scholarly journals Preliminary sub-acute toxicological assessment of methanol leaves extract of Culcasia angolensis (Araceae) in Wistar rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Idagu Godwin Abraham ◽  
Mubarak Hussaini Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Toxicological Assessment ◽  
Therapeutic Uses ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
Ethnomedicinal Uses

Abstract Background The plant Culcasia angolensis (Araceae) has diverse ethnomedicinal uses, including the management of rheumatic pain, healing of cuts, dislocations, and bruises. Despite its potential therapeutic uses, the toxicity profile of Culcasia angolensis has not been evaluated. This study assessed the sub-acute toxicity effects of Culcasia angolensis leaves extract (CAE). The phytochemical determination of the CAE was conducted as per the standard protocols. The median lethal dose (LD50) was determined using the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 423 guideline. Besides, the sub-acute toxic effects of the CAE (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) were investigated following administration of the CAE daily for 28 consecutive days as per the OECD 407 guideline. The weekly body weights were recorded. The animals were euthanized on the 29th day, and blood samples were obtained for haematological and biochemical investigations. The heart, kidney, liver, and lungs were collected for histological examinations. Besides, the relative organ weights (ROW) were determined. Results The CAE contains cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and terpenoids. The oral LD50 was above 5 g/kg. There was a remarkable decline in the weekly body weight at all the CAE doses. The CAE increased the lymphocytes, aspartate transaminase, and urea. However, the levels of alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were elevated remarkably. The histological studies did not reveal any serious organs abnormalities. Conclusion The CAE is relatively safe on acute administration. However, it may be slightly toxic on sub-acute administration, especially to the liver and kidney.

Determination of silver in blood, urine, and tissues of volunteers and burn patients

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1683-1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
A T Wan ◽  
R A Conyers ◽  
C J Coombs ◽  
J P Masterton
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Ocular Injury ◽  
Burn Patients ◽  
Burn Wound ◽  
Silver Deposition ◽  
Wound Sepsis ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Kidney Liver

Abstract Silver sulfadiazine cream (SSD) has been used successfully in the management of burn wound sepsis. Silver deposition has been found in the skin, gingiva, cornea, liver, and kidney of patients treated with this cream, causing argyria, ocular injury, leukopenia, and toxicity in kidney, liver, and neurologic tissues. Monitoring concentrations of silver in blood and urine of patients receiving this treatment has become necessary, but sensitive and suitable methods adaptable to a clinical laboratory are still needed. We have developed a flameless thermal atomic absorption spectrophotometric method to measure silver concentrations in blood, urine, and other tissues. The detection limit is 0.4 microgram/L; the within-run precisions (CV) are 5.16%, 3.83%, and 2.79% for concentrations of 5, 13.5, and 42 micrograms/L, respectively; and the between-run precisions are 4.3% and 3.2% for concentrations of 13.5 and 42 micrograms/L. The concentrations of silver in blood, urine, liver, and kidney of subjects without industrial or medicinal exposure are less than 2.3 micrograms/L, 2 micrograms/day, 0.05 microgram/g wet tissue, and 0.05 microgram/g wet tissue, respectively. In SSD cream-treated burn patients, plasma concentrations may be as great as 50 micrograms/L within 6 h of treatment and can reach a maximum of 310 micrograms/L. Silver in urine is detectable after one day of treatment and may reach a maximum of 400 micrograms/day. After absorption, silver was found to be deposited in various tissues. Tissue silver concentrations in one burn patient who died of renal failure after eight days of treatment were 970, 14, and 0.2 micrograms/g wet tissue in cornea, liver, and kidney, respectively.

scholarly journals Assessment of conventional and non-conventional estimation of live weight, carcass characteristics and dressing percentage of Nigerian breeds of goats as panacea for livestock entrepreneurship

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-178
Author(s):  
M. O. Ajayi ◽  
C. O. Osowe ◽  
O. J. Babayemi
Keyword(s):  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Left Thigh ◽  
Left Forearm ◽  
Economic Gain ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Age Range

The price tag on goat at the farm gate or market is usually by visual appraisal as the use of weighing scale for body weight determination is cumbersome and technical. This study was carried out to determine the reliability of using the girth tape as a non-conventional method of live weight, carcass characteristics and dressing percentage estimation for economic gain of goats. Female goats (n=75) were purchased from Akinyele goat market to comprise of WAD (n=25), Sahel (n=25) and Maradi (n=25) with the age range of 22-24 months. The weights were measured using a conventional weighing scale. Also, a calibrated girth tape was used to measure the heart girth of the circumference of the chest. The goats were humanely slaughtered and properly processed for the determination of dressing percentage. The carcasses were carefully sectioned into five parts namely: neck, right forearm, left forearm, right thigh and left thigh and the weights were determined. The values for scale and girth tape measurements were 15.90±4.15kg and 16.28±4.17kg, 20.81±5.80kg and 19.97±5.56kg, and 25.47±3.70kg and 25.20±3.48kg, respectively. There were not significant (p>0.05) differences between scale and girth tape measurements for the goats. The dressing percentages were 51.29±3.87%, 49.26±3.51% and 43.11±4.17% for WAD, Maradi and Sahel goats, respectively. There were apparent (p<0.05) differences in the dressing percentage among the breeds. There were significant (p<0.05) variations in the neck (0.87-1.21kg), right thigh (1.09-1.50kg), left thigh (1.85-2.42kg), right forearm (1.79- 2.45kg) and left forearm (1.82-2.39kg) among the breeds. There were significant differences in the weights of liver (0.41-0.51g) and kidney (0.11-0.15g) but none for heart and lungs among the three breeds of goats. There was also significant (p<0.05) difference in the weights of liver and kidney (0.51±0.12g) for Sahel goats. The results of the coefficients of correlation between weighing scale and girth tape measurements of body weights of goats were significant, positive and high. The result of the regression analysis showed an adjusted R2 of 0.992. It can be concluded that the girth tape may be a reliable tool without weighing scale while the WAD goats may also be more economical to slaughter for sales as it yielded more meat than Maradi and Sahel goats.

scholarly journals Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Profile of Euphorbia pulcherrima Methanol Extract on Wistar Albino Rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Sharif ◽  
M. D. Mukhtar ◽  
Y. Mustapha ◽  
Gabi Baba ◽  
A. O. Lawal
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Function ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Kidney Liver

This work was designed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity of E. pulcherrima methanol extract. Mean lethal dose (LD50) and subchronic toxicity were determined using Lorke’s method to assess the effect of the extract on kidney and liver functions along histopathology assessment of the liver and kidney, respectively. The LD50 determined was 3807.89 mg/kg both orally and intraperitoneally. The kidney function parameters indicated elevation of the serum urea above the normal value in both control and the group treated with 10 mg/kg of the extract with mean values of 7.92 ± 1.19 and 7.86 ± 1.14 mMol/L, respectively. The creatinine and electrolytes were within the normal values. The results of ALAT, ASAT, ALP, T protein albumin, and bilirubin in all cases were within the normal values. Kidney, liver function parameters, and relative organ weight were statistically insignificant across all groups. This shows that various concentrations of E. pulcherrima extract did not influence negatively the liver and kidney function parameters. Further studies are required to rule out the observed mild hepatic histological changes among a few members of the groups treated with 100 and 1000 mg/kg/day and any possible hepatoprotective and nephron-protective potential the extract may possess.

Acute toxicity of an insecticidal little containing ivermectin and fipronil for white mice

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-32
Author(s):  
Mikhail A. Levchenko ◽  
◽  
Natalia A. Sennikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Toxicological Assessment ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Veterinary Entomology ◽  
Russian Research

Toxicological assessment is a mandatory research step in the development of new insecticidal drugs. At the All-Russian Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology, a prototype of the insecticidal bait Mukhnet IF was obtained with an active ingredient content of 0.06% ivermectin and 0.015% fipronil, which showed a highly effective effect against houseflies. This work presents the results of the study of acute oral toxicity of the above agent. For this, male white mice with a live weight of 16-26 g were selected. They were kept on a starvation diet for one day in individual houses with water. The drug was given in mg/kg body weight the next day. A total of 33 doses have been tested, ranging from 100 mg/kg to 40,000 mg/kg. The animals were observed for 14 days. According to the research results, it was revealed that at doses up to 20,000 mg/kg there were no signs of intoxication, but when tested at 25,000 mg/kg in some mice, these signs were noted, and at 30,000, 35,000 and 40,000 mg/kg deaths were recorded 20±10, 45±30 and 60±20%, respectively. It was not possible to test the drug over the last above dose due to incomplete eaten by mice. According to the degree of danger for warm-blooded animals, the drug belongs to the 4th class of low-hazard drugs (average lethal dose of 5000 mg/kg or more) in accordance with the classification of GOST 12.1.007-76. When analyzing the literature data on the toxicological characteristics of preparations containing ivermectin and chlorfenapyr, it was revealed that the insecticidal agent in its acute toxicity for warm-blooded animals is comparable to known analogues.

Hepato- and Nephroprotective Effects of the Polyphenol Concentrate From Cabernet Sauvignon Grape Varieties Cultivated in Kazakhstan in the Experimental Model Of CCL4-Induced Toxicity

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurgozhin T. ◽  
Sergazy S. H. ◽  
Adilgozhina G. ◽  
Gulyayev A. ◽  
Shulgau Z. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Antioxidant Stress

Objective:This study investigates the hepatoprotective effect and the antioxidant role of polyphenol concentrate in the experimental model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced toxicity. Methods: Antioxidant activity of Cabernet Sauvignon grape polyphenol were evaluated by radical scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS.+). In addition, the effects of polyphenol concentrate on the survival of Wistar rats in the toxicity model, was also investigated. The polyphenol concentrate was administered for 5 five days prior to injection of carbon tetrachloride in a sub-lethal dose of 300 mg/kg of animal body weight in order to perform histological examinations of the liver and kidney, and detect the levels of AST, ALT and bilirubin. Results: Administration of polyphenol concentrate increased animal survival in the experimental model. Moreover, the intragastric administration of polyphenol concentrate prior to the initiation of the experimental model of toxicity, which was caused by a sub-lethal CCl4 dose, reduced morphological injuries in the liver and kidney, decreased the AST and ALT levels of the blood serum. Discussion and conclusion: Our data demonstrate that polyphenol concentrate possesses an antioxidant potential both in vitro and in vivo by reducing antioxidant stress that was caused by CCl4 administration into rats.

Investigation of antiulcer activity of Pergularia extensa Linn

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Pavani C H
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Antiulcer Activity ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Gastric Lesions ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Dose Dependent

This study was based on determination of the antiulcer activity from methanol extract was prepared by using barks of pergularia extensa linn.. Priliminary investigations showed presence of saponins, terpenes, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids and sterols. Based on OECD-423 Guidelines, the pharmacology and acute oral toxicity studies were conducted by using methanolic extract. Ulcer development was prevented by Tannins because of their vasoconstriction effects and due to protein precipitation. Similarly, the Methanolic extract of Pergularia extensa Linn shows triterpenoids and saponins. The phytoconstituents are present in the extract and these could be possible agents which are involved in order to prevent gastric lesions induced by aspirin. When compared to ulcerative control groups, this Pergularia extensa Linn., shows a dose dependent curative ratio. The extracts exhibited an inhibition percentage of 27.18, 45.47 and 61.28 at doses of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg doses respectively. 

Simultaneous Determination of Imatinib and N-Desmethyl Imatinib in Rat Plasma and Tissues Using LC-MS/MS

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Zhi Rao ◽  
Bo-xia Li ◽  
Yong-Wen Jin ◽  
Wen-Kou ◽  
Yan-rong Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Parent Drug ◽  
Gradient Elution ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Rat Plasma ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
The Brain

Background: Imatinib (IM) is a chemotherapy medication metabolized by CYP3A4 to Ndesmethyl imatinib (NDI), which shows similar pharmacologic activity to the parent drug. Although methods for determination of IM and/or NDI have been developed extensively, only few observations have been addressed to simultaneously determine IM and NDI in biological tissues such as liver, kidney, heart, brain and bone marrow. Methods: A validated LC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantitative determination of imatinib (IM) and N-desmethyl imatinib (NDI) from rat plasma, bone marrow, brain, heart, liver and kidney. The plasma samples were prepared by protein precipitation, and then the separation of the analytes was achieved using an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column (4.6 × 100 mm, 3.5 µm) with gradient elution running water (A) and methanol (B). Mass spectrometric detection was achieved by a triplequadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray source interface in positive ionization mode. Results: This method was used to investigate the pharmacokinetics and the tissue distributions in rats following oral administration of 25 mg/kg of IM. The pharmacokinetic profiles suggested that IM and NDI are disappeared faster in rats than human, and the tissue distribution results showed that IM and NDI had good tissue penetration and distribution, except for the brain. This is the first report about the large penetrations of IM and NDI in rat bone marrow. Conclusion: The method demonstrated good sensitivity, accuracy, precision and recovery in assays of IM and NDI in rats. The described assay was successfully applied for the evaluation of pharmacokinetics and distribution in the brain, heart, liver, kidney and bone marrow of IM and NDI after a single oral administration of IM to rats.

Determination of Lethal Dose in a Protozoa

1981 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 438-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SOVAK ◽  
R. RANGANATHAN ◽  
W. MUTZEL
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose

scholarly journals 31 Determination of Optimal Harvest Weight for Mangalica Pigs Using a Serial Harvest Approach to Measure Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 34-34
Author(s):  
Maegan A Reeves ◽  
Courtney E Charlton ◽  
Shannon R Wilkerson ◽  
John G Rehm ◽  
Terry D Brandebourg
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Weight Class ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Carcass Parameters ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Optimal Harvest ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Growth Trial

Abstract Mangalica pigs are a popular niche breed given their reputation for superior quality pork. However, growth and carcass parameters for this breed are poorly documented. Our objective was to better characterize optimal harvest weights for the Mangalica breed. To accomplish this, a growth trial was conducted whereby pigs (n=56) were randomly distributed across stratified harvest weights (50, 57, 68, 82, 93, 102, 127 kg) in a completely randomized design. Pigs were fed standard finisher rations with individual daily feed intakes and weekly body weights recorded for all animals. At 24h postmortem, carcasses were split and ribbed with marbling and loin eye area (LEA) measured at the 10th rib. Primal cuts were fabricated and individually weighed. Fat back was separated from the loin and weighed. As expected, live weight significantly increased across weight class (P &lt; 0.0001). ADG was similar across classes up to 82 kg live weight before steadily declining with increasing weight class (P &lt; 0.0025). Likewise, feed efficiency did not differ between classes until weights heavier than 82 kg (P &lt; 0.03). LEA significantly increased by class up to 82 kg and then plateaued as harvest weight increased further (P &lt; 0.003). Marbling score significantly increased with increasing weight class up to 102 kg where they then plateaued (p &lt; 0.04). Fat back dramatically increased across all weight classes (p &lt; 0.0001) despite negligible increases in LEA or marbling after 102 kg. Primal cut weights for the ham (P &lt; 0.0001), loin (P &lt; 0.0001), Boston butt (P &lt; 0.0001), shoulder (P &lt; 0.0001), and belly (P &lt; 0.0001) all significantly increased with increasing live weight. These data suggest an optimal harvest weight occurs between 82 to 102 kg while offering little objective justification for the current practice of harvesting Mangalica pigs at much heavier live weights.

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