influence the degree of task complexity has on actual oral productions by ESL learners. In particular, this study construed how the increasing task complexity affected students’ oral production. Given that ‘oral production’ is a notion that involves an intricate web of variables, the present study sought to come to grips with three major components of oral production, which are fluency, vocabulary and grammar. The researchers used the IELTS speaking band descriptor to benchmark the learners’ productions. In essence, the study sought to answer three research questions: 1) What is the impact of task complexity on the quality of high achievers’ and mid achievers’ speech production?, 2) What is the relationship, if any, between learners’ language proficiency and their performance in monologic and dialogic tasks?, and 3) Does increasing the cognitive complexity of the task impact oral language performance? The findings revealed that high achievers’ grammar, lexical resource and fluency aligned variably with the task complexity, whereas the three elements dropped markedly among mid-achievers.

scholarly journals Strategi untuk Mengatasi Permasalahan Wanita Rawan Sosial Ekonomi (WRSE)

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Alia Fajarwati ◽  
Eva Latifah Puspita Sari ◽  
Nirania Galuh Putrie Soewarno
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Low Education ◽  
And Training ◽  
Descriptive Method

Di Indonesia, dalam upaya untuk mengentaskan kemiskinan, Dinas Sosial mengelompokkan penduduk yang menjadi target, yaitu kelompok penduduk Penyandang Masalah Kesejahteraan Sosial (PMKS). Menurut Dinas Sosial, setidaknya terdapat 22 definisi operasional dan karakteristik dari masing-masing jenis PMKS, salah satunya adalah Wanita Rawan Sosial Ekonomi (WRSE).  Metode deskriptif baik kuantitatif maupun kualitatif digunakan dalam studi ini. Metode yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah  deskriptif baik dengan pendekatan  kualitatif maupuan pendekatan kuantitatif.  Lokasi penelitian adalah di Kabupaten Temanggung.  Survei lapangan dilaksanakan di Desa Tepusen, Kecamatan Kaloran.  Metode sensus digunakan dalam studi ini, yaitu dengan mewawancarai seluruh WRSE yang ada di Desa Tepusen.  Hasil studi menunujukkan: 1) jumlah WRSE terbesar di Kabupaten Temanggung menurut data statistik adalah di Kecamatan Temanggung yaitu sebanyak 691 WRSE dan terkecil di Kecamatan Bulu yaitu sebayak 22 WRSE; 2) faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan wanita menjadi WRSE di desa ini adalah perceraian/kematian suami, tingkat pendidikan rendah, pekerjaan dengan gaji rendah; 3) upaya-upaya yang telah dilakukan Dinsos untuk mengatasi WRSE yaitu dana ternak, pelatihan pembuatan kue dan pelatihan sulam pita; 4) faktor-faktor penghambat dalam upaya pengentasan WRSE adalah terbatasnya waktu senggang, tingkat pendidikan rendah, usia, jumlah tanggungan, terbatasnya akses finansial; dan 5) strategi yang dapat direkomendasikan untuk mengentaskan WRSE dari kemiskinan: akses ke pendidikan formal, pelatihan untuk meningkatkan kapabilitas, bantuan dana untuk penghidupan dan anak-anak WRSE, membuka akses pada keuangan mikro, pendampingan spiritual/psikologis, memperkuat jaringan pendukung WRSE dan pelibatan WRSE dalam perencanaan maupun program pengentasan kemiskinan. In Indonesia, as an effort to a poverty alleviation, Department of Social Welfare in Indonesia has a program with the target groups such as ‘Penyandang Masalah Kesejahteraan Sosial (PMKS)- The Social Welfare Problems People’.  There are at least 22 operational definitions and characteristic from each category of PMKS.  One of group of women who included in this group is ‘Wanita Rawan Sosial Ekonomi (WRSE)- Economic Social Prone Women-group.  This study uses descriptive method, both with quantitative and  qualitative approach. The research location is in the District of Temanggung. The field survey was conducted in Tepusen Village, Kaloran District. Census method used in this study, which by interviewing the entire WRSE in the Tepusen Village. The study results show: 1) factors that cause women to be WRSE in this village is divorcement or the husband’s death, low education level, low-salary occuption; 2) the efforts that have been made to overcome WRSE’s poverty by Dinsos namely livestock funds, cullinary training and training of stitching ribbon; 3) the factors inhibiting reduction WRSE is limited leisure time, low education level, age, number of dependents, limited access to finance; and 4) strategies can be recommended to alleviate WRSE of poverty are opening access to formal education, holding trainings to improve capability, funding for WRSE’s livelihood and WRSE’s children, opening access to microfinance, mentoring WRSE’s spiritual / psychological, strengthening the WRSE’s supporters network and involving WRSE in WRSE’s poverty alleviation planning or program.

scholarly journals Peering Inside the “Black Box”: The Impact of Management-Side Representatives on the Industrial Relations Climate of Organizations

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-272
Author(s):  
Shelagh Campbell ◽  
Johanna Weststar
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Labor Management ◽  
Proactive Approach ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

The labor climate of an organization can have a great impact on productivity and efficiency. Managing this climate is often left to union stewards and management-side labor relations representatives. While there is a large literature on the role of union stewards, little is written about the role that management-side labor relations representatives play in establishing or maintaining positive labor-management relations. Building from a series of interviews with labor relations representatives in Canada and a nationwide pilot study of frontline industrial relations workers, we model the role of the labor relations representatives and their specific job actions in the established model of labor climate. Considering personal, structural, and attitudinal antecedents and measures of individual effectiveness, the study reveals that flexibility and informality matter more than formal education in industrial relations for creating positive labor climate. The study results indicate that labor relations representatives have the potential to play an important role in maintaining positive labor climate, if given more opportunity to take a proactive approach.

scholarly journals Differences in access to Emergency Paediatric Intensive Care and care during Transport (DEPICT): study protocol for a mixed methods study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e028000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padmanabhan Ramnarayan ◽  
Ruth Evans ◽  
Elizabeth S Draper ◽  
Sarah E Seaton ◽  
Jo Wray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Health Economic Evaluation ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Paediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Broadcast Media ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Sick Children ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionFollowing centralisation of UK paediatric intensive care, specialist retrieval teams were established who travel to general hospitals to stabilise and transport sick children to regional paediatric intensive care units (PICUs). There is national variation among these PICU retrieval teams (PICRTs) in terms of how quickly they reach the patient’s bedside and in the care provided during transport. The impact of these variations on clinical outcomes and the experience of stakeholders (patients, families and healthcare staff) is however unknown. The primary objective of this study is to address this evidence gap.Methods and analysisThis mixed-methods project involves the following: (1) retrospective analysis of linked data from routine clinical audits (2014–2016) to assess the impact of service variations on 30-day mortality and other secondary clinical outcomes; (2) a prospective questionnaire study conducted at 24 PICUs and 9 associated PICRTs in England and Wales over a 12-month period in 2018 to collect experience data from parents of transported children as well as qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of patients, parents and staff to assess the impact of service variations on patient/family experience; (3) health economic evaluation analysing transport service costs (and other associated costs) against lives saved and longer term measurements of quality of life at 12 months in transported children and (4) mathematical modelling evaluating the costs and potential impact of different service configurations. A final work stream involves a series of stakeholder workshops to synthesise study findings and generate recommendations.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been reviewed and approved by the Health Research Authority, ref: 2 18 569. Study results will be actively disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations, social media, print and broadcast media, the internet and stakeholder workshops.

Income Diversification and Bank Efficiency in Vietnam

2017 ◽  
pp. 52-67
Author(s):  
Sang Nguyen Minh
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

This study uses the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method to estimate the technical efficiency index of 34 Vietnamese commercial banks in the period 2007-2015, and then it analyzes the impact of income diversification on the operational efficiency of Vietnamese commercial banks through a censored regression model - the Tobit regression model. Research results indicate that income diversification has positive effects on the operational efficiency of Vietnamese commercial banks in the research period. Based on study results, in this research some recommendations forpolicy are given to enhance the operational efficiency of Vietnam’s commercial banking system.

Some reflections on social structure: Theoretical and practical aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1063-1078
Author(s):  
T.N. Skorobogatova ◽  
I.Yu. Marakhovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Service Industry ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
The Social ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
The Impact

Subject. This article discusses the role of social infrastructure in the national economy and analyzes the relationship between the notions of Infrastructure, Service Industry and Non-Productive Sphere. Objectives. The article aims to outline a methodology for development of the social infrastructure of Russia's regions. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of statistical and comparative analyses. The Republic of Crimea and Rostov Oblast's social infrastructure development was considered as a case study. Results. The article finds that the level of social infrastructure is determined by a number of internal and external factors. By analyzing and assessing such factors, it is possible to develop promising areas for the social sphere advancement. Conclusions. Assessment and analysis of internal factors largely determined by the region's characteristics, as well as a comprehensive consideration of the impact of external factors will help ensure the competitiveness of the region's economy.

Impact and Challenges of Centres for Education and Community Action in Cameroon’s North West Region

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-74
Author(s):  
Fonteh Athanasius Amungwa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Community Education ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
North West ◽  
West Region ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the impact of community education and challenges facing Centres for Education and Community Action as a rural development strategy in Cameroon. The study was conducted in the North-West Region of Cameroon, employing field observations, semi-structured interviews with key informants using a convenient sampling technique and through elaborate review of documents. These research instruments were blended into what is termed triangulation and the data collected was analysed descriptively. The main focus of qualitative analysis is to understand the ways in which people act and the accounts that people give for their actions. This paper posits that extreme dependence on the provision of Western formal education cannot solve the problems of a rapidly changing society like Cameroon, which is facing a long-term economic crisis and persistent unemployment issues of graduates. Consequently, education should be redefined in the context of the prevailing economic crisis to make it responsive to the aspirations of rural communities. Findings showed that community education had contributed towards rural development immensely but has suffered many challenges due to neglect of the field in the policy agenda. This paper recommends the integration of community education with formal education to facilitate group and community betterment in particular and rural transformation in general.

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