scholarly journals Implications of photodynamic cancer therapy: an overview of PDT mechanisms basically and practically

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nafiseh Sobhani ◽  
Ali Akbar Samadani
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Valuable Treatment ◽  
Natural Tissue

Abstract Background Tumor eradication is one of the most important challengeable categories in oncological studies. In this account, besides the molecular genetics methods including cell therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and general cancer therapy procedures like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, photodynamic adjuvant therapy is of great importance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a relatively noninvasive therapeutic method utilizes the irradiation of an appropriate wavelength which is absorbed by a photosensitizing agent in the presence of oxygen. Main body of the abstract In this procedure, a series of events lead to the direct death of malignant cells such as damage to the microvasculature and also the induction of a local inflammatory function. PDT has participated with other treatment modalities especially in the early stage of malignant tumors and has resulted in decreasing morbidity besides improving survival rate and quality of life. High spatial resolution of PDT has attracted considerable attention in the field of image-guided photodynamic therapy combined with chemotherapy of multidrug resistance cancers. Although PDT outcomes vary across the different tumor types, minimal natural tissue toxicity, minor systemic effects, significant reduction in long-term disease, lack of innate or acquired resistance mechanisms, and excellent cosmetic effects, as well as limb function, make it a valuable treatment option for combination therapies. Short conclusion In this review article, we tried to discuss the potential of PDT in the treatment of some dermatologic and solid tumors, particularly all its important mechanisms.

scholarly journals Hyperthermia versus Oncothermia: Cellular Effects in Cancer Therapy

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyula P. Szigeti ◽  
Gabriella Hegyi ◽  
Olivér Szasz
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Conventional Therapy ◽  
Heat Effect ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Cellular Effects ◽  
Cellular Resolution

Hyperthermia means overheating of the living object completely or partly. Hyperthermia, the procedure of raising the temperature of a part of or the whole body above the normal for a defined period of time, is applied alone or as an adjunctive with various established cancer treatment modalities such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The fact that is the hyperthermia is not generally accepted as conventional therapy. The problem is its controversial performance. The controversy is originated from the complications of the deep heating and the focusing of the heat effect. The idea of oncothermia solves the selective deep action on nearly cellular resolution. We would like to demonstrate the force and perspectives of oncothermia as a highly specialized hyperthermia in clinical oncology. Our aim is to prove the ability of oncothermia to be a candidate to become a widely accepted modality of the standard cancer care. We would like to show the proofs and the challenges of the hyperthermia and oncothermia applications to provide the presently available data and summarize the knowledge in the topic. Like many early-stage therapies, oncothermia lacks adequate treatment experience and long-range, comprehensive statistics that can help us optimize its use for all indications.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology in Modern Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer: A Review of Cellular Resistance Patterns Affecting the Therapeutic Response

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvin Peter Chizenga ◽  
Heidi Abrahamse
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Response ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Cancer Resistance ◽  
Cellular Resistance ◽  
Photodynamic Therapy Of Cancer ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a potential therapeutic option for most localized cancers. Its high measure of specificity and minimal risk of side effects compared to other therapies has put PDT on the forefront of cancer research in the current era. The primary cause of treatment failure and high mortality rates is the occurrence of cancer resistance to therapy. Hence, PDT is designed to be selective and tumor-specific. However, because of complex biological characteristics and cell signaling, cancer cells have shown a propensity to acquire cellular resistance to PDT by modulating the photosensitization process or its products. Fortunately, nanotechnology has provided many answers in biomedical and clinical applications, and modern PDT now employs the use of nanomaterials to enhance its efficacy and mitigate the effects of acquired resistance. This review, therefore, sought to scrutinize the mechanisms of cellular resistance that affect the therapeutic response with an emphasis on the use of nanomaterials as a way of overriding cancer cell resistance. The resistance mechanisms that have been reported are complex and photosensitizer (PS)-specific. We conclude that altering the structure of PSs using nanotechnology is an ideal paradigm for enhancing PDT efficacy in the presence of cellular resistance.

scholarly journals Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockades: The Underlying Mechanisms and Potential Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binghan Zhou ◽  
Yuan Gao ◽  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Qian Chu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Clinical Responses ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Definition Of

The immune checkpoint blockade therapy has completely transformed cancer treatment modalities because of its unprecedented and durable clinical responses in various cancers. With the increasing use of immune checkpoint blockades in clinical practice, a large number of patients develop acquired resistance. However, the knowledge about acquired resistance to immune checkpoint blockades is limited and poorly summarized. In this review, we clarify the principal elements of acquired resistance to immune checkpoint blockades. The definition of acquired resistance is heterogeneous among groups or societies, but the expert consensus of The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer can be referred. Oligo-progression is the main pattern of acquired resistance. Acquired resistance can be derived from the selection of resistant cancer cell clones that exist in the tumor mass before therapeutic intervention or gradual acquisition in the sensitive cancer cells. Specifically, tumor intrinsic mechanisms include neoantigen depletion, defects in antigen presentation machinery, aberrations of interferon signaling, tumor-induced exclusion/immunosuppression, and tumor cell plasticity. Tumor extrinsic mechanisms include upregulation of other immune checkpoints. Presently, a set of treatment modalities is applied to patients with similar clinical characteristics or resistance mechanisms for overcoming acquired resistance, and hence, further research is required.

scholarly journals Cancer Theranostics: Bridging Conventional and Nano-photodynamic Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 03-08
Author(s):  
Poorani Gananathan ◽  
Anirban Chakraborty ◽  
Indrani Karunasagar
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Premalignant Lesions ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Clinical Implementation ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
Ophthalmic Diseases ◽  
Cancer Theranostics

AbstractCancer is of various kinds, so are the treatment modalities. Worldwide, cancer is the second leading cause of death, accounting for a whopping 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Globally, approximately one in six deaths is attributed to cancer. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of superficial lesions, warts, Barrett’s esophagus, premalignant lesions, malignant tumors, and ophthalmic diseases. The literature on PDT is approximately one-third of that in radiation therapy, yet the clinical implementation of PDT in cancer is relatively less. Despite substantial research, the clinical application of photodynamic strategy in cancer therapy is still in its infancy with only a limited number of case studies reported so far. The limitations of the photosensitizer and the shallow depth of penetration of light source are the key technical impediments. However, the use of nanomedicine in PDT can overcome these obstacles. Thus, it is necessary to gain knowledge on how nanomaterials can be merged with PDT and how it can be utilized in cancer theranostics. In this article, the focus is to understand how PDT works and how it can be utilized in improving the sensitivity of the existing diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. The article also addresses the current challenges for PDT and the future prospects of this technique, particularly in the area of diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

Biocompatible nanomicelles for sensitive detection and photodynamic therapy of early-stage cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailin Zhou ◽  
Zhongyuan Qi ◽  
Pei Pei ◽  
Wenhao Shen ◽  
Yanxiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Detection Technique ◽  
Sensitive Detection ◽  
Early Stage Cancer ◽  
Sensitive Detection Technique

The lack of sensitive detection technique and agents for early-stage tumors, which are characterized with small size, juvenile blood vessel and scarce secreted markers, has hampered the timely cancer therapy...

scholarly journals Hyperthermia versus Oncothermia: Cellular Effects in Complementary Cancer Therapy

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Hegyi ◽  
Gyula P. Szigeti ◽  
András Szász
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Conventional Therapy ◽  
Heat Effect ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Cellular Effects ◽  
Cellular Resolution

Hyperthermia means overheating of the living object completely or partly. Hyperthermia, the procedure of raising the temperature of a part of or the whole body above normal for a defined period of time, is applied alone or as an adjunctive with various established cancer treatment modalities such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, hyperthermia is not generally accepted as conventional therapy. The problem is its controversial performance. The controversy is originated from the complications of the deep heating and the focusing of the heat effect. The idea of oncothermia solves the selective deep action on nearly cellular resolution. We would like to demonstrate the force and perspectives of oncothermia, as a highly specialized hyperthermia in clinical oncology. Our aim is to prove the ability of oncothermia to be a candidate to become a widely accepted modality of the standard cancer care. We would like to show the proofs and the challenges of the hyperthermia and oncothermia applications to provide the presently available data and summarize the knowledge in the topic. Like many early stage therapies, oncothermia lacks adequate treatment experience and long-range, comprehensive statistics that can help us optimize its use for all indications.

scholarly journals Combined Radiochemotherapy: Metalloproteinases Revisited

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Waller ◽  
Martin Pruschy
Keyword(s):  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Matrix Remodeling ◽  
Intercellular Signaling ◽  
Combined Radiochemotherapy

Besides cytotoxic DNA damage irradiation of tumor cells triggers multiple intra- and intercellular signaling processes, that are part of a multilayered, treatment-induced stress response at the unicellular and tumor pathophysiological level. These processes are intertwined with intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms to the toxic effects of ionizing radiation and thereby co-determine the tumor response to radiotherapy. Proteolysis of structural elements and bioactive signaling moieties represents a major class of posttranslational modifications regulating intra- and intercellular communication. Plasma membrane-located and secreted metalloproteinases comprise a family of metal-, usually zinc-, dependent endopeptidases and sheddases with a broad variety of substrates including components of the extracellular matrix, cyto- and chemokines, growth and pro-angiogenic factors. Thereby, metalloproteinases play an important role in matrix remodeling and auto- and paracrine intercellular communication regulating tumor growth, angiogenesis, immune cell infiltration, tumor cell dissemination, and subsequently the response to cancer treatment. While metalloproteinases have long been identified as promising target structures for anti-cancer agents, previous pharmaceutical approaches mostly failed due to unwanted side effects related to the structural similarities among the multiple family members. Nevertheless, targeting of metalloproteinases still represents an interesting rationale alone and in combination with other treatment modalities. Here, we will give an overview on the role of metalloproteinases in the irradiated tumor microenvironment and discuss the therapeutic potential of using more specific metalloproteinase inhibitors in combination with radiotherapy.

scholarly journals BRAF Signaling Inhibition in Glioblastoma: Which Clinical Perspectives?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Bouchè ◽  
Giovanni Aldegheri ◽  
Carmine Antonio Donofrio ◽  
Antonio Fioravanti ◽  
Samuel Roberts-Thomson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Potential Efficacy ◽  
Pathway Inhibition

IDH-wild type (wt) glioblastoma (GB) accounts for approximately 90% of all GB and has a poor outcome. Surgery and adjuvant therapy with temozolomide and radiotherapy is the main therapeutic approach. Unfortunately, after relapse and progression, which occurs in most cases, there are very limited therapeutic options available. BRAF which plays a role in the oncogenesis of several malignant tumors, is also involved in a small proportion of IDH-wt GB. Previous successes with anti-B-Raf targeted therapy in tumors with V600E BRAF mutation like melanoma, combined with the poor prognosis and paucity of therapeutic options for GB patients is leading to a growing interest in the potential efficacy of this approach. This review is thus focused on dissecting the state of the art and future perspectives on BRAF pathway inhibition in IDH-wt GB. Overall, clinical efficacy is mostly described within case reports and umbrella trials, with promising but still insufficient results to draw more definitive conclusions. Further studies are needed to better define the molecular and phenotypic features that predict for a favorable response to treatment. In addition, limitations of B-Raf-inhibitors, in monotherapy or in combination with other therapeutic partners, to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and the development of acquired resistance mechanisms responsible for tumor progression need to be addressed.

scholarly journals PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY IN MULTIMODALITY TREATMENT OF PLISS LYMPHOSARCOMA AND UTERINE CERVIX CANCER-5

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 676-680
Author(s):  
A. P. Vasileuski ◽  
◽  
N. A. Artemova ◽  
T. M. Litvinova ◽  
I. A. Kosenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Uterine Cervix ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Multimodality Treatment ◽  
Cervix Cancer ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Cervix Carcinoma ◽  
Uterine Cervix Cancer

Background. Malignant tumors management using conventional treatment modalities is associated with poor outcomes. Objective of the study. To assess photodynamic activity of Photolon as monotherapy, as well as in combination with radio- and chemotherapy in an experiment.Material and methods. The research was done on HeLa monolayer culture (human uterine cervix carcinoma), 97 white random-bred rats with Pliss lymphosarcoma and 42 mice (CBA) with uterine cervix cancer-5 (UCC-5). Results. The amplification factor in Photolon photoirradiation was 65.1 in terms of the cytostatic effect and 98.5 in terms of cytotoxic effect. Photodynamic therapy enhances the efficacy of radiotherapy, since it reduced Pliss lymphosarcoma growth rate in rats down to 33.7% and UCC-5 growth rate in mice down to 14.9% of the intact control level (p<0.05). Conclusion. It is advisable to include photodynamic therapy in multimodality treatment.

scholarly journals Melanoma Single-Cell Biology in Experimental and Clinical Settings

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 506
Author(s):  
Hans Binder ◽  
Maria Schmidt ◽  
Henry Loeffler-Wirth ◽  
Lena Suenke Mortensen ◽  
Manfred Kunz
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitor ◽  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Heterogeneity

Cellular heterogeneity is regarded as a major factor for treatment response and resistance in a variety of malignant tumors, including malignant melanoma. More recent developments of single-cell sequencing technology provided deeper insights into this phenomenon. Single-cell data were used to identify prognostic subtypes of melanoma tumors, with a special emphasis on immune cells and fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, treatment resistance to checkpoint inhibitor therapy has been shown to be associated with a set of differentially expressed immune cell signatures unraveling new targetable intracellular signaling pathways. Characterization of T cell states under checkpoint inhibitor treatment showed that exhausted CD8+ T cell types in melanoma lesions still have a high proliferative index. Other studies identified treatment resistance mechanisms to targeted treatment against the mutated BRAF serine/threonine protein kinase including repression of the melanoma differentiation gene microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and induction of AXL receptor tyrosine kinase. Interestingly, treatment resistance mechanisms not only included selection processes of pre-existing subclones but also transition between different states of gene expression. Taken together, single-cell technology has provided deeper insights into melanoma biology and has put forward our understanding of the role of tumor heterogeneity and transcriptional plasticity, which may impact on innovative clinical trial designs and experimental approaches.

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