Improved biodiesel from palm oil using lipase immobilized calcium alginate and Irvingia gabonensis matrices

Abstract Background Lipase is an important microbial enzyme and biocatalyst in biodiesel production. The study investigated fuel properties of biodiesel produced from palm oil (PO) using lipase immobilized on Irvingia gabonensis and calcium alginate. Results Biodiesel yield from PO using free and immobilized lipases was highest at 35 °C and pH 7, with product yield using calcium alginate-immobilized lipase, CAIL (94.42, 96.9%) higher than using Irvingia gabonensis-immobilized lipase, IGIL (92.54, 95.8%). Biodiesel produced using immobilized lipases had similar pour point, cloud point, and kinematic viscosity, and they possessed improved fuel properties compared to free lipase biodiesel in terms of densities at 15 °C and flash point. Pour points, flash point, and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel produced using CAIL and IGIL met American and European Standards but density at 15 °C and cloud points are below both standards. CAIL and IGIL biodiesel had similar fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) compounds and consisted more of unsaturated fatty acids (hexadecanoate, 9-octadecenoate, octadecanoate, dodecanoate, and 9,12-octadeca-dienoate) than obtained in biodiesel from free lipase. IGIL and CAIL were re-used in 8 and 12 cycles respectively, with > 90% biodiesel yield achieved in four and 11 cycles. Conclusions The study showed that lipase immobilized on Irvingia gabenensis and calcium alginate and used in biodiesel production retained high enzyme activity and biodiesel yield in repeated cycles.

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Lipase NS81006 immobilized on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles for biodiesel production

Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry ◽

10.1515/auoc-2016-0008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 13-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Baskar Thangaraj ◽

Zhaohua Jia ◽

Lingmei Dai ◽

Dehua Liu ◽

Wei Du

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽

Immobilized Lipase ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Fe3o4 Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽

Time Duration ◽

Fast Reaction ◽

Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽

Optimized Conditions ◽

Free Lipase

Abstract Lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production is being the object of extensive research due to the demerits of chemical based catalytic system. Lipase immobilized on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles has the integrated advantages of traditional immobilized lipase and free lipase for its rather fast reaction rate and easy separation. It has been demonstrated that free lipase NS81006 has potential in catalyzing the alcoholysis of renewable oils for biodiesel preparation. In this study, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with organosilane compounds like (3-aminopropyl)triethyloxysilane (APTES) and (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane) MPTMS were used as carriers for lipase immobilization. Lipase NS81006 was covalently bound to the organosilane-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles by using glutaraldehyde cross-linking reagent. A biodiesel yield of 89% and 81% could be achieved by lipase immobilized on APTES-Fe3O4 and MPTMS-Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles respectively under optimized conditions of oil to methanol molar ratio 1:3 with three step addition of methanol, reaction temperature 45°C and reaction time duration 12 h. The lipases immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles could be recovered easily by external magnetic field for further use.

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Enzymatic biodiesel production from palm oil and palm kernel oil using free lipase

Egyptian Journal of Petroleum ◽

10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.09.002 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 635-642 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

S.O. Kareem ◽

E.I. Falokun ◽

S.A. Balogun ◽

O.A. Akinloye ◽

S.O. Omeike

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Palm Kernel Oil ◽

Kernel Oil ◽

Free Lipase

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Immobilization ofYarrowia lipolyticaLipase on Macroporous Resin Using Different Methods: Characterization of the Biocatalysts in Hydrolysis Reaction

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/139179 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jingjing Sun ◽

Yiling Chen ◽

Jun Sheng ◽

Mi Sun

Keyword(s):

Immobilized Lipase ◽

Solvent Tolerance ◽

Alkaline Ph ◽

Lipase Hydrolysis ◽

Organic System ◽

Microbial Lipase ◽

Application Range ◽

Immobilized Lipases ◽

Free Lipase

To improve the reusability and organic solvent tolerance of microbial lipase and expand the application of lipase (hydrolysis, esterification, and transesterification), we immobilized marine microbial lipase using different methods and determined the properties of immobilized lipases. Considering the activity and cost of immobilized lipase, the concentration of lipase was fixed at 2 mg/mL. The optimal temperature of immobilized lipases was 40°C and 5°C higher than free lipase. The activities of immobilized lipases were much higher than free lipase at alkaline pH (more than 50% at pH 12). The free lipase lost most activity (35.3%) and immobilized lipases retained more than 46.4% of their initial activity after 3 h heat treatment at 70°C. At alkaline pH, immobilized lipases were more stable than free lipase (more than 60% residue activity at pH 11 for 3 h). Immobilized lipases retained 80% of their activity after 5 cycles and increased enzyme activity (more than 108.7%) after 3 h treatment in tert-butanol. Immobilization of lipase which improved reusability of lipase and provided a chance to expand the application of marine microbial lipase in organic system expanded the application range of lipase to catalyze hydrolysis and esterification in harsh condition.

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Integrated Cleaner Biocatalytic Process for Biodiesel Production from Crude Palm Oil Comparing to Refined Palm Oil

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11060734 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 734

Author(s):

Papasanee Muanruksa ◽

Phavit Wongsirichot ◽

James Winterburn ◽

Pakawadee Kaewkannetra

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

High Purity ◽

Immobilized Lipase ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Process Efficiency ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Hexane Extraction ◽

High Yields ◽

Refined Palm Oil ◽

Biocatalytic Process

An integrated cleaner biocatalyst process was performed for biodiesel production from crude palm oil (CPO) and refined palm oil (RPO). It was evaluated on process efficiency in terms of high purity of biodiesel as well as by-products without purification, less wastewater, less time consuming, and a simple downstream process. A first saponification step was carried out in both f CPO and RPO, a high purity of glycerol (86.25% and 87.5%) was achieved, respectively, while free fatty acids (FFASs) in soap were obtained after hexane extraction. High yields of FFASs were obtained from both CPO and RPO (98.83% and 90.94%). Subsequently, the FFAs were esterified to biodiesel by a biocatalyst of immobilized lipase. The highest biodiesel yields achieved were of 92.14% and 92.58% (CPO and RPO). Remarkably, biodiesel yields obtained from CPO and RPO achieved satisfactory values and the biocatalyst used could be reused for more than 16–17 cycles.

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Optimization and blends study of heterogeneous acid catalyst-assisted esterification of palm oil industry by-product for biodiesel production

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.191592 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 191592

Author(s):

Shehu-Ibrahim Akinfalabi ◽

Umer Rashid ◽

Imededdine Arbi Nehdi ◽

Thomas Shean Yaw Choong ◽

Hassen Mohamed Sbihi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Iodine Value ◽

Kinematic Viscosity ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Acid Catalyst ◽

Acid Value ◽

Fuel Properties ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

The optimum conditions to produce palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD)-derived-methyl esters via esterification have been demonstrated with the aid of the response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite rotatable design in the presence of heterogeneous acid catalyst. The effect of four reaction variables, reaction time (30–110 min), reaction temperature (30–70°C), catalyst concentration (1–3 wt.%) and methanol : PFAD molar ratio (3 : 1–11 : 1), were investigated. The reaction time had the most influence on the yield response, while the interaction between the reaction time and the catalyst concentration, with an F -value of 95.61, contributed the most to the esterification reaction. The model had an R 2 -value of 0.9855, suggesting a fit model, which gave a maximum yield of 95%. The fuel properties of produced PFAD methyl ester were appraised based on the acid value, iodine value, cloud and pour points, flash point, kinematic viscosity, density, ash and water contents and were compared with biodiesel EN 14214 and ASTM D-6751 standard limits. The PFAD methyl ester was further blended with petro-diesel from B0, B3, B5, B10, B20 and B100, on a volumetric basis. The blends were characterized by TGA, DTG and FTIR. With an acid value of 0.42 (mg KOH g −1 ), iodine value of 63 (g.I 2 /100 g), kinematic viscosity of 4.31 (mm 2 s −1 ), the PFAD methyl ester has shown good fuel potential, as all of its fuel properties were within the permissible international standards for biodiesel.

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Influence of 1-Butanol Additives on Palm Biodiesel Fuel Characteristics and Low Temperature Flow Properties

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.130 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 465-466 ◽

pp. 130-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Obed M. Ali ◽

Rizalman Mamat ◽

Che Ku M. Faizal

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Diesel Engines ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Pour Point ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Energy Content ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Fuel Properties ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Biodiesel Fuel

Diesel engines are widely used in almost all professions and cannot be dispensed with in the near future. Now the fossil fuels which are mainly used in diesel engines are depleting continually accompanied by increasing consumption and prices, there is the need to find alternative fuel to fulfil the worlds energy demand. Alternative fuels like biodiesel, are being used as effective alternative for diesel. The feasibility of biodiesel production from palm oil was investigated with respect to its fuel properties. Though biodiesel can replace diesel satisfactorily, problems related to fuel properties persist. In this study an oxygenated additive 1-butanol (BU) was blended with palm oil biodiesel (POME) in the ratios of 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% and tested for their properties improvement. These blends were tested for energy content and various fuel properties according to ASTM standards. Qualifying of the effect of additive on palm biodiesel fuel properties can serve the researchers who work on biodiesel fuels to indicate the fuel suitability for diesel engines according to fuel standards. Blends of BU in POME resulted in an improvement in acid value, viscosity, density and pour point with increasing content of BU in the blend. Further improvement in the pour point temperature of the palm oil methyl esters 1-butanol blends (B-BU) at 7°C can be achieved by adding 7% BU additive to POME, accompanied by 8.07% decrease in energy content of biodiesel.

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Direct Transesterification for Biodiesel Production and Testing the Engine for Performance and Emissions Run on Biodiesel-Diesel-Nano Blends

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11020417 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 417

Author(s):

T. M. Yunus Khan

Keyword(s):

Kinematic Viscosity ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Single Step ◽

Fuel Properties ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Nano Particles ◽

Neem Oil ◽

Base Catalysts ◽

Direct Transesterification ◽

Performance And Emissions

In the current research, the biodiesel was prepared from feedstocks of Neem oil and Karanja oil employing a single step direct transesterification method using acid-base catalysts simultaneously. The fuel properties of both Neem and Karanja biodiesel along with different biodiesel-diesel blends were studied and compared. Biodiesel produced from Neem oil was found better in terms of kinematic viscosity, calorific value and cloud point for all its blends with diesel compared to Karanja biodiesel-diesel blends. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of addition of graphene nano particles on fuel properties of biodiesel-diesel blends. The B20 biodiesel-diesel blend was selected, which was blended with graphene nano particles in different proportions (35, 70, 105 ppm) to get different stable and symmetric B20-nano blends. The fuel properties except kinematic viscosity were further improved with higher dosages of nano particles with the biodiesel-diesel blend. The performance and emissions tests were conducted on 4-stroke variable compression ratio diesel engine. Higher concentrated B20-nano blends of Neem (NOME20GO105) and Karanja (KOME20GO105) resulted in 31 and 30.9% of brake thermal efficiency, respectively, compared with diesel of 32.5%. The brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was reduced by 10 and 11% for NOME20GO105 and KOME20GO105, respectively, compared to their respective B20 blends. Similarly, carbon monoxide (CO) was reduced significantly by 27 and 29% for NOME20GO105 and KOME20GO105, respectively.

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Effect of Time and Temperature on Biodiesel Production using Melon (Cucumeropsismannii), Groundnut (Arachis hypogea) and Soya bean (Glycine max)

BioScientific Review ◽

10.32350/bsr.0304.07 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Ugochukwu Onyenze ◽

Jude Chibuzo Igwe ◽

Christopher Uchechukwu Sonde ◽

P. E. Udo ◽

U. A Ogwuda

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Water Content ◽

Cloud Point ◽

Kinematic Viscosity ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Flash Point ◽

Carbon Residue ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Seed Oils ◽

Arachis Hypogea

This study investigated the optimum condition for biodiesel production at varying temperatures and time using melon (Cucumeropsismannii), groundnut (Arachis hypogea), and soya bean (Glycine max) seed oils. Extraction of oil from Cucumeropsismannii, Arachis hypogea, and Glycine max was accomplished using n-hexane (67.7-69.2oC) as the solvent. Biodiesel was produced from the three different seed oils at varying temperatures of 65oC, 55oC, and 45oC and also at the varied time of 60mins, 50mins and 40mins. The best percentage yield was obtained at a temperature of 65oC and a period of 60 minutes. At 40 min, the process was not complete. A good number of the transesterification process was completed at 50 mins. Also, at the lower temperature of 45oC, the method was not complete. The maximum % yield of the biodiesel obtained was 90.83% for Glycine max, 78.00% for Arachis hypogea, and 77.58% for Cucumeropsismannii seed oils. Fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, pour point, carbon residue, cloud point, water content, flash point, cetane index, and sulfated ash were examined on the biodiesel. The flash point, carbon residue, kinematic viscosity, and water content were within the standard specified for petrol diesel. Cloud point and pour points of this product were found to be greater than that of petrol diesel. The cetane index was lower than the standard specified for petrol diesel and the three samples contained no sulfated ash. Therefore, melon (Cucumeropsismannii), groundnut (Arachis hypogea), and soya bean (Glycine max) are good alternatives to biodiesel production. Copyright (c) The Authors

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Characterization of Blended Biodiesel Fuel Properties with Small Portion of Butanol as a Fuel Additive

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.137 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 465-466 ◽

pp. 137-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Obed M. Ali ◽

Rizalman Mamat ◽

Che Ku M. Faizal

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Acid Value ◽

Fuel Properties ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Biodiesel Fuel ◽

Fuel Additive ◽

Density Maximum ◽

Maximum Decrease

The increasing energy demand challenge, in addition to the crises of mineral oils depletion that becoming a very serious topic. As the main fuel used in energy production for all scopes of life now is the fossil fuels, there is an urgent need to find out an alternative fuel to fulfill the energy demand of the world. The feasibility of biodiesel production from palm oil was investigated with respect to its fuel properties and blending characteristics with petroleum diesel. Though biodiesel can replace diesel satisfactorily, problems related to fuel properties persist. In this study an oxygenated additive butanol (BU) was added to palm oil biodiesel (POME)-diesel blend B50 (50% POME + 50% diesel) in the ratios of 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% and tested for their properties improvement. The results showed slight improvement in acid value, significant viscosity and density. Maximum decrease in pour point by 6 °C at 5% butanol, on the other hand maximum decrease in energy contenent about 11% at 7% butanol compare to blended fuel B50.

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