scholarly journals Hydrophone VSP surveys in hard rock

Geophysics ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. WC223-WC234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Greenwood ◽  
Christian J. Dupuis ◽  
Milovan Urosevic ◽  
Anton Kepic
Keyword(s):  
Hard Rock ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mine Planning ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Successful Case ◽  
Seismic Acquisition ◽  
Deployment Time ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Operational Issues ◽  
The Cost

Seismic imaging in hard rock environments is gaining wider acceptance as an exploration technique and as a mine-planning tool. To date, 13 successful case studies have been acquired in Australia. The images generated from hard rock targets exhibit large levels of complexity and their interpretations remain an active area of study. To assist the imaging and better understand the source of the reflections observed, vertical seismic profiling (VSP) can be employed. This technique is not readily applied to hard rock environments because cost and operational issues often prove prohibitive. We propose the use of hydrophone arrays as a cost effective solution to VSP acquisition. We highlight the key challenges in using these receivers and propose solutions to overcome them. By careful acquisition methodologies and refined signal processing techniques, the tube waves that have up to now compromised the use of hydrophones for VSP acquisition can be effectively mitigated. We show that the data acquired with hydrophones compare favorably to that acquired with conventional 3C geophones. The data acquired with hydrophones come at a fraction of the cost and deployment time required for conventional acquisition procedures. Our results show that hydrophone vertical seismic acquisition is a viable, cost effective, and efficient solution that should be employed more routinely in hard rock environments to enhance the value of the surface data sets being acquired.

Inspection Manpower Planning for X & S Control Charts

2012 ◽  
Vol 488-489 ◽  
pp. 1624-1630
Author(s):  
Wen An Yang ◽  
Wen He Liao ◽  
Yu Guo
Keyword(s):  
Control Charts ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Manpower Planning ◽  
Sampling Interval ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Optimization Strategy ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control

A method of determining the optimal number of inspectors and/or working time required on a specific SPC activity is presented in the study. The issue of inspection manpower planning is handled as a constrained optimization problem. The optimization strategy is not only to minimize the avoidable surplus quality loss due to failure of detecting the out-of-control states but to determine the cost of inspection manpower from the perspective of deploying an appropriate amount of inspection manpower in a cost-effective manner, and meanwhile the values of sample size, sampling interval and control limits of control charts are also determined. The result obtained indicates that the total cost (or loss) can be substantially reduced if implementing control charts was equipped with adequate inspection manpower.

Efficiencies and Benefits Gained by Small Pipeline Companies From the Implementation of Cost-Effective GIS Technology

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Energy Company ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Gis System

Many smaller pipeline operating companies see the benefits of implementing a Geographic Information System (GIS) to organize pipeline data and meet the requirements of 49 CFR 195, but cannot justify the cost of a large-scale AM/FM/GIS system. PPL Interstate Energy Company (PPL IE) is a pipeline company with 84 miles of main that implemented a GIS solution that leverages both existing technology and facility data investments. This paper discusses the process used to acquire landbase data, to organize existing pipeline data from a variety of paper-based and digital sources, and to integrate these data sets. It will also discuss the functionality and benefits of the resultant GIS.

The Influence of Dose Frequency and Agent Toxicity on the Cost of Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy

1982 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 935-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Rapp ◽  
Catherine L. Bannon ◽  
Brack A. Bivins
Keyword(s):  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Dose Frequency ◽  
Surgery Patient ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost

The influence of the number of daily doses on the overall cost of antibiotic therapy is examined in a general surgery patient population. Patients receiving a single first-generation cephalosporin are compared with patients receiving two or three antibiotics (including an aminoglycoside) in terms of (1) the cost of the drug and the supplies, (2) time required for nursing and pharmacy personnel to prepare and administer the doses, and (3) the influence of agent toxicity (renal function) on physician-ordered laboratory tests. On the whole, combination therapy including an aminoglycoside was four times as expensive as single-agent (first-generation cephalosporin) therapy. If future studies demonstrate that single-agent antibiotic therapy is as effective as traditional combination therapy for specific infectious diseases, the influence of the number of daily doses of drug and agent toxicity may support the cost-effective use of the newer agents.

Development of an Economic and Efficient Installation Vessel for Tidal Stream Energy Converter Arrays

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Nicholls-Lee ◽  
Simon Hindley ◽  
Richard Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Operations And Maintenance ◽  
Tidal Turbine ◽  
Tidal Stream ◽  
Tidal Stream Energy ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost

In order for tidal stream technology to develop into a viable and cost effective energy solution, the overall cost of tidal array installation, operations and maintenance must be driven down. The key issues which drive the cost are the time required to conduct operations and susceptibility to weather risk coupled with the expense of marine assets. Current vessels have limited operational windows due to weather and tidal constraints, which result in considerable cumulative costs due to high charges for such vessels. The marine renewable industry is currently reliant on vessels of opportunity from the offshore oil and gas sector; which, while sufficient for single device demonstration deployments, are not viable for array installations. De-coupling the tidal sector from this market place offers the opportunity to reduce the volatility of vessel day rates. This paper presents the concept design of an efficient and economic, fit for purpose installation vessel for tidal stream energy converters. The vessel has good dynamic positioning capabilities for operation in strong tidal currents thus broadening the operational window. The environmental impact of the vessel is reduced when compared to existing vessels. A key criterion throughout the design process is minimizing the cost of the vessel to tidal turbine site developers.

scholarly journals Cost-Effective Active Learning from Diverse Labelers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Jun Huang ◽  
Jia-Lve Chen ◽  
Xin Mu ◽  
Zhi-Hua Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Active Learning ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Active Selection ◽  
The Cost

In traditional active learning, there is only one labeler that always returns the ground truth of queried labels. However, in many applications, multiple labelers are available to offer diverse qualities of labeling with different costs. In this paper, we perform active selection on both instances and labelers, aiming to improve the classification model most with the lowest cost. While the cost of a labeler is proportional to its overall labeling quality, we also observe that different labelers usually have diverse expertise, and thus it is likely that labelers with a low overall quality can provide accurate labels on some specific instances. Based on this fact, we propose a novel active selection criterion to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of instance-labeler pairs, which ensures that the selected instance is helpful for improving the classification model, and meanwhile the selected labeler can provide an accurate label for the instance with a relative low cost. Experiments on both UCI and real crowdsourcing data sets demonstrate the superiority of our proposed approach on selecting cost-effective queries.

scholarly journals Methodology for evaluating CI software packages

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Temilade Adefioye Aina ◽  
Louise Cooke ◽  
Derek Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Large Data Sets ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
British Standard ◽  
Marketing Literature ◽  
Free Trial ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
The Cost

Competitive intelligence (CI) is important for businesses to remain competitive. Software technologies have been developed to make the CI process simpler. These software technologies need to be able to carry out CI effectively by performing all the stages in the CI Cycle, conforming to the British Standard software quality characteristics, extract information from large data sets by having certain Additional Features and be cost effective. Three evaluation frameworks were developed based on the CI Cycle, British Standard and Additional Features. This methodology and the marketing literature of the software were used to evaluate four CI software packages. Information on cost and availability of a free trial version was also taken from the marketing literature. From the evaluation results, the software were able to support at least one CI Cycle stage and at least one British Standard characteristics but none of them fully had any of the Additional Features. One of them has a free trial version, while two of them had information about the cost of their commercial version. It is recommended that before choosing CI software, CI practitioners determine and prioritize their intelligence needs and then test which CI software can meet them. Also, CI software vendors need to provide more information in their marketing literature on the cost and availability of a free trial version of their software and features pertaining to the CI Cycle, British Standard and Additional Features. The British Standard and Additional Features have not been used in the previous CI software evaluation studies.

The effect of collector size on forest litter-fall collection and analysis

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1037-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. McShane ◽  
D. W. Carlile ◽  
W. T. Hinds
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Laboratory Sample ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sample Sorting

Litter fall is commonly collected for a variety of ecological studies. This study was designed to test the effect of collector size on the precision of forest litter-fall estimates and on the time involved in laboratory sample sorting. Collectors varied in size from 0.010 to 0.933 m2 and were physically nested, the smaller units within larger units. Ten of these collector combinations were randomly placed on a 1-ha plot in a Douglas-fir/western hemlock (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco/Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) stand in H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest. Collections were made monthly and records were kept of the time required to sort the litter into needles, epiphytes, and miscellaneous categories. Based on a definition of precision as ±10% of the mean, 90% of the time, results indicate (i) that the cost of obtaining precise estimates of needle fall decreases with decreasing collector size to 0.010 m2, (ii) that collectors of any size can be used to obtain estimates of total litter fall if the number of collectors required to obtain precise results is determined, and (iii) that precise estimates of epiphyte biomass require large numbers of samplers and are not cost effective.

Roadmap for Digitalized Asset Integrity Management System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asad Ali ◽  
Kevin Maley ◽  
Seonyeob Li ◽  
Ahmed Al Owaid ◽  
Abdulla Al Shehhi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Management System ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Notification System ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Selection Decision ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost ◽  
A Company

Abstract Asset integrity management system (AIMS) consisting of risk based inspection (RBI) and inspection management system (IMS) coupled with digitized equipment records and use of inspection tablets/mobiles will make paperless system for fast and timely decisions & actions. This paper provides a roadmap for implementation of an efficient and cost effective asset integrity management system that will increase the plant reliability & availability, decrease the time and efforts required for inspection, thus ultimately reducing the associated costs of operations. In this paper, the focus is towards digitalized AIMS that should make a company move to digital transformation and enabling it to adapt to industry 4.0 technologies such as artificial intelligence, augmented reality, data analytics, machine learning etc. First step is to perform a gap assessment of existing system to compare what is currently available within organization and what is required for going fully digital for AIM. Next step is to identify software features that are required for AIM digitalization and establish them as point based rating system which are used for rating best suitable software available in the market. Unique features for RBI module, inspection management module and field interface (tablet) module are identified with appropriate weightage to influence the software selection decision. Finally, an estimation of required resources, manpower timeline is provided that will guide in all phases of the implementation. Return on investment on such projects is manifolds. The digitalized AIM will greatly reduce the cost of day to to asset integrity management operations as it will no longer be needed to use multiple paper based reports and separate systems for RBI and IMS functions. Use of field tablet/mobile with possibility of artificial intelligence tools, will significantly reduce the time required for inspectors to do the on site inspection/testing & reporting. Interfacing of digitalized system with ERP/CMMS will automate the work order/notification system. Thus it will reduce an overall effort both in terms of time & money. The roadmap for digitalization of AIMS system will help any organization to make its AIMS digital and achieve the benefits of such system. The methodology provided is unique and can be adopted as best practices by the industry for digitally transforming the AIMS.

scholarly journals Cost-effective, high-throughput, single-haplotype iterative mapping and sequencing for complex genomic structures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Bellott ◽  
Ting-Jan Cho ◽  
Jennifer F. Hughes ◽  
Helen Skaletsky ◽  
David C. Page
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Reference Sequence ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Genome Center ◽  
Library Preparation Protocol

AbstractReference sequence of structurally complex regions can only be obtained through highly accurate clone-based approaches. We and others have successfully employed Single-Haplotype Iterative Mapping and Sequencing (SHIMS 1.0) to assemble structurally complex regions across the sex chromosomes of several vertebrate species and in targeted improvements to the reference sequences of human autosomes. However, SHIMS 1.0 was expensive and time consuming, requiring the resources that only a genome center could command. Here we introduce SHIMS 2.0, an improved SHIMS protocol to allow even a small laboratory to generate high-quality reference sequence from complex genomic regions. Using a streamlined and parallelized library preparation protocol, and taking advantage of high-throughput, inexpensive, short-read sequencing technologies, a small group can sequence and assemble hundreds of clones in a week. Relative to SHIMS 1.0, SHIMS 2.0 reduces the cost and time required by two orders of magnitude, while preserving high sequencing accuracy.

The cost of counting and identifying weed seeds and seedlings

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 667-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori J. Wiles ◽  
Edward E. Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Bioeconomic Model ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Bioeconomic Models

Bioeconomic weed management models help growers achieve appropriate weed management with less herbicide by matching management to the weed population in a field. Growers, however, will not use bioeconomic models unless cost-effective methods to sample their weed populations are identified. Counting and identifying seeds and seedlings is the most time-consuming and costly part of sampling weed populations. The time required for this process was investigated and modeled as a first step in developing sampling plans for growers using WEEDCAM, a bioeconomic model for weed management inZea maysL. in Colorado. The time required to count and identify seeds or seedlings was recorded for 9,405 soil cores (5 cm in diameter and 10 cm deep) and 9,726 quadrats (18-cm band over 1.52 m of crop row) collected or examined in eight corn fields in eastern Colorado. The time required to count and identify seeds was best described using a log-linear regression with time increasing with the number of seeds and species and the amount of sand in the core. The average cost of determining there are no seeds in a core is $1.07 for a core from a field with 37% sand and $4.32 if the field has 88% sand. The average cost of counting and identifying 36 seeds of four species is $2.70 and $10.88 for cores with 37 and 88% sand, respectively. The time required to count and identify seedlings was best described using a log-linear regression with time increasing with the number of seedlings and species. Classifying seedlings as grass or broadleaf did not improve the model. The average cost of determining that a quadrat is weed-free is $0.02. The average cost of counting and identifying 37 seedlings is $0.05, $0.07, $0.19, and $0.26 per quadrat for 1, 2, 4, and 6 species, respectively. The cost of identifying seeds and seedlings in eastern Colorado Z.maysfields to use WEEDCAM is estimated as $2.71 per core for the seed bank and $0.08 per quadrat for seedlings.

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