scholarly journals Patients discharged from medium secure forensic psychiatry services: reconvictions and risk factors

2007 ◽  
Vol 190 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Coid ◽  
Nicole Hickey ◽  
Nadji Kahtan ◽  
Tianqiang Zhang ◽  
Min Yang

BackgroundTreatment within medium secure forensic psychiatry services is expected to reduce risk to the public.AimsTo measure the period prevalence and incidence of offending following discharge and identify associated risk factors.MethodFollow-up of patients from 7 of 14 regional services in England and Wales who spent time at risk (n=1344) for a mean of 6.2 years. Outcome was obtained from offenders index, hospital case-files and the central register of deaths.ResultsOne in 8 men and 1 in 16 women were convicted of grave offences. Incidence rates indicated low density and most patients were not subsequently convicted. Offence predictors included gender, younger age, early-onset offending, previous convictions and a comorbid or primary diagnosis of personality disorder. Longer in-patient stay and restriction on discharge were protective.ConclusionsRisks of reoffending remain for a subgroup of discharged patients. Future research should aim to improve their identification and risk management following discharge.

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J Stanton ◽  
Eleni Antzoulatos ◽  
Elisheva R Coleman ◽  
Felipe De Los Rios La Rosa ◽  
Stacie L Demel ◽  
...  

Background: Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) of ischemic stroke can have devastating consequences, leading to longer hospitalizations, increased morbidity and mortality. We sought to identify the rate of HT in stroke patients not treated with tPA within a large, biracial population. Methods: The GCNKSS is a population-based stroke epidemiology study from five counties in the Greater Cincinnati region. During 2015, we captured all hospitalized strokes by screening ICD-9 codes 430-436 and ICD-10 codes I60-I68, and G45-46. Study nurses abstracted all potential cases and physicians adjudicated cases, including classifying the degree of HT. Patients treated with thrombolytics were excluded. Incidence rates per 100,000 and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for HT cases, age and sex adjusted to the 2000 US population. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine risk factors associated with HT. Results: In 2015, there were 2301 ischemic strokes included in the analysis. Of these 104 (4.5%) had HT; 23 (22.1%) symptomatic, 55 (52.9%) asymptomatic and 26 (25%) unknown. Documented reasons for not receiving tPA in these patients were: time (71, 68.3%), anticoagulant use (1, 1.0%), other (18,17.3%) and unknown (14, 13.5%), which were not significantly different compared to those without HT. Only 29/104 (18.3%) had HT classified as PH-1 or PH-2. The age, sex and race-adjusted rate of HT was 9.8 (7.9, 11.6) per 100,000. The table shows rates of potential risk factors and the adjusted odds of developing HT. 90 day all-cause case fatality for patients with HT was significantly higher, 27.9% vs. 15.7%, p<0.0001. Conclusion: We found that 4.5% of non-tPA treated IS patients had HT. These patients had more severe strokes, were more likely to have abnormal coagulation tests or anticoagulant use, and were more likely to die within 90 days. We also report the first population-based incidence rate of HT in non-tPA treated of 9.8/100,000, a rate similar to the incidence of SAH.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prince Leornad Bestman ◽  
Xiongfeng Pan ◽  
Jiayou Luo

Abstract Background Postpartum Haemorrhage is the loss of blood that is 500 ml or greater than 500ml following a vaginal delivery or blood loss that is more than or equivalent to 1000 ml post-caesarean section. Post-partum Haemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal mortality, and to our knowledge, there is less evidence of a systematic review being published on the prevalence and associated risk factors of PPH in Africa. Additionally, findings from previous studies about the prevalence and risk factors of PPH in Africa are controversial. Therefore, we aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of PPH in Africa, so as to provide scientific evidence base findings that might be used to ensure maternal safety. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of Postpartum haemorrhage in Africa. Four electronic databases were searched for published observational and cross-sectional studies that reported on the prevalence and risk factors of PPH in Africa. Simple manual arithmetic calculation and descriptive critical reasoning were used to analyse pooled data on PPH prevalence and its associated risk factors in Africa. Results: A total of 2005 publications were retrieved from our search, out of which 162 articles were selected for full-text review. A total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. All the included studies reported relatively different prevalence rates of PPH in Africa, ranging from 1.13% in Nigeria to 23.63% in Cameroon. This Review found the overall prevalence rate of PPH in Africa to be 3.51%. Nearly all the studies provided similar associated risk factors of PPH in Africa, but these risk factors vary relatively in the magnitude of association from one country to another. Notwithstanding, this review found: spontaneous vaginal delivery, older maternal age, and multiparty to be associated with increased risk of PPH in Africa. Conclusion: We found that the PPH prevalence rate is lower than 4% in Africa and that its risk factors vary relatively in the strength of association from one geographical region to another. We suggest that future research focus on PPH prevention and control to ensure maternal and child safety.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Daniels ◽  
Hua Wei ◽  
Yang Han ◽  
Heather Catt ◽  
David W. Denning ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTBackgroundWorkplace transmission is a significant contributor to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreaks. Previous studies have found that infectious illness presenteeism could contribute to outbreaks in occupational settings and identified multiple occupational and organizational risk factors. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative to investigate presenteeism particularly in relation to respiratory infectious disease (RID). Hence, this rapid review aims to determine the prevalence of RID-related presenteeism, including COVID-19, and examines the reported reasons and associated risk factors.MethodsThe review followed a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) search approach and focused on studies published in English and Chinese. Database searches included MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI) and preprint databases MedRxiv and BioRxiv.ResultsThe search yielded 54 studies, of which four investigated COVID-19-related presenteeism. Prevalence of work presenteeism ranged from 14.1% to 55% for confirmed RID, and 6.6% to 100% for those working with suspected or subclinical RID. The included studies demonstrated that RID-related presenteeism is associated with occupation, sick pay policy, age, gender, health behaviour and perception, vaccination and organisational factors including workplace culture and peer pressure.ConclusionsThis review demonstrates that presenteeism or non-adherence to isolation guidance is a real concern and can contribute to workplace transmissions and outbreaks. Policies which would support workers financially and improve productivity, should include a range of effective non-pharmaceutical inventions such as workplace testing, promoting occupational health services, reviewing pay and bonus schemes and clear messaging to encourage workers to stay at home when ill. Future research should focus on the more vulnerable and precarious occupational groups, and their inter-relationships, to develop comprehensive intervention programs to reduce RID-related presenteeism.


2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
Victor I. Sergevnin ◽  
Larisa G. Kudryavtseva

BACKGROUND: The widespread increase in the number and types of cardiac surgery necessitate the study of frequency and risk factors of postoperative purulent-septic infections (PSIs). AIM: to provide a comparative assessment of the PSI frequency and risk factors in adult patients after various types of cardiac surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on the cardiac surgery hospital materials, medical records of 4.815 patients over 18 years of age, who underwent open (n = 1.540) and closed (n = 3.275) heart surgeries within 1 year, were analyzed. The typical and prenosological forms of PSIs were taken into account in accordance with the epidemiological standard of case definition. RESULTS: The incidence rates for typical and prenosological PSI forms amounted to 39.6 and 72.7 per 1000 surgeries after open heart surgery, respectively, and 3.1 and 3.9 after minimally invasive endovascular surgical interventions, respectively. The main clinical forms of PSI after open and closed heart surgeries were surgical site infections, nosocomial pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and bloodstream infection. In an open heart surgery, the maximum incidence rates for typical and prenosological forms of PSIs were recorded after surgeries on the aorta and less often after heart valve replacement or coronary artery bypass grafting. The increased incidence rate after aortic surgery was mainly due to urinary tract infection and nosocomial pneumonia. In the case of closed heart surgery, no statistically significant differences were detected between the incidence rates of PSIs after coronary artery stenting, cardiac arrhythmia and carotid artery stenosis surgery, and other interventions. The duration of both the surgery itself and the subsequent patient stay in the intensive care unit was found to be important as risk factors for PSIs after cardiac surgery. CONCLUSION: The incidence rate of PSIs after open heart surgery is significantly higher than after closed heart surgery, which is mostly associated with the duration of surgical intervention and the subsequent patient stay in the intensive care unit.


2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-223
Author(s):  
Evan Podolak

Abstract Suicide is a major public health problem and the 10th leading cause of death in the United States. Due to low base rates and the numerous comorbid risk factors associated with suicide, accurate prediction is difficult. This is particularly true for adolescents and young adults. In this article, some associated risk factors are discussed in the context of two high-risk populations (young adult prison inmates and young adult veterans) and several recommendations are made for conducting suicide risk assesments. General prescriptions for intervention are also outlined with the goal of reducing overly defensive practice and increasing the likelihood that high-risk individuals will receive effective intervention. Finally, several suggestions for future research are made.


Author(s):  
Kristina K. Childs ◽  
James V. Ray

Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), this study expands on previous research by (a) examining differences across race in patterns or “subgroups” of adolescents based on nine self-reported behaviors (e.g., delinquency, substance use, risky sexual practices) and (b) comparing the risk factors (e.g., peer association, parenting, neighborhood cohesion), both within and across the race-specific subgroups, related to membership into the identified latent classes. The data used in this study include respondents aged 13 to 17 who participated in Waves 1 and 2 of the Add Health in-home interview. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified key differences in the number and characteristics of the latent classes across the racial subgroups. In addition, both similarities and differences in the risk factors for membership into the latent classes were identified across and within the race-specific subgroups. Implications for understanding risky behavior in adolescence, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.


Author(s):  
Д.П. Покусаева

Факторы риска (ФР) развития атеросклероза многочисленны (более двухсот) и связаны с различными подходами к изучению атерогенеза. На уровне изменений в стенке артерии, ведущей является воспалительная концепция атерогенеза, которая находит своё развитие в эндотоксиновой теории атеросклероза, подтвержденной многочисленными экспериментальными исследованиями и клиническими наблюдениями. Однако существующие шкалы оценки риска развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний имеют максимальную погрешность для пациентов со средним уровнем риска, что приводит к проведению лишних диагностических процедур, или, наоборот, ведет к ложному занижению риска. Поэтому поиск новых ФР доклинического атеросклероза актуален, что и явилось целью нашего исследования. Материалы и методы. В исследовании участвовало 104 человека, относящиеся к одной группе риска (менее 1-4% по шкале SCORE), не предъявляющие жалоб на момент исследования, и считающие себя здоровыми. Нами были оценены такие показатели, с возможным их отнесением к ФР и применением в практике, как: уровень эндотоксина в плазме крови; уровень антител к гидрофобной и гидрофильной частям молекулы липополисахарида (АТ-ЛПС) в сыворотке. Результаты. Была выявлена значимая разница в концентрации и частоте встречаемости изученных показателей среди пациентов с разной степенью выраженности атеросклеротического поражения сонных артерий. При этом различий по показателям липидного профиля отмечено не было. Также было проведено динамическое наблюдение за лицами, у которых не было значимых изменений в образе жизни, через полтора года, и было выявлено, что только по показателям системной эндотоксинемии отличались обследованные с улучшением структуры стенки от остальных. Заключение. Таким образом, включение таких показателей, как уровень эндотоксина, концентрация АТ-ЛПС может помочь в прогнозировании состояния стенки сонных артерий и, соответственно, в изменении степени риска у пациентов на уровне первичной диагностики без участия высокотехнологичных дорогостоящих визуализирующих методик. Risk factors (RFs) for development of atherosclerosis are numerous, exceeding 200 based on different approaches to studying atherogenesis. The concept of inflammation is the prevailing idea, which focuses on changes in the arterial wall. This concept has developed into the endotoxin theory of atherosclerosis and was supported by multiple experimental studies and clinical observations. However, existing scales for assessing the cardiovascular risk produce a maximum error for patients with an intermediate cardiovascular risk. This leads to unnecessary diagnostic procedures or underestimation of risk. Therefore, searching for new risk factors of preclinical atherosclerosis is relevant and was an objective of this study. Methods. The study included 104 people of the same risk group (less than 1-4% on the SCORE scale). The subjects had no complaints at the time of the study and considered themselves healthy. We evaluated indexes, which could be considered RFs and applicable in practice, including plasma level of endotoxin and serum concentrations of antibodies to hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of the lipopolysaccharide (AB-LPS) molecule. Results. Significant differences between concentrations and incidence rates of the studied indexes were found in patients with different severity of atherosclerotic lesions in the carotid arteries. At the same time, there were no differences in lipid profiles. A follow-up of subjects who had no significant changes in their lifestyle in 1.5 years showed that the subjects with improved vascular wall structure differed from the others only in parameters of systemic endotoxinemia. Conclusion. Inclusion of such indexes as concentrations of endotoxin and AB-LPS, can help predicting the condition of carotid wall and, thus, modifying the risk in patients at the level of primary diagnosis without involvement of high-tech, expensive imaging techniques.


Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Venta ◽  
Carla Sharp

Background: Identifying risk factors for suicide-related thoughts and behaviors (SRTB) is essential among adolescents in whom SRTB remain a leading cause of death. Although many risk factors have already been identified, influential theories now suggest that the domain of interpersonal relationships may play a critical role in the emergence of SRTB. Because attachment has long been seen as the foundation of interpersonal functioning, we suggest that attachment insecurity warrants attention as a risk factor for SRTB. Aims: This study sought to explore relations between attachment organization and suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and self-harm in an inpatient adolescent sample, controlling for demographic and psychopathological covariates. Method: We recruited 194 adolescents from an inpatient unit and assigned them to one of four attachment groups (secure, preoccupied, dismissing, or disorganized attachment). Interview and self-report measures were used to create four variables reflecting the presence or absence of suicidal ideation in the last year, single lifetime suicide attempt, multiple lifetime suicide attempts, and lifetime self-harm. Results: Chi-square and regression analyses did not reveal significant relations between attachment organization and SRTB, although findings did confirm previously established relations between psychopathology and SRTB, such that internalizing disorder was associated with increased self-harm, suicide ideation, and suicide attempt and externalizing disorder was associated with increased self-harm. Conclusion: The severity of this sample and methodological differences from previous studies may explain the nonsignificant findings. Nonsignificant findings may indicate that the relation between attachment organization and SRTB is moderated by other factors that should be explored in future research.


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swati Waghdhare ◽  
Neelam Kaushal ◽  
Rajinder K Jalali ◽  
Divya Vohora ◽  
Sujeet Jha

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