scholarly journals Injera (An Ethnic, Traditional Staple Food of Ethiopia): A review on Traditional Practice to Scientific Developments

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satheesh Neela ◽  
Solomon Workneh Fanta
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Research ◽  
Eragrostis Tef ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Quality Improvements ◽  
Traditional Practice ◽  
Scientific Review ◽  
Milling Quality ◽  
Composite Flours ◽  
Nutritional Enhancement ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Injera is fermented Ethiopian ethnic traditional staple food prepared usually form teff flour [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. Almost all the Ethiopians consume this food at least once in a day. Injera preparation composed of many steps, starting from grain preparation to baking; these all steps are still performing with indigenous knowledge with traditional practices. This Ethiopian national super food appreciating in many western countries due to the superior nutritional properties, especially lack of gluten and good mineral compositions (Rich of Iron). Research on injera preparation from composite flours for nutritional enhancement and sensory quality improvements were took lion share in reported scientific research. However, limited research was reported on preservation of injera by chemical ingredients and natural species, microbes involved in fermentation and spoilage. In addition, very fewer studies were reported on effect of milling quality of injera seed and role of fermentation on anti-nutritional factors degradation. However, scientific review to show the injera traditional practice and scientific research undertaken in this area is hardly found. In considering above all, this review is under taken with objective to review the traditional ethnic practice and scientific research reported on injera preparation.

scholarly journals Abrupt but smaller than expected changes in surface air quality attributable to COVID-19 lockdowns

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. eabd6696
Author(s):  
Zongbo Shi ◽  
Congbo Song ◽  
Bowen Liu ◽  
Gongda Lu ◽  
Jingsha Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Quality Improvements ◽  
Learning Technique ◽  
Emission Changes ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Gaseous Oxidant ◽  
Sophisticated Analysis ◽  
Limited Change

The COVID-19 lockdowns led to major reductions in air pollutant emissions. Here, we quantitatively evaluate changes in ambient NO2, O3, and PM2.5 concentrations arising from these emission changes in 11 cities globally by applying a deweathering machine learning technique. Sudden decreases in deweathered NO2 concentrations and increases in O3 were observed in almost all cities. However, the decline in NO2 concentrations attributable to the lockdowns was not as large as expected, at reductions of 10 to 50%. Accordingly, O3 increased by 2 to 30% (except for London), the total gaseous oxidant (Ox = NO2 + O3) showed limited change, and PM2.5 concentrations decreased in most cities studied but increased in London and Paris. Our results demonstrate the need for a sophisticated analysis to quantify air quality impacts of interventions and indicate that true air quality improvements were notably more limited than some earlier reports or observational data suggested.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Evidential Value of Empirically Supported Psychological Treatments (ESTs): A Meta-Scientific Review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kitchener Sakaluk ◽  
Alexander Williams ◽  
Robyn Kilshaw ◽  
Kathleen T. Rhyner
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Scientific Review ◽  
Evidential Value ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Multiple Metrics ◽  
Statistical Criteria

Empirically supported treatments (or therapies; ESTs) are the gold standard in therapeutic interventions for psychopathology. Based on a set of methodological and statistical criteria, the APA has assigned particular treatment-diagnosis combinations EST status and has further rated their empirical support as Strong, Modest, and/or Controversial. Emerging concerns about the replicability of research findings in clinical psychology highlight the need to critically examine the evidential value of EST research. We therefore conducted a meta-scientific review of the EST literature, using clinical trials reported in an existing online APA database of ESTs, and a set of novel evidential value metrics (i.e., rates of misreported statistics, statistical power, R-Index, and Bayes Factors). Our analyses indicated that power and replicability estimates were concerningly low across almost all ESTs, and individually, some ESTs scored poorly across multiple metrics, with Strong ESTs failing to continuously outperform their Modest counterparts. Lastly, we found evidence of improvements over time in statistical power within the EST literature, but not for the strength of evidence of EST efficacy. We describe the implications of our findings for practicing psychotherapists and offer recommendations for improving the evidential value of EST research moving forward.

ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF «LIBERATED LABOUR» IN MODERN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-138
Author(s):  
Svetlana I. Grudina
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Semantic Component ◽  
Almost All ◽  
New Generation

The labor market is an important indicator of economic development. The primary task of modern scientific research is to find a solution to the issues of development of social and economic well-being in a transformational economy, as the phase of changes and rethinking of experience affects almost all spheres of human activity. The attitude that one has towards their work is also being reconsidered. Human labour is being more and more replaced by machine labour, robotics is being introduced, different processes are automated, digitalized. All this reflected in the qualitative and semantic component of labour, which acquires the features of «liberated labour» from the «alienated labour», according to the theory of Karl Marx, where the boundaries between the worker and resting time are being erased. Nowadays the progress in the field of digital and computer technologies of the industrial sector is carried out at a high speed and leads to the inability of functioning by the old principles of «saving on creativity». Scientific novelty of the research work is presented in the theoretical formation of the category «liberated» labour. Thу author addresses the essential characteristics of the category of «liberated labour», analyzes the classification of labour as a category of economics, reveals the prospects for the development of the category of «alienated» and «liberated» labour, takes the gender specifics and modern realities of socio-economic transformations into the account; the author developed a set of theoretical provisions, methodological approaches and practical recommendations for the formation of an environment of «liberated labour». The theoretical and methodological issues of the intensifying usage of liberated labour are applying the effect of the entirety and are presented by supplementing in the field of terminological apparatus by the author's concept of «liberated labour». The contours of innovative reproduction are substantiated, they are proposed to be formed on the basis of the creation of institutions for the regulation and standardization of work of a new generation, the opening of researching laboratories that study labour activity.

Kaufmann oat

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kibite ◽  
J. Chong ◽  
J. G. Menzies ◽  
K. Turkington ◽  
B. McCallum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Quality ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Loose Smut ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Milling Quality ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Quality Features ◽  
Better Than

Kaufmann is a high-yielding, disease-resistant spring oat ( Avena sativa L.) with improved kernel characteristics and milling quality features. It is resistant to >98% of the crown rust [ Puccinia coronata Corda var. avenea (W.P. Fraser & Ledingham)] isolates found in western Canada. It is also resistant to almost all prevalent races of stem rust (caused by P. graminis Pers. f. sp. avenae Eriks & Henn.), except race NA-67, and all races of loose smut (caused by Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr.) and covered smut (caused by U. kolleri Wille) found in western Canada Kaufmann is moderately susceptible to the PAV strain of BYDV. It has performed at a level equal to or significantly better than AC Medallion in agronomic and grain quality features. It is best adapted t o the Black Soil Zone of Manitoba and the Brown Soil Zone of Saskatchewan, where it has yielded significantly more than AC Medallion while having better lodging resistance and improved grain quality. Key words:

The Status of Scientific Activities in United States Biosphere Reserves

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Goigel Turner ◽  
William P. Gregg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ecological Research ◽  
Biosphere Reserves ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
The Status ◽  
Anthropogenic Threats ◽  
Almost All

The United States Biosphere Reserve network was begun in 1974, and currently numbers 38 sites. An investigation into the status of scientific activities in US Biosphere Reserves was conducted in 1981 to determine how well the network was meeting the multiple objectives of the Man and the Biosphere Programme. A survey questionnaire was administered to all US Biosphere Reserves, covering the adequacy of available data-bases, the types of research conducted, the perceived anthropogenic threats, funding, support, facilities, and educational programmes. Based on predominant management emphasis, Biosphere Reserves were designated as experimental or observational (i.e. conservational) for the purpose of analysis of the data.The results of our survey indicate that baseline scientific data, such as aerial photography, bibliographies, weather data, flora and fauna checklists and keys, and topographic maps, are generally available for most of the US Biosphere Reserves; environmental monitoring activities are more comprehensive than ecological research activities, but topic emphasis varies with the management's orientation of the Reserves. Experimentally-oriented Reserves tend to emphasize biological productivity, succession, silviculture, and forest restoration and management, while observationally-oriented Reserves tend towards descriptive studies.In almost all scientific activities, experimental Reserves were scored higher than observational (‘conservation’) Reserves in terms of general value; they have also received significantly more funding for scientific research. In all Reserves, most natural resources are considered to be effectively protected. Observational Reserves report a greater number of anthropogenic threats, including air and water pollution, exotic species, operations problems, resource removal, and visitor impacts; but they are addressing a greater proportion of these threats than are experimental Reserves. Most Reserves communicate natural history and other scientific information to the public, but many do not discuss MAB or its goals. Almost all the 38 US Biosphere Reserves are used for professional training and have basic support-facilities for field-work.Recommendations made for improving the effectiveness of US Biosphere Reserves include: strengthening communications among Reserves within the network; initiating more cooperative studies at all geographic levels; intensifying scientific research in observational (‘conservation’) Reserves; improving the status of ecological research on aquatic systems and soils, and at the ecosystem level in all Reserves; also designing studies which focus on Man as an integral part of the system and how Mankind might exist in improved concert with The Biosphere. The designation of a multiple-site Biosphere Reserve bearing the name of the biogeographic region in which it occurs, is now being used both to conserve a region's representative ecosystems and to foster cooperation among sites. We believe this is a workable approach and an important first step in implementing these recommendations regionally and, so far as they prove practicable, ultimately globally.

Limited Predictability and the Greenhouse Effect – A Scientific Review

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wiin-Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Scientific Review ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Model Equations ◽  
Non Linear System ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Aerosol Effects

The concept of limited predictability is reviewed followed by simple examples illustrating the sensitivity to small changes in the initial state and/or the forcing of a non-linear system. Limited predictability applies to almost all non-linear systems, and the concept is therefore important to geophysical systems governed by non-linear model equations. The limited predictability determines the upper limit to operational weather forecasts, but it will also be demonstrated that it has an impact on the determination of the effect of changes in the forcing of the system. The general strategy applied by researchers to estimate the atmospheric greenhouse effect is reviewed. It will be demonstrated that the adopted strategy, due to prescribed changes in the forcing of the climate system, is also influenced by limited predictability in the sense that predicted changes are much larger than observed changes in the temperatures at the surface of the Earth. It is therefore very unlikely that the predictions are reliable. The inclusion of the sulphur-aerosol effects are also discussed with the conclusion that although these cooling agents reduce the greenhouse warming, they do not behave as expected in the sulphur-rich and sulphur-poor regions.

scholarly journals What Works and What Does Not: A Discussion of Popular Approaches for the Abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Elise B. Johansen ◽  
Nafissatou J. Diop ◽  
Glenn Laverack ◽  
Els Leye
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Change Agents ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Traditional Practice ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
What Works ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Female Genital

The prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is reducing in almost all countries in which it is a traditional practice. There are huge variations between countries and communities though, ranging from no change at all to countries and communities where the practice has been more than halved from one generation to the next. Various interventions implemented over the last 30–40 years are believed to have been instrumental in stimulating this reduction, even though in most cases the decrease in prevalence has been slow. This raises questions about the efficacy of interventions to eliminate FGM and an urgent need to channel the limited resources available, where it can make the most difference in the abandonment of FGM. This paper is intended to contribute to the design of more effective interventions by assessing existing knowledge of what works and what does not and discusses some of the most common approaches that have been evaluated: health risk approaches, conversion of excisers, training of health professionals as change agents, alternative rituals, community-led approaches, public statements, and legal measures.

Turtles in Temple Ponds in Thailand: Species, Abundance, and Health Issues

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-232
Author(s):  
Jenjit Khudamrongsawat ◽  
Dhanyaporn Meetan ◽  
Nantarika Chansue
Keyword(s):  
Species Abundance ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Protected Species ◽  
Trachemys Scripta Elegans ◽  
Traditional Practice ◽  
Turtle Species ◽  
Rehabilitation Centers ◽  
Almost All

Abstract The traditional practice of releasing turtles into temple ponds in Thailand, believed to benefit releasers, likely affects turtles’ welfare and impacts wild populations. We examined the species, abundance, and health of turtles in six temple ponds. Seven native turtle species and two exotic species were recorded. Most common were the yellow-headed temple turtle (Heosemys annandalii), a legally protected species, and the exotic red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans). Almost all examined turtles showed signs of illness, the most common being shell lesions and excessive algal growth on shells. Poor sanitation and food quality, and limited space to bask, observed in all ponds, contributed to turtles’ poor health. We recommend using better-managed temple ponds as temporary rehabilitation centers and returning healthy native turtles to natural areas, while encouraging people to provide funds to support the turtles and discouraging the release of new turtles.

Profitable research in a marketing oriented business

1969 ◽  
Vol 312 (1510) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Products ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Research Department ◽  
The Face ◽  
To Come ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Control ◽  
Work Done

It is hardly a generation ago since scientific research began to come into general use, at least in the larger companies, as a means of enhancing profits. Many of us will have actually seen it grow from small beginnings in our own businesses, or will at least remember those who did. It probably started tentatively in the face of many doubts and difficulties, but when its benefits, in the form of new products, were clearly seen, it was encouraged to grow. Then, as the years went by, it became in many cases the Juggernaut which seemed to have the power to keep rolling under its own momentum; and now, for the last decade, we have seen a spate of literature designed to show us how to steer it and control its speed. It tended to run away because almost all the judgements about its size were subjective and often emotion-laden opinions. So, to counter-balance them, control is being sought through the introduction of more objective criteria. The purpose of this paper is to discuss a few of the ways in which a multi-product marketing oriented business has set about trying to control the resource of scientific research as a means to success. This control falls into three categories: (1) the size of the research department; (2) the portfolio of research projects; (3) the efficiency of the research work done in the department.

scholarly journals Wielowymiarowa analiza przedsiębiorczości – metodologia, narzędzia i znaczenie dla społeczeństwa informacyjnego

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 117-132
Author(s):  
Jacek Strojny ◽  
Bogusław Stankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Information Society ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Strategic Analysis ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Global Information Society ◽  
Almost All

Information Society produce a set of phenomena important to almost all aspects of social andeconomical development. In this article the authors focus on one of these phenomena, knownas the entrepreneurship. The special features of global Information Society create pressure onall of the entities that are forced to entrepreneurial behaviors to survive. That means the entrepreneurshipis becoming one of the most important instruments of competition nowadays.Accordingly the evaluation of this phenomenon is necessary. The authors suggests methodologyand instruments that help to measure this process. They also propose procedures useful fortwo kinds of processes - in scientific research and in strategic analysis as well.

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