Analytical Estimation of Economic Loss for Buildings in the Area Struck by the 1999 Athens Earthquake and Comparison with Statistical Repair Costs

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kappos ◽  
V. Lekidis ◽  
G. Panagopoulos ◽  
I. Sous ◽  
N. Theodulidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Seismic Action ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Repair Costs ◽  
Athens Earthquake

Reliable loss assessment (in monetary terms) for buildings struck by an earthquake is an essential factor in the development of seismic risk scenarios for a given urban area. The evaluation of loss due to building damage in a certain region depends both on seismic hazard and the vulnerability of the building stock in the area. The study presented herein consists of predicting the loss to selected groups of buildings struck by the 1999 Athens earthquake using an analytical methodology and comparison with statistical repair costs collected after the earthquake. Since no near-field strong ground motion recordings from the main shock were available, a pilot methodology was used for its analytical evaluation for different soil conditions. Different suites of motions were derived, based on various theoretical and semi-empirical approaches, and were then used in analytical investigations of the seismic behavior of the buildings in the examined area, aiming at the prediction of economic losses. An in-situ survey of about 10% of the total building stock was performed, and data regarding the structural type, actual earthquake damage, and corresponding repair costs were collected. The statistically derived repair cost for the area was compared with the economic loss estimation obtained using the analytical procedure and various estimates of the seismic action in the area considered, and was found to agree with it reasonably for some of the seismic hazard scenarios.

scholarly journals Geomatic-Based Flood Loss Assessment and Its Application in an Eastern City of China

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Youjie Jin ◽  
Jianyun Zhang ◽  
Na Liu ◽  
Chenxi Li ◽  
Guoqing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Flood Loss ◽  
Flood Disasters

Flash-flood disasters pose a serious threat to lives and property. To meet the increasing demand for refined and rapid assessment on flood loss, this study exploits geomatic technology to integrate multi-source heterogeneous data and put forward the comprehensive risk index (CRI) calculation with the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE). Based on mathematical correlations between CRIs and actual losses of flood disasters in Weifang City, the direct economic loss rate (DELR) model and the agricultural economic loss rate (AELR) model were developed. The case study shows that the CRI system can accurately reflect the risk level of a flash-flood disaster. Both models are capable of simulating disaster impacts. The results are generally consistent with actual impacts. The quantified economic losses generated from simulation are close to actual losses. The spatial resolution is up to 100 × 100 m. This study provides a loss assessment method with high temporal and spatial resolution, which can quickly assess the loss of rainstorm and flood disasters. The method proposed in this paper, coupled with a case study, provides a reliable reference to loss assessment on flash floods caused disasters and will be helpful to the existing literature.

scholarly journals Health and Economic Loss Assessment of PM2.5 Pollution during 2015–2017 in Gansu Province, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3253
Author(s):  
Qin Liao ◽  
Wangqiang Jin ◽  
Yan Tao ◽  
Jiansheng Qu ◽  
Yong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Economic ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Gansu Province ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Log Linear

Many studies have reported that air pollution, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5), has a significant impact on health and causes economic loss. Gansu Province is in the northwest of China, which is a typical economically underdeveloped area. However, few studies have evaluated the economic loss of PM2.5 related to health effects in this province. In this study, a log-linear exposure-response function was used to estimate the health impact of PM2.5 in 14 cities in Gansu Province from 2015 to 2017, and the amended human capital (AHC) and cost of illness (COI) method were used to evaluate the related economic loss caused by the health impact from PM2.5. The results show that the estimated total number of health endpoints attributed to PM2.5 pollution were 1,644,870 (95%CI: 978,484–2,215,921), 1,551,447 (95%CI: 917,025–2,099,182) and 1,531,372 (95%CI: 899,769–2,077,772) in Gansu Province from 2015 to 2017, respectively. Correspondingly, the economic losses related to health damage caused by PM2.5 pollution were 42,699 (95%CI: 32,380–50,768) million Chinese Yuan (CNY), 43,982 (95%CI: 33,305–52,386) million CNY and 44,261 (95%CI: 33,306–52,954) million CNY, which were equivalent to 6.45% (95%CI: 4.89%–7.67%), 6.28% (95%CI: 4.75%–7.48%), and 5.93% (95%CI: 4.64%–7.10%) of the region Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from 2015 to 2017, respectively. It could be seen that the proportions of health economic loss to GDP were generally high, although the proportion had a slight downward trend. The economic loss from chronic bronchitis and all-cause mortality accounted for more than 94% of the total economic loss. The health impact, economic loss and per capita economic loss in Lanzhou, the provincial capital city of Gansu, were obviously higher than other cities from the same province. The economic loss in Linxia accounted for the highest proportion of GDP. The health impacts in the Hexi region, including the cities of Jiuquan, Jiayuguan, Zhangye, Jinchang and Wuwei, were generally lower, but the economic loss and per capita economic loss were still higher. We also found that urbanization and industrialization were highly correlated with health economic loss caused by PM2.5 pollution. In conclusion, the PM2.5-related health economic burden in Gansu Province was serious. As an economically underdeveloped region, it was very important to further adopt rigid and effective pollution control policies.

scholarly journals Seismic Risk of Modern City

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 308-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav Zaalishvili ◽  
Olga Burdzieva ◽  
Aleksandr Kanukov ◽  
Dmitry Melkov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Test Area ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Seismic Risk Assessment ◽  
Modern City ◽  
The City

Aim: The goal of the work was to develop and implement a methodology for the expected seismic risk assessment of a modern city on the example of a test area of Vladikavkaz city. Background: The selected area is characterized by a variety of soil conditions typical for the entire territory of the city. At the same time, building stock includes almost all types of buildings that form the urban environment. Objective: Based on the differentiation of soil conditions, the test area was conditionally divided into 6 sites. Further, site effects of every site were estimated (seismic microzonation work was carried out). Expected seismic intensity (MSK-64) of the sites varied within 7-9 points. Each type of building is characterized by a certain vulnerability to a particular level of seismic impact. Method: The work is focused on the implementation of simple and effective statistical concepts of the MSK-64 scale for the development of express seismic risk assessment methodology. Different soils and types of buildings in different combination caused a different level of expected economic losses. Further, on the basis of taking into account the expected damage in the building stock of Kuybyshev Street, the expected social losses were calculated. In this regard, it is of interest to analyze the seismic risk variations along Kuybyshev Street, which is actually a model of the city. Conclusion: The suggested methodology gives a rapid express assessment of seismic risk for decision making on buildings enforcement on a city level. Seismic risk methodology was corrected for new types of buildings (“Vesna” region) and it was shown that the MSK scale is effective but must be also actualized itself.

Up-to-Date of Seismic Design Spectrum for Offshore Platforms at the Bay of Campeche

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel A. Garci´a Vargas ◽  
Roberto Pe´rez Marti´nez
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Reserve Capacity ◽  
Seismic Action ◽  
Offshore Platforms ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Design Spectrum ◽  
Earthquake Sources ◽  
Local Soil

This paper presents the procedure proposed by the ISO code adapted to the local conditions in the Bay of Campeche, Mexico in order to obtain design spectrum for different seismic reserve capacity factors. A probabilistic seismic hazard analyses is used in order to determine the uniform hazard spectrum where the seismic environment, according to previous researches, is influenced by three primary types of earthquake sources: the subduction zone on the western pacific coast of Mexico, the lithospheric slab within the central portion of Mexico and the trans-mexican volcanic belt. This earthquake spatial distribution can be shown trough the historic catalog of earthquake occurrences during the period 1900–2001 used. On the one hand, in the evaluation of the characteristics and the uncertainties associated with the earthquake sources and their effects on the interest sites, are taken into account the characterization of the earthquake sources, the effect of the seismic wave propagation, the local conditions and the soil-structure interaction developed during earthquake ground motions. On the other hand, the uncertainties on the seismic hazard curve and those associated with the platform behavior (mass, stiffness, damping) in which their values are assigned to be consistent with the ISO 19901-2 and ISO 19902 seismic code suggestions. The final result consists in a seismic design spectrum for offshore platforms at the Bay of Campeche, which are consistent with the recommended ISO 19902 seismic reserve capacity factors, modified for local soil conditions, following a detailed seismic-action procedure.

Seismic Hazard Assessment and Numerical Modeling for Seismic Microzonation purpose of Dushanbe, Tajikistan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farkhod Hakimov ◽  
Hans-Balder Havenith ◽  
Anatoly Ischuk ◽  
Marco Pilz ◽  
Klaus Reicherter
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Seismic Hazard Assessment ◽  
Seismic Microzonation ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Seismic Action ◽  
City Area ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Local Soil Conditions

<p>Seismic hazard assessment of urban areas is an important and extremely challenging task. It is so important because without the knowledge of the influence of local soil conditions and properties, of the changing layer thickness in urban areas, and without considering multiple possible scenario earthquakes for this territory, engineers do not have enough information on how to design and construct seismically safe buildings. The particular challenge of this task is due to the great uncertainty affecting the prediction of the spatially (and sometimes even temporally) changing seismic properties of soils with respect to urban development.<br>Dushanbe is the capital of Tajikistan, a mountainous country marked by high to very high seismic hazard. The reason for the high seismic hazard specifically near Dushanbe is related to its location between two fault systems: South Gissar fault and Ilek-Vaksh fault.  Estimation of the seismic hazard of the urban areas in Tajikistan is very important because they had developed in a very short time and many high buildings are being constructed now Existing seismic action estimations are based on the old approaches when the main factors of the local soil conditions only consider general engineering-geological features of the territory as well as macro-seismic observations data. An additional problem is the building code in Tajikistan; it uses the estimation of the ground motions in terms of the MSK-64 scale, but does not enough take into account the variety of the soil conditions in the Dushanbe city area. Existing seismic hazard estimation of the area of Tajikistan is based on the so-called “The map of general seismic zoning of the territory of Tajikistan”, that was produced in 1978 in terms of MSK-64 scale. The seismic microzonation map of the Dushanbe city area was made in 1975 in terms of MSK-64 scale as well and was based on the engineering-geological approach mostly. This map does not represent the highly variable soil conditions of the Dushanbe city area which are partly due to the anthropogenic influence of the large city. Therefore, earlier seismic zonation maps assigned an intensity of IX to most districts of the city. However, those previous studies did not sufficiently quantify the local effects of soils on the seismic hazard, mainly the macro-seismic conditions (the relative distance of districts to fault lines) were considered for the zonation. <br>This study describes and implements a number of new approaches to the evaluation of maximum seismic impact and site effect values. </p>

scholarly journals RISe: Illustrating Georeferenced Data of Seismic Risk and Loss Assessment Studies Using Google Earth

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik H. Lang ◽  
F. Vladimir Gutiérrez Corea
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Building Inventory ◽  
Capacity Spectrum ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Images ◽  
Disaster Control

Predicting the consequences of large earthquakes to the built environment is of high importance for disaster control, civil protection and emergency planning. A number of software tools are now available to estimate physical building damage and associated losses in terms of casualties and economic losses. In recent years, SELENA, a seismic risk and loss assessment software which makes use of the capacity spectrum method (CSM), has been developed into a widely applicable tool. Since SELENA functions independently from a Geographic Information System, we developed RISe ( Risk Illustrator for Selena), a stand-alone tool that illustrates SELENA files in Google™ Earth. RISe is customized to the SELENA file structure and allows easy conversion of all geographically referenced files such as building inventory data, soil conditions, ground motion values, as well as final risk and loss results. RISe is distributed as public domain open-source software that allows the user to take full advantage of Google™ Earth's features including high-resolution satellite images from nearly every built environment worldwide.

scholarly journals Indirect seismic economic loss assessment and recovery evaluation using nighttime light images – application for Wenchuan earthquake

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 3253-3266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfei Wang ◽  
Jingfa Zhang ◽  
Lixia Gong ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Dan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Wenchuan Earthquake ◽  
Light Attenuation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Disaster Area ◽  
Nighttime Light

Abstract. Indirect seismic economic loss not only impacts regional economic recovery policies but is also related to economic assistance at the national level. Due to cross-regional economic activities and the difficulty of obtaining data, it is difficult for the indirect economic loss survey to cover all economic activities. However, nighttime light in an area can reflect the economic activity of the region. This article focuses on the indirect economic losses caused by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and evaluation of the progress of restoration and reconstruction based on nighttime light images. First, the functional relationship between GDP and nighttime light parameters is established based on pre-earthquake data. Next, the indirect loss of the earthquake is evaluated by the nighttime light attenuation in the disaster area after the earthquake. Then, the capacity recovery, which is characterized by the brightness recovery process of the light area, is evaluated. Lastly, the process of light expansion in the disaster area is analyzed to evaluate the speed and efficiency of economic expansion.

Fertiliser evenness - losses and costs: A study on the economic benefits of uniform applications of fertiliser

1999 ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Horrell ◽  
A.K. Metherell ◽  
S. Ford ◽  
C. Doscher
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
Spread Pattern ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Seed Crops

Over two million tonnes of fertiliser are applied to New Zealand pastures and crops annually and there is an increasing desire by farmers to ensure that the best possible economic return is gained from this investment. Spreading distribution measurements undertaken by Lincoln Ventures Ltd (LVL) have identified large variations in the evenness of fertiliser application by spreading machines which could lead to a failure to achieve optimum potential in some crop yields and to significant associated economic losses. To quantify these losses, a study was undertaken to calculate the effect of uneven fertiliser application on crop yield. From LVL's spreader database, spread patterns from many machines were categorised by spread pattern type and by coefficient of variation (CV). These patterns were then used to calculate yield losses when they were combined with the response data from five representative cropping and pastoral situations. Nitrogen fertiliser on ryegrass seed crops shows significant production losses at a spread pattern CV between 30% and 40%. For P and S on pasture, the cumulative effect of uneven spreading accrues, until there is significant economic loss occurring by year 3 for both the Waikato dairy and Southland sheep and beef systems at CV values between 30% and 40%. For nitrogen on pasture, significant loss in a dairy system occurs at a CV of approximately 40% whereas for a sheep and beef system it is at a CV of 50%, where the financial return from nitrogen application has been calculated at the average gross revenue of the farming system. The conclusion of this study is that the current Spreadmark standards are a satisfactory basis for defining the evenness requirements of fertiliser applications in most circumstances. On the basis of Spreadmark testing to date, more than 50% of the national commercial spreading fleet fails to meet the standard for nitrogenous fertilisers and 40% fails to meet the standard for phosphatic fertilisers.Keywords: aerial spreading, crop response, economic loss, fertiliser, ground spreading, striping, uneven application, uneven spreading, yield loss

scholarly journals Integrated economic and environmental building classification and optimal seismic vulnerability/energy efficiency retrofitting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Caruso ◽  
Rui Pinho ◽  
Federica Bianchi ◽  
Francesco Cavalieri ◽  
Maria Teresa Lemmo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Operational Energy

AbstractA life cycle framework for a new integrated classification system for buildings and the identification of renovation strategies that lead to an optimal balance between reduction of seismic vulnerability and increase of energy efficiency, considering both economic losses and environmental impacts, is discussed through a parametric application to an exemplificative case-study building. Such framework accounts for the economic and environmental contributions of initial construction, operational energy consumption, earthquake-induced damage repair activities, retrofitting interventions, and demolition. One-off and annual monetary expenses and environmental impacts through the building life cycle are suggested as meaningful performance metrics to develop an integrated classification system for buildings and to identify the optimal renovation strategy leading to a combined reduction of economic and environmental impacts, depending on the climatic conditions and the seismic hazard at the site of interest. The illustrative application of the framework to an existing school building is then carried out, investigating alternative retrofitting solutions, including either sole structural retrofitting options or sole energy refurbishments, as well as integrated strategies that target both objectives, with a view to demonstrate its practicality and to explore its ensuing results. The influence of seismic hazard and climatic conditions is quantitatively investigated, by assuming the building to be located into different geographic locations.

scholarly journals Quantification of PV Power and Economic Losses Due to Soiling in Qatar

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3364
Author(s):  
Amr Zeedan ◽  
Abdulaziz Barakeh ◽  
Khaled Al-Fakhroo ◽  
Farid Touati ◽  
Antonio S. P. Gonzales
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Grid Systems ◽  
Dust Density

Soiling losses of photovoltaic (PV) panels due to dust lead to a significant decrease in solar energy yield and result in economic losses; this hence poses critical challenges to the viability of PV in smart grid systems. In this paper, these losses are quantified under Qatar’s harsh environment. This quantification is based on experimental data from long-term measurements of various climatic parameters and the output power of PV panels located in Qatar University’s Solar facility in Doha, Qatar, using a customized measurement and monitoring setup. A data processing algorithm was deliberately developed and applied, which aimed to correlate output power to ambient dust density in the vicinity of PV panels. It was found that, without cleaning, soiling reduced the output power by 43% after six months of exposure to an average ambient dust density of 0.7 mg/m3. The power and economic loss that would result from this power reduction for Qatar’s ongoing solar PV projects has also been estimated. For example, for the Al-Kharasaah project power plant, similar soiling loss would result in about a 10% power decrease after six months for typical ranges of dust density in Qatar’s environment; this, in turn, would result in an 11,000 QAR/h financial loss. This would pose a pressing need to mitigate soiling effects in PV power plants.

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