scholarly journals Indexing structures for the PLS blockchain

Cybersecurity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Shafarenko
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Communication Cost ◽  
Public Key ◽  
Bitmap Index ◽  
Merkle Tree ◽  
Iot Devices

AbstractThis paper studies known indexing structures from a new point of view: minimisation of data exchange between an IoT device acting as a blockchain client and the blockchain server running a protocol suite that includes two Guy Fawkes protocols, PLS and SLVP. The PLS blockchain is not a cryptocurrency instrument; it is an immutable ledger offering guaranteed non-repudiation to low-power clients without use of public key crypto. The novelty of the situation is in the fact that every PLS client has to obtain a proof of absence in all blocks of the chain to which its counterparty does not contribute, and we show that it is possible without traversing the block’s Merkle tree. We obtain weight statistics of a leaf path on a sparse Merkle tree theoretically, as our ground case. Using the theory we quantify the communication cost of a client interacting with the blockchain. We show that large savings can be achieved by providing a bitmap index of the tree compressed using Tunstall’s method. We further show that even in the case of correlated access, as in two IoT devices posting messages for each other in consecutive blocks, it is possible to prevent compression degradation by re-randomising the IDs using a pseudorandom bijective function. We propose a low-cost function of this kind and evaluate its quality by simulation, using the avalanche criterion.

scholarly journals MOCA: A Low-Power, Low-Cost Motion Capture System Based on Integrated Accelerometers

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Farella ◽  
Luca Benini ◽  
Bruno Riccò ◽  
Andrea Acquaviva
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Motion Capture ◽  
Gesture Recognition ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dynamic Assessment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Natural Interaction ◽  
Robust Detection

Human-computer interaction (HCI) and virtual reality applications pose the challenge of enabling real-time interfaces for natural interaction. Gesture recognition based on body-mounted accelerometers has been proposed as a viable solution to translate patterns of movements that are associated with user commands, thus substituting point-and-click methods or other cumbersome input devices. On the other hand, cost and power constraints make the implementation of a natural and efficient interface suitable for consumer applications a critical task. Even though several gesture recognition solutions exist, their use in HCI context has been poorly characterized. For this reason, in this paper, we consider a low-cost/low-power wearable motion tracking system based on integrated accelerometers called motion capture with accelerometers (MOCA) that we evaluated for navigation in virtual spaces. Recognition is based on a geometric algorithm that enables efficient and robust detection of rotational movements. Our objective is to demonstrate that such a low-cost and a low-power implementation is suitable for HCI applications. To this purpose, we characterized the system from both a quantitative point of view and a qualitative point of view. First, we performed static and dynamic assessment of movement recognition accuracy. Second, we evaluated the effectiveness of user experience using a 3D game application as a test bed.

An Overview of Multichip Module Technology for low Power Applications

1992 ◽  
Vol 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung W. Ho ◽  
Sharon McAfee-Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Density ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Multichip Module ◽  
Multichip Modules

AbstractThin-film multichip modules (i.e. MCM-D) can provide simple, low-cost packaging and interconnect options for interconnecting high-density, high-performance devices. The following is an overview of an MCM-D technology that can be implemented on top of several substrate materials. Tradeoffs will be discussed related to using different substrate materials and the corresponding implications from the assembly point of view. The MCM-D manufacturing process is reviewed and the subsequent reliability results are discussed.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Addressing Mechanisms in Inter-Operable IoT Device with Low-Power Wake-Up Radio

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (23) ◽  
pp. 5106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taewon Song ◽  
Taeyoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Positive Probability ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Massive Number ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
False Positive Probability

Internet of Things (IoT) technology is rapidly expanding the use of its application, from individuals to industries. Owing to this, the number of IoT devices has been exponentially increasing. Considering the massive number of the devices, overall energy consumption is becoming more serious. From this point of view, attaching low-power wake-up radio (WUR) to the devices can be one of the candidate solutions to deal with this problem. With WUR, IoT devices can go to sleep until WUR receives a wake-up signal, which enables a significant reduction of its power consumption. Meanwhile, one concern for WUR operation is the addressing mechanism, since operational efficiency of the wake-up feature can significantly vary depending on the addressing mechanism. We therefore introduce addressing mechanisms for IoT devices equipped with WUR and analyze their performances, such as elapsed time to wake up, false positive probability and power/energy consumption, to provide appropriate addressing mechanisms over practical environments for IoT devices with WUR.

scholarly journals Programmable multifunctional integrated nanophotonics

Nanophotonics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 1351-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Pérez ◽  
Ivana Gasulla ◽  
José Capmany
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Quantum Information Processing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Experimental Point ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Field Programmable ◽  
Spatial Regularity ◽  
Hardware Architectures ◽  
Application Fields

AbstractProgrammable multifunctional integrated nanophotonics (PMIN) is a new paradigm that aims at designing common integrated optical hardware configurations, which by suitable programming can implement a variety of functionalities that can be elaborated for basic or more complex operations in many application fields. The interest in PMIN is driven by the surge of a considerable number of emerging applications in the fields of telecommunications, quantum information processing, sensing and neurophotonics that will be calling for flexible, reconfigurable, low-cost, compact and low-power-consuming devices, much in the same way as how field programmable gate array (FPGA) devices operate in electronics. The success of PMIN relies on the research into suitable interconnection hardware architectures that can offer a very high spatial regularity as well as the possibility of independently setting (with a very low power consumption) the interconnection state of each connecting element. Integrated waveguide meshes provide regular and periodic geometries, formed by replicating a unit cell, which can take the form of a square, hexagon or triangle, among other configurations. Each side of the cell is formed by two integrated waveguides connected by means of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) or a tunable directional coupler that can be operated by means of an output control signal as a crossbar switch or as a variable coupler with independent power division ratio and phase shift. In this paper, we review the recent advances reported in the field of PMIN and, especially, in those based on integrated photonic waveguide meshes, both from the theoretical as well as from the experimental point of view. We pay special attention to outlining the design principles, material platforms, synthesis algorithms and practical constraints of these structures and discuss their applicability to different fields.

scholarly journals Routing Protocols for Low Power and Lossy Networks in Internet of Things Applications

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2144 ◽  
Author(s):  
José V. V. Sobral ◽  
Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues ◽  
Ricardo A. L. Rabêlo ◽  
Jalal Al-Muhtadi ◽  
Valery Korotaev
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Weak Support ◽  
Iot Devices

The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications has taken the attention of several researchers. In an effort to provide interoperability and IPv6 support for the IoT devices, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed the 6LoWPAN stack. However, the particularities and hardware limitations of networks associated with IoT devices lead to several challenges, mainly for routing protocols. On its stack proposal, IETF standardizes the RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks) as the routing protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). RPL is a tree-based proactive routing protocol that creates acyclic graphs among the nodes to allow data exchange. Although widely considered and used by current applications, different recent studies have shown its limitations and drawbacks. Among these, it is possible to highlight the weak support of mobility and P2P traffic, restrictions for multicast transmissions, and lousy adaption for dynamic throughput. Motivated by the presented issues, several new solutions have emerged during recent years. The approaches range from the consideration of different routing metrics to an entirely new solution inspired by other routing protocols. In this context, this work aims to present an extensive survey study about routing solutions for IoT/LLN, not limited to RPL enhancements. In the course of the paper, the routing requirements of LLNs, the initial protocols, and the most recent approaches are presented. The IoT routing enhancements are divided according to its main objectives and then studied individually to point out its most important strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, as the main contribution, this study presents a comprehensive discussion about the considered approaches, identifying the still remaining open issues and suggesting future directions to be recognized by new proposals.

Blockchain Technology Based on Algorand Applied to Low-Power and Low-Cost IoT Devices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teodoro Montanaro ◽  
Ilaria Sergi ◽  
Salvatore Corvaglia ◽  
Luca Mainetti ◽  
Antonio Vilei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Iot Devices

scholarly journals Routing Protocols for Mobile Internet of Things (IoT): A Survey on Challenges and Solutions

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 2320
Author(s):  
Zawar Shah ◽  
Andrew Levula ◽  
Khawar Khurshid ◽  
Jawad Ahmed ◽  
Imdad Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Mobile Internet ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Iot Devices

The Internet of Things (IoT) is aimed to provide efficient and seamless connectivity to a large number of low-power and low-cost embedded devices, consequently, the routing protocols play a fundamental role in achieving these goals. The IETF has recently standardized the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) for LLNs (i.e., Low-power and Lossy Networks) and is well-accepted among the Internet community. However, RPL was proposed for static IoT devices and suffers from many issues when IoT devices are mobile. In this paper, we first present various issues that are faced by the RPL when IoT devices are mobile. We then carry out a detailed survey of various solutions that are proposed in the current literature to mitigate the issues faced by RPL. We classify various solutions into five categories i.e., ‘Trickle-timer based solutions’, ‘ETX based solutions’, ‘RSSI based solutions’, ‘Position-based solutions’, and ‘Miscellaneous solutions’. For each category of these solutions, we illustrate their working principles, issues addressed and make a thorough assessment of their strengths and weaknesses. In addition, we found several flaws in the performance analysis done by the authors of each of the solutions, e.g., nodes mobility, time intervals, etc., and suggest further investigations for the performance evaluations of these solutions in order to assess their applicability in real-world environments. Moreover, we provide future research directions for RPL supporting various real-time applications, mobility support, energy-aware, and privacy-aware routing.

scholarly journals The Hardware Design and Implementation of a Key Exchange Protocol for Low-cost IoT Devices

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S6) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Logic Gates ◽  
Public Key Cryptography ◽  
Key Exchange ◽  
Public Key ◽  
Key Exchange Protocol ◽  
General Data Protection Regulation ◽  
Processor Core ◽  
Iot Devices

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) which was enforced in May 2018 clearly stated that the protection of data by organizations is a mandatory task. Protecting or securing data on data collecting and sensing devices used in the Internet-of-Things (IoT) platform is a challenge for the fact that the devices are resource-constrained in terms of operation frequency, hardware area, computational complexity, and power consumption. The first step to securing data on low-cost IoT devices is to generate keys for subsequent encryption and authentication. This paper, therefore, proposes and implements a lightweight key exchange protocol with the capability of authenticating the generated key without the need for public-key cryptography. The protocol is meant to be simple and make use of minimal hardware resources. It uses components such as the pseudorandom number and bit generators, dot product, XOR gates, shift registers and basic logic gates making it very resource-efficient. The hardware architecture of the protocol was implemented using Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) and synthesized using Xilinx ISE 14.7 software which includes XPower Analyzer for power estimation. The protocol was tested on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) board with a synthesizable Reduced Instruction Set Computer Five (RISC-V) processor core. The synthesis and simulation results which include area, maximum frequency, latency, and power consumption show that the protocol is suitable for IoT low-cost devices as compared to standard public-key primitives.

Bringing Security to The Smallest Embedded Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSEPH YIU
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Iot Devices

The increasing need for security in microcontrollers Security has long been a significant challenge in microcontroller applications(MCUs). Traditionally, many microcontroller systems did not have strong security measures against remote attacks as most of them are not connected to the Internet, and many microcontrollers are deemed to be cheap and simple. With the growth of IoT (Internet of Things), security in low cost microcontrollers moved toward the spotlight and the security requirements of these IoT devices are now just as critical as high-end systems due to:

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