scholarly journals Biological control strategy for postharvest diseases of citrus, apples, grapes and strawberries fruits and application in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mutia Erti Dwiastuti ◽  
Loekas Soesanto ◽  
Titistyas Gusti Aji ◽  
Nirmala Friyanti Devy ◽  
Hardiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Reduction Methods ◽  
Global Food

Abstract Background In Indonesia, the postharvest fruit loss is 25%, so the economic loss from the export of various fruits is estimated at US$ 58,966,861. One of the causes for the loss is postharvest pathogens. Postharvest fruit rot is caused mainly by fungi, some of which produce mycotoxins harmful to human health. Therefore, in meeting the global food safety requirements, Indonesia should develop a biological control strategy for postharvest fruit diseases. This paper is a review based on observations, a literature review of postharvest biological control of citrus and other subtropical fruits, and an overview of strategies and prospects for their application in Indonesia. Main body The pathogens that cause diseases on citrus fruits, apples, grapes, and strawberries in Indonesia produce mycotoxins, namely Fusarium sp., Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Alternaria sp. The potential biological agents are from the yeast group, such as the Candida genera, the bacterial group, such as the Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera, and the fungal group, such as the Muscodor and Trichoderma genera. Conclusion Through mutually additive and synergistic multiple reduction methods in cooperation with the vanguards, postharvest disease control emphasizes disease prevention using several methods. Each method reduces the percentage of damage by a certain amount to produce highly effective controls.

scholarly journals Identification of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae Causing Fruit Rot of Citrus in China

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Jianghua Chen ◽  
Zihang Zhu ◽  
Yanping Fu ◽  
Jiasen Cheng ◽  
Jiatao Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Citrus Reticulata Blanco

Considering the huge economic loss caused by postharvest diseases, the identification and prevention of citrus postharvest diseases is vital to the citrus industry. In 2018, 16 decayed citrus fruit from four citrus varieties—Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu), Ponkan (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Ponkan), Nanfeng mandarin (Citrus reticulata cv. nanfengmiju), and Sugar orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco)—showing soft rot and sogginess on their surfaces and covered with white mycelia were collected from storage rooms in seven provinces. The pathogens were isolated and the pathogenicity of the isolates was tested. The fungal strains were identified as Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae based on their morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses using the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF), and beta-tubulin (TUB) gene sequences. The strains could infect wounded citrus fruit and cause decay within two days post inoculation, but could not infect unwounded fruit. To our knowledge, this is the first report of citrus fruit decay caused by L. pseudotheobromae in China.

scholarly journals A Preliminary Preparation of Endophytic Bacteria CE3 Wettable Powder for Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua CHENG ◽  
Linling LI ◽  
Juan HUA ◽  
Honghui YUAN ◽  
Shuiyuan CHENG
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Endothia Parasitica

Recently, there has been an increasing interest among researchers in using combinations of biological control agents to exploit potential synergistic effects among them. In the present study, there were investigated commercially acceptable formulations of Bacillus cereus CE3 wetting powder with long storage life and retained efficacy to control chestnut and other fruit rot caused by Endothia parasitica (Murr) and Fusarium solani. The study sought to develop a new B. cereus formulation that would be more effective and better suited to the conditions of field application. By a series of experiments, the formulation was confirmed as follows: 60% B. cereus freeze-dried powder, 28.9% diatomite as carrier, 4% sodium lignin sulfonate as disperser, 6% alkyl naphthalene sulfonate as wetting agent, 1% K2HPO4 as stabilizer, 0.1% β-cyclodextrin as ultraviolet protectant. The controlling experiments showed that the diluted 100 times of 60% B. cereus wetting powder had 79.47% corrosion rate to chestnut pathogens; and this result is comparable to the diluted 1,000 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl. Safety evaluation results showed that rats acute oral lethal dose 50% was 5,000.35, therefore application of B. cereus wettable powder could not cause a person or animal poisoning. This work illustrated that 60% B. cereus wetting powder had commercial potential; however, to apply this formulation as a biological pesticide in the field, masses production processes need to be further studied.

scholarly journals Expression of an Antifungal Peptide in Saccharomyces: A New Approach for Biological Control of the Postharvest Disease Caused by Colletotrichum coccodes

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Jones ◽  
Dov Prusky
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Colletotrichum Coccodes ◽  
Antifungal Peptide ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Cecropin A ◽  
Sequence Encoding ◽  
Yeast Transformants ◽  
Decay Development

A cecropin A-based peptide inhibited germination of Colletotrichum coccodes at 50 μM. The DNA sequence encoding the peptide was cloned in pRS413, using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase leader sequence for secretion of the peptide, and expressed in yeast. Yeast transformants inhibited the growth of germinated C. coccodes spores and inhibited decay development caused by C. coccodes in tomato fruits. Expression of the antifungal peptide in yeast therefore represents a new approach for the biological control of postharvest diseases.

Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruit: Inhibition Of Botrytis Rot On Apple by an Antagonistic Yeast

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 290-291
Author(s):  
M. Wisniewski ◽  
C. Wilson ◽  
E. Chalutz ◽  
W. Hershberger
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Antibiotic Production ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Debaryomyces Hansenii ◽  
Geotrichum Candidum ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Antagonistic Yeast ◽  
Cork Borer

As an alternative to fungicides, biological control of postharvest diseases of fruit has recently met with good success with peaches and apples and is an area of great potential. In contrast to previous study, we were particularly interested in finding antagonists that did not produce antibiotics as part of their mode of action. After extensive screening, several yeast and bacteria were identified that exhibited biocontrol of a number of postharvest disease organisms. In particular, the yeast, Debaryomyces hansenii, indicated great potential as a biocontrol agent without exhibiting antibiotic production as a mode of action. It has been recently shown to effectively control decay on citrus caused by Penicillium digitatum, Penicilliim italicum and Geotrichum candidum. The present report is the first to document the use of D. hansenii to control postharvest decay of apples by Botrytis cinerea and present possible inodes of action.To test for biocontrol activity, apples (cv Golden Delicious) ware wounded with a 4 nm cork borer to a depth of 5 mm.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of Pakistani isolates of Steinernema bifurcatum and S. affine (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in management of stored grain pests Lasioderma serricorne and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Ptinidae, Tenebrionidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tabassum Ara Khanum ◽  
Salma Javed
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Lasioderma Serricorne ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Insect Infestations ◽  
Stored Grain Pests

Abstract Background Stored grain products suffer a considerable economic loss due to insect infestations. The resistance of pests to insecticide, and residues on crops are produced by the application of insecticide. Nowadays, incremental necessity has been occurred to find out alternatives to chemicals. As biological control agents, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) attract attention increasingly in the research area recently. Results The aim of the study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of Pakistani isolates Steinernema bifurcatum and S. affine against the stored grain pests, Tribolium castaneum and Lasioderma serricorne, under laboratory conditions. Suspensions of nematodes were applied at 4 different concentrations 0, 50, 100, and 200 IJs/ml and 3 variable temperatures 15, 30, and 45°C. Pathogenicity rate was recorded after 48 h of application. The larval stage is found more susceptible than the adult. At 200 IJs, S. bifurcatum showed high mortality of L. serricorne larva (92%) and T. castaneum larva (93%), whereas S. affine showed 90 and 95% mortality of L. serricorne and T. castaneum larva, respectively, at 200 IJs. The results revealed that both species of EPN were able to control and reproduce on L. serricorne and T. castaneum. Maximum mortality was recorded at 45 °C from S. bifurcatum whereas S. affine at 15 °C. Conclusions Therefore, S. bifurcatum and S. affine could be suggested as a biological control agent for hot and cold climatic zones, respectively.

scholarly journals Trichoderma asperellum T76-14 Released Volatile Organic Compounds against Postharvest Fruit Rot in Muskmelons (Cucumis melo) Caused by Fusarium incarnatum

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Warin Intana ◽  
Suchawadee Kheawleng ◽  
Anurag Sunpapao
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Trichoderma Asperellum ◽  
Volatile Organic

Postharvest fruit rot caused by Fusarium incarnatum is a destructive postharvest disease of muskmelon (Cucumis melo). Biocontrol by antagonistic microorganisms is considered an alternative to synthetic fungicide application. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of action involved in the biocontrol of postharvest fruit rot in muskmelons by Trichoderma species. Seven Trichoderma spp. isolates were selected for in vitro testing against F. incarnatum in potato dextrose agar (PDA) by dual culture assay. In other relevant works, Trichoderma asperellum T76-14 showed a significantly higher percentage of inhibition (81%) than other isolates. Through the sealed plate method, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from T. asperellum T76-14 proved effective at inhibiting the fungal growth of F. incarnatum by 62.5%. Solid-phase microextraction GC/MS analysis revealed several VOCs emitted from T. asperellum T76-14, whereas the dominant compound was tentatively identified as phenylethyl alcohol (PEA). We have tested commercial volatile (PEA) against in vitro growth of F. incarnatum; the result showed PEA at a concentration of 1.5 mg mL−1 suppressed fungal growth with 56% inhibition. Both VOCs and PEA caused abnormal changes in the fungal mycelia. In vivo testing showed that the lesion size of muskmelons exposed to VOCs from T. asperellum T76-14 was significantly smaller than that of the control. Muskmelons exposed to VOCs from T. asperellum T76-14 showed no fruit rot after incubation at seven days compared to fruit rot in the control. This study demonstrated the ability of T. asperellum T76-14 to produce volatile antifungal compounds, showing that it can be a major mechanism involved in and responsible for the successful inhibition of F. incarnatum and control of postharvest fruit rot in muskmelons.

scholarly journals Biocontrol potential of Streptomyces sp. CACIS-1.5CA against phytopathogenic fungi causing postharvest fruit diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahaed Evangelista-Martínez ◽  
Erika Anahí Contreras-Leal ◽  
Luis Fernando Corona-Pedraza ◽  
Élida Gastélum-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Habanero Pepper ◽  
Antagonistic Microorganisms

Abstract Background Fungi are one of the microorganisms that cause most damage to fruits worldwide, affecting their quality and consumption. Chemical controls with pesticides are used to diminish postharvest losses of fruits. However, biological control with microorganisms or natural compounds is an increasing alternative to protect fruits and vegetables. In this study, the antifungal effect of Streptomyces sp. CACIS-1.5CA on phytopathogenic fungi that cause postharvest tropical fruit rot was investigated. Main body Antagonistic activity was evaluated in vitro by the dual confrontation over fungal isolates obtained from grape, mango, tomato, habanero pepper, papaya, sweet orange, and banana. The results showed that antagonistic activity of the isolate CACIS-1.5CA was similar to the commercial strain Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108 against the pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum sp., Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Botrytis sp., Rhizoctonia sp., and Rhizopus sp. with percentages ranging from 30 to 63%. The bioactive extract obtained from CACIS-1.5 showed a strong inhibition of fungal spore germination, with percentages ranging from 92 to 100%. Morphological effects as irregular membrane border, deformation, shrinkage, and collapsed conidia were observed on the conidia. Molecularly, the biosynthetic clusters of genes for the polyketide synthase (PKS) type I, PKS type II, and NRPS were detected in the genome of Streptomyces sp. CACIS-1.5CA. Conclusions This study presented a novel Streptomyces strain as a natural alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides or other commercial products having antagonistic microorganisms that were used in the postharvest control of phytopathogenic fungi affecting fruits.

scholarly journals Biological control agents in the integrated nematode management of potato in Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahfouz M. M. Abd-Elgawad
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Economic Significance

Abstract Background Potato represents Egypt’s largest vegetable export crop. Many plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are globally inflicting damage to potato plants. In Egypt, their economic significance considerably varies according to PPN distribution, population levels, and pathogenicity. Main body This review article highlights the biology, ecology, and economic value of the PPN control viewpoint. The integration of biological control agents (BCAs), as sound and safe potato production practice, with other phytosanitary measures to manage PPNs is presented for sustainable agriculture. A few cases of BCA integration with such other options as synergistic/additive PPN management measures to upgrade crop yields are reviewed. Yet, various attributes of BCAs should better be grasped so that they can fit in at the emerging and/or existing integrated management strategies of potato pests. Conclusion A few inexpensive biocontrol products, for PPNs control on potato, versus their corresponding costly chemical nematicides are gathered and listed for consideration. Hence, raising awareness of farmers for making these biologicals familiar and easy to use will promote their wider application while offering safe and increased potato yield.

scholarly journals “Predator-In-First”: A Preemptive Biological Control Strategy for Sustainable Management of Pepper Pests in Florida

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7816
Author(s):  
Vivek Kumar ◽  
Lucky Mehra ◽  
Cindy L. McKenzie ◽  
Lance S. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Polyphagotarsonemus Latus ◽  
Consistent Performance

The early establishment of a biocontrol agent in the production system, whether in the greenhouse, nursery, or field, is essential for the success of the biological control program, ensuring growers’ profitability. In an effort to develop a sustainable pest management solution for vegetable growers in Florida, we explored the application of a preemptive biological control strategy, “Predator-In-First” (PIF), in regulating multiple pepper pests, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, and Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks under greenhouse and field conditions during different growing seasons. In these studies, two bell pepper cultivars (7039 and 7141) and the phytoseiid mite Amblyseius swirskii Athias–Henriot were used as a model system. Pepper seedlings (~8 week) of each cultivar were infested with varying rates of A. swirskii (20 or 40 mites/plant or one sachet/10 plant) and allowed to settle on plant hosts for a week before planting in pots or field beds. Results showed a comparative consistent performance of the treatment with the high rate of phytoseiids (40 mites/plant) in regulating B. tabaci and F. occidentalis populations in greenhouse studies, and B. tabaci and P. latus pests under field conditions. During two fall field seasons, higher marketable yields of 12.8% and 20.1% in cultivar 7039, and 24.3% and 39.5% in cultivar 7141 were observed in the treatment with the high rate of phytoseiids compared to the untreated control, indicating yield benefits of the approach. The outcome of the study is encouraging and demonstrates that PIF can be an important tool for organic vegetable growers and a potential alternative to chemical-based conventional pest management strategies. The advantages and limitations of the PIF approach in Florida pepper production are discussed.

DIFFERENTIAL ENCAPSULATION OF TWO BATHYPLECTES PARASITOIDS AMONG ALFALFA WEEVIL STRAINS, HYPERA POSTICA (GYLLENHAL)

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Maund ◽  
T.H. Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Alfalfa Weevil ◽  
Hypera Postica ◽  
Biological Differences

AbstractEncapsulation of Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson) and B. anurus (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was investigated by dissecting parasitized larvae of three strains of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). In laboratory studies, there was no encapsulation of B. curculionis in the western strain of the weevil, a significant level of encapsulation in the eastern strain of the weevil, and nearly complete encapsulation in the Egyptian strain of the weevil. The rickettsia, Wolbachia postica Hsiao and Hsiao, found only in the western strain, was not involved in encapsulation. Variation in encapsulation was due to biological differences between weevil strains. Encapsulation rates among field populations of the western and Egyptian weevils were lower than in the laboratory. Encapsulation rates of weevil populations from zones in which western and Egyptian strains overlap in southern Utah, and between eastern and western strains in Colorado, were intermediate to rates of parental strains. These results imply that B. curculionis effectiveness against the western alfalfa weevil will decline with mixing of weevil strains. Bathyplectes anurus did not evoke encapsulation and was able to develop equally well in all three weevil strains. Our findings illustrate the importance of investigating the compatibility between alfalfa weevil strains and their parasitoids in devising a sound biological control strategy.

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