A review on: Alternatives to animal experimental models

An English solicitor, Jeremy Bentham, disdained the unregulated use of livestock, in the literature of 1780, which cast doubt on the inability to pay morale to animals. Animal experiment was fundamental to scientific science during his life, but it has also been a question of heated popular and intellectual discourse from decades. Since then, general understanding and attitudes have strengthened against the unethical or cruel application of animals for research purposes. Russell & Burch provided in 1959 the principles set out during UFAW of the clinical lab method. The alternative measures, replacements, or non-animal steps shall be used as alternatives for live animal methods, or methods of measurement without live animal use. The term 'alternative' refers to approaches or strategies that substitute the overall use of laboratory animals, minimize the number of animals used, or enhance a current system or technology to reduce animal stress. In recent years, the creation of alternatives to animals has been accelerated by designing projects with the intention of developing and introducing alternatives. This report summarizes the key potential approaches to animal science. An integrated use of these techniques will offer an insight into the minimal use of animals for experimental research.

Investigations on the Ulcer protection ability of various extracts of Crossandra benoistii L.

The Benoistii Crossandra L. A widely distributed plant in India and Africa belongs to the Acanthaceae family. The forests of India have traditionally been used by several tribal people. This plant is home to many forests in India and is rich in Southern India. In this study, methanol and ethanol leaf extracts were tested for antiulcer activity following the folklore reports of antimicrobial activity. Methanolic and aqueous extracts were studied and proven to be equally effective in prevention and cure of ulcers for synthetic medicines. The CBME and CBEE inhibits were at 400 mg/kg higher than normal and the lower doses of 200 mg/kg still appeared to be the same operation as the standard one. The higher dose of the extracts was supposed to lead to greater activity. With the maximal dose of 2000mg/kg, the UD50 is raised, and the above limits contribute to an even greater dose than the one seen in the process. Given the side effects of prescription medications, it is strongly recommended to use natural medicines for the ulcer. Much phytochemical study has been carried out on the plant and the same number of feedings has so far been isolated. It demands that the latest medicine provision be implemented in order to include plant extracts to cure all diseases.

Anti-ulcer mechanism of the aqueous extract of Osyris quadripartite

Peptic ulcer disease, otherwise called as Ulcers, is the most noted disease in the world today. A large population that is affected with the ulcer disease is the age group of people between 20-50 years of age. This disease is not dreadful on its own but is responsible for the causation of many other problems and diseases in the body. This may be due to various factors like the long-term usage of potent drugs like NSAID's, nutrition deficiencies, and unhealthy lifestyle habits like smoking, stress etc. Herbs are being used to treat many diseases, and almost 50% of the population in the world uses herbal-based medicine. Medicinal plants are the primary sources of a cure for those diseases. Numerous plants have been researched and investigated for the anti-ulcer property, and various publications were made too in this respect. Aqueous extract of the plant, Osyris quadripartite was extracted and investigated for the anti-ulcer activity in the ethanol-induced ulcer disease method. The extracts were tested in three doses and compared to the standard drug, Omeprazole. The extract at a higher dose exhibited more significant activity when compared to that at a lower dose and also the standard drug.

Comparison of the ficus for the wound healing activity in various species

Injuries and wounds are any sorts of damage to the skin or subcutaneous tissue. Usually, any wounds of such sorts are self-healed. Sometimes, there may be a delay in healing, and that delay is caused due to the functional delays in various processes of wound healing. All the Ficus plants show similar activities like the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties 7including skin conditions like ulcers and rheumatism. The anthelmintic property and immunomodulatory are also seen. The herbal extracts of the same family of Ficus in different plants were investigated for the wound healing activity in the excision wound method, and the extracts showed significant activity compared to the drug. All the extracts showed a better healing ability, but the extract of FBO-100 showed the highest activity followed by FMO followed by FHO and finally the FRO. Overall, the activity of the extract ointment was comparable and was significant compared to the standard drug ointment. The wound closure of the extract ointment treated groups were better and were completed in 12 days, and the activity was more than 96%. The herbal extracts of the same family of Ficus in different plants were investigated for the wound healing activity in the excision wound method, and the extracts showed significant activity compared to the drug. The plants of microcarpa, benghalensis, religiosa and hispida are compared for the activity, and the order showed for the activity was FBO>FMO>FHO>FRO.

The effect of aqueous extracts of ceiba on stabilizing the hepatic enzymes

Hepatotoxicity is the major physiological defect in the body that adversely effects the body and is responsible for the drug toxicity deposition. The liver is a large organ that helps to eliminate the toxins and eliminate the food toxins through metabolism through enzymes like cytochrome P450enzyme. The liver enzymes were altered due to the changes in liver function and integrity. But the liver tissue could regenerate itself, and any permanent damage to the tissue cannot be recovered. These drugs also cause damage to the liver tissue. The extraction solvents like methanol, ethanol and ether are very toxic and not considered safe. Even though they are dried up completely, there will be some traces remaining in the extracts. The study of the hepatoprotective activity of the extracts was performed in two methods like CCl4 and paracetamol method. The estimation of the liver enzymes was done to determine the hepatoprotective activity. The hepatoprotective herbs and the formulations incorporating their extracts have been patented too, and the use and applications have been significant. The extracts were tested in two doses, like 100 and 200. As it is seen, the 200mg/kg of the extract showed better activity compared to the standard drug and the extract at the lesser dose that is the 100mg/kg.

Study the susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from infected wounds and determine various risk factors associated with foot ulcer

Studying of bacteria prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility in samples from foot ulcer patients with chronic wounds will provide the epidemiological information on chronic wound infections, representing support for diagnosis, treatment and management of this pathology, thus preventing further complications of foot infection. There are many risk factors associated with a foot ulcer, so identifying those risk factors and preventing them will help in reducing the incidence of the disease to a certain extend. Identifying the type of organisms causing the chronic wound infection, antibiotic sensitivity and resistance representing support for diagnosis, treatment and management thus preventing further complications of foot infection, and to understand the significant risk factors associated with the development of foot ulcers. An interventional study was conducted among the 80 patients with foot ulcers admitted in General surgery ward of a medical college teaching hospital from Dec 2018 to May 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility results showed that gram-negative organism was more prevalent and among the species, the isolated majority was found to be Staphylococcus aureus 28 (0.35%) followed by Klebsiella 16(20%) and E.coli15(18.75%). The most sensitive antibiotic found was Meropenam70 (87.5%) followed by Imipenam 67(83.75%) and Linezolid 65(81.25%) The most resistant antibiotic was Cotrimoxazole 66(82.5%). This study concludes that high proportion of foot ulcers were found amongst diabetic patients than non-diabetic patients, and were often associated with trauma, cellulitis, gangrene. Some of the critical risk factors for foot ulcers included low educational status, previous history of foot ulcer, previous amputation was done, duration of ulcers, smoking, peripheral neuropathy, infection and HbA1c levels of patients.

Preparation and analysis of human medication tablets in drug delivery system

Presently days, a significant objective medication conveyance study is twisted to the improvement of robust medication conveyance frameworks with previously existing dynamic fixings in the event of new medication disclosure. A considerable lot of remedial drug operators are generally viable when made accessible at steady rates close to assimilation locales. Much exertion has been proceeding to create advanced medication conveyance frameworks, for example, osmotic gadgets for oral request. Oral medication conveyance framework is more preferred on famous measured medication conveyance framework in innovative drug work (R and D) business because of increment in attention to clinical and drug network about the significance of sheltered and viable utilization of medication. In the current examination work, pulsatile drug conveyance arrangement of Zileuton tablets was planned by utilizing pressure covering innovation. At first, the centre tablets were set up by 30% groupings of wonderful crumbles; the figured centre tablets were covered with the polymers by utilizing pressure covering innovation. All the centre and press covered tablet details were exposed to different corporeal and concoction assessment tests for centre and press covered tablets. The hardness, thickness and weight variety appeared by all the tablet definitions were originate inside the authorized pharmacopoeias bounds. In-vitro arrival of Zileuton of centre tablet details F1 demonstrated quicker medication discharge after 15 min. Quicker medication delivery can be connected with significant deterioration, and friability saw in this examination. The enteric covered plans C1, C3 indicated the most significant medication discharge following 4 hours. Time subordinate pulsatile drug conveyance framework has been accomplished from the tablet of definition C3, C6 and C9 with 95.5%, 94.76% and 97.48% separately.

Limited Awareness of Hepatitis B Adult Vaccination among Patients in a South Indian Teaching Hospital

Awareness about the Hepatitis B is less addressed in the Indian settings even though hepatitis seems to be a serious public health problem. Objective to assess the Hepatitis B adult vaccination status among the patients of a medical college teaching hospital and to check the proportion of patientsaffected with Hepatitis B. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out over a period of six months at inpatients general medicine department. Patients of adult age group (18 -59years) of both genders were included.Patient interview was done using Twelve structured questions for assessing the awareness about hepatitis B and vaccination status. Out of 82 patients interviewed demographic details shows equal number males and females [50%] with an average age group of40yrs. The proportion of hepatitis B was found to be 3.68% with male predominance. Majority of patients were found to be not vaccinated (n=70, 85.36%) and even awareness about hepatitis B infection as also very minimal among them. Poor educational status (p-value=0.0425) shows statistically significant association withlower vaccination status scores. Implementation of proper public awareness program and foster proper screening campaigns can resolve the current scenario of deprived vaccination status in India toa greater extent.

A Study of the Nasal Cavity with Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Clinically “Sinusitis” is described because the condition show up through an inflammatory response of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, fluid within the cavity, and / or underlying bone. It is also defined as institution of disorders characterised by using irritation of the mucosa of the nostril and paranasal sinuses lasting for atleast 12 weeks. Pansinusitis is defined as circumstance wherein irritation of all of the paranasal sinuses takes place, which may be unilateral or bilateral. When one or extra sinuses isn't always worried it's far referred to as restricted disorder. When there's terrific brought infection, it leads to mucosal swelling and apposition, which causes ostial occlusion. This impairs the air flow and drainage of the sinus leading to reduced pO2, multiplied pCO2, improved PH and retained secretions. This environment decreases ciliary motility and bacterial overgrowth ensuing in viscid secretions. Bacterial exotoxins also are launched, further reducing the ciliary activity, resulting in a vicious cycle, which results in sinusitis. Hence, the basic concept in Endoscopic sinus surgical procedure is the upkeep of the everyday ventilation and drainage of sinuses, to help the diseased mucosa to get better and regenerate. There was no specific sex predominance in patients suffering from CRS, Endoscopic sinus surgery improves the quality of life by decreasing the post-operative symptoms score, the post-operative sinonasal outcome in non – atopic patients was better when compared to the atopic associated CRS patients, the post-operative sinonasal outcome in patients with limited disease in the sinuses was better than in patients with pansinusitis.

Ulcer Healing Potential of the Aqueous Extract of Malvastrum tricuspidate Eliminating Toxicity

Ulcers are one of the dreadful and technically known as Peptic Ulcer Disease (PU Disease). Around 10million people around the world are suffering from the disease, and the majority of the people are about 20-50 years of age. This is not a dangerous disease on its own. Still, the ulcers are responsible for the resulting in other diseases like indigestion stomach pain etc. there are various reasons for the causation of ulcer. They are excessive use of pain killers and anti-inflammatory drugs, malnutrition, and unhealthy food habits, stress and steroids. Almost half of the world population relies on herbs for the treatment, and the major sources of the chemical leads that treat diseases are in the medicinal plants only. Many plants have been investigated and reported for their potential antiulcer benefits and are published too for that. The plant parts of Malvastrum tricuspidatum were extracted using distilled water and were investigated for the antiulcer activity in 3 doses like 100,200 and 400mg. The Extract at a higher dose showed better activity than other lower doses. The activity was compared with the standard drug and showed a significantly better activity that the standard and other doses of Extract too.