scholarly journals The Government Willingness to Legislate Tobacco Control and Government Income From Tobacco Taxes in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 236s-236s
Author(s):  
A.P. Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Tobacco Taxes ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
The Government ◽  
Taxation System

Background and context: The government willingness to legislate tobacco control, as part of the complex tobacco landscape developed by the Initiative on the Study and Implementation of Systems (ISIS), is directly related to tobacco taxes and government income. According to the NCI,1 “The willingness of government to take actions against tobacco interests depends on the balance of forces created by the protobacco and antitobacco constituencies and the government's perceptions of health risks associated with tobacco use. Increased taxes on tobacco are an early result of this growing government willingness to act against tobacco interests”. Aim: Demonstrate that the implementation of Article 6 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) is a cost-effective measure that results in reduced prevalence and increased tax revenues. Strategy/Tactics: In December 2011, the Brazilian government established a new taxation system and a minimum price policy for cigarettes, aligned to the Article 6 of the WHO FCTC to reduce the demand on tobacco products. Program/Policy process: The new federal taxation system on tobacco products started in 2012 and defined progressive and annual increases by 2016. The reduction in prevalence followed this trend, as did the increase in tax revenue. Some federal states also increased their taxes to tobacco products in the same period, but were not accounted for in this study. Outcomes: This new policy has raised the level of total taxes and, even contributing to the reduction of cigarette consumption, the government income has increased 19% since 2011, and 130% from 2007 to 2016. According to the Risk and Protective Factors Surveillance for Chronic Diseases Telephone Survey (VIGITEL), the total prevalence rate decreased from 15.6% in 2007 to 10.4% in 2015. The national cigarette production decreased from 5,701,586 million packs with 20 units to 2,660,457 in 2016, reflecting the reduction in consumption. [Figure: see text] What was learned: Brazil´s experience shows that there is no economic or revenue risk by raising the tobacco taxes, an argument used by the tobacco industry. In the long term, when consumption is brought to very low levels, there may be a reduction in the revenues, but also the spending on tobacco-related diseases shall decline. Reference 1. National Cancer Institute. Greater Than the Sum: Systems Thinking in Tobacco Control. Tobacco Control Monograph No. 18. Bethesda, MD, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007.

Heated debates on regulations of heated tobacco products in South Korea: the news valence, source and framing of relative risk/benefit

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056131
Author(s):  
Jungmi Jun ◽  
Sei-Hill Kim ◽  
James Thrasher ◽  
Yoo Jin Cho ◽  
Yu-Jin Heo
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
News Stories ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tv News ◽  
The Government

BackgroundWe analyse news representations of the regulation of heated tobacco products (HTPs) in South Korea, the country where HTP use is among the highest in the world despite conflicts between the government and the HTP manufacturers.MethodsWe analysed a total of 571 print and TV news covering HTP regulations, published between 2017 and 2018, the time period when HTPs were introduced to the country and various regulations of HTPs were proposed and implemented. We assessed the prevalence and associations among specific types of HTP regulations that were discussed, valence towards regulation, sources, framing of the relative health risks/benefits of HTPs compared with conventional cigarettes.ResultsTaxation (55.2%) and warning labels (25.7%) were two regulation topics covered the most. Almost equal proportions of pro-regulation (2.5%) and anti-regulation valence (2.2%) were found in taxation-related news, while pro-regulation valence appeared more frequently for other restrictions, including warning labels (pro=9.5% vs anti=1.4%), marketing restrictions (pro=6.9% vs anti=0%) and integration of HTPs into smoke-free policies for cigarettes (pro=8.7% vs anti=0%). The government (59%), followed by the tobacco industry (39.4%), was the source cited most often across news stories while the presence of tobacco control advocates was low (4.9%). As for framing, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of stories mentioning reduced harm (31.7%) and equal or more harm (33.6%) of HTPs compared with cigarettes.ConclusionsWe provide implications for governments and tobacco control advocates on building consensus for applying cigarette equivalent taxes and pictorial warning labels to HTPs.

scholarly journals Tobacco tax evasion in Western Balkan countries: tax evasion prevalence and evasion determinants

2022 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056879
Author(s):  
Marko Vladisavljevic ◽  
Jovan Zubović ◽  
Olivera Jovanovic ◽  
Mihajlo Djukic ◽  
Natasa Trajkova Najdovska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Tobacco Taxes ◽  
Illicit Market ◽  
Tobacco Tax

Background and objectiveTobacco tax evasion undermines the goal of tobacco taxes as a tobacco control measure to make tobacco products less affordable, increases the health risks for those who smoke and decreases the government revenue. This paper analyses the tobacco tax evasion in six Western Balkan (WB) countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia. The aim of this research is to estimate the size of the illicit market and identify the main determinants of tax evasion activities in the Southeastern European region.Data and methodsData from 2019 Survey on Tobacco Consumption in Southeastern Europe (STC-SEE) are used. STC-SEE provides uniquely comparable nationally representative data on smoking behaviour for adult (18–85 years old) population for each country. Tax evasion is defined on the basis of available information on tax stamps, health warnings, price and the place of purchase, in accordance with the previous research on tax evasion. In order to estimate the determinants of illicit purchases we use binary choice model of tax evasion.ResultsThe study finds that 20.4% of all current smokers in WB countries evade taxes on tobacco products, with evasion being much more frequent for hand-rolled (HR) tobacco (86.7%) than for the manufactured cigarettes (MC) (8.6%). While HR is predominantly illicit in all six countries, MC evasion varies significantly, with evasion being significantly higher in Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Results further suggest that tax evasion is higher in the statistical regions where institutional capacities to tackle illicit trade are lower, in municipalities bordering countries with high MC evasion, as well as among smokers with low income, women and elderly. We also provide evidence that higher tobacco taxes and prices do not increase illicit consumption.ConclusionThe findings from the research suggest that in order to decrease tax evasion, governments should put additional effort to strengthen institutional capacities to tackle illicit tobacco markets. Furthermore, improving regional coordination in development and implementation of tobacco control policies, including the prevention of illicit market, is essential in lowering evasion in all WB countries. Finally, WB countries should regulate and enforce excise tax stamp requirements on the HR tobacco market to a much higher degree.

Successful countering of tobacco industry efforts to overturn Thailand's ENDS ban

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056058
Author(s):  
Roengrudee Patanavanich ◽  
Stanton Glantz
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Shared Vision ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Philip Morris ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
The Government

BackgroundAfter Thailand enacted laws to ban the import and sale of all types of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS, including e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products (HTPs)) in 2015, pro-ENDS advocacy groups pressured the government to lift the ban, particularly after Philip Morris International (PMI) started promoting its HTP IQOS in 2017.MethodsWe reviewed information related to ENDS in Thailand between 2014 and 2019 from Thai newspaper articles, meeting minutes and letters submitted to government agencies, websites and social media platforms of pro-ENDS networks and Thai tobacco control organisations.ResultsThe tobacco industry and the pro-ENDS groups used five tactics to try to reverse the Thai ban on ENDS: creating front groups, lobbying decision-makers, running public relations campaigns, seeking to discredit tobacco control advocates and funding pro-tobacco harm reduction research. ENDS Cigarette Smoking Thailand (ECST), a pro-ENDS group in Thailand, worked in parallel with Philip Morris Thailand Limited (PMTL) to oppose the ban. The group connected with international coalitions that promote harm reduction through the PMI-funded Foundation for a Smoke-Free World.ConclusionAlthough ECST and PMTL continuously worked to revoke the ban since 2017, the government still kept ENDS illegal as of October 2020. This decision resulted from the strong commitment and collaboration among Thai tobacco control organisations and their shared vision to protect the public’s health from harmful tobacco products. The linkages between the pro-ENDS movement in Thailand and the tobacco companies could inform health advocates and policy-makers in other low and middle income countries facing pressure to market ENDS.

scholarly journals Green Taxation Promotes the Intelligent Transformation of Chinese Manufacturing Enterprises: Tax Leverage Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 13321
Author(s):  
Longzhen Yu ◽  
Jianhua Zhu ◽  
Zhixian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
Green Taxes ◽  
Intelligent Products ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

A key issue that concerns governments is how to formulate optimal technology subsidies and green tax standards to promote the intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises. In this work, the Pollutant Emission Indicator Trading Mechanism (PEITM) is proposed, and green taxes are divided into Tax of Pollutant Emissions (TPE) and the Tax of Excess Pollutant Emissions (TEPE). On this basis, we study the impact of green taxes and technology subsidies on the intelligent transformation of enterprises in different manufacturing environments from the government’s perspective and provide the optimal government subsidy scheme under different green tax policies. Although it seems counter-intuitive, enterprises’ usual responses to increases in TPE and TEPE are non-monotonic. Moreover, we find a threshold effect for the government’s green taxation. Blindly increasing or reducing taxes may not promote intelligent transformation, but instead force enterprises towards negative choices. Lastly, an effective measure for the government to promote the intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises is proposed: by properly adjusting TPE and TEPE, governments can produce more cost-effective intelligent products than ordinary ones. Consequently, intelligent products will sell better than ordinary products, and manufacturing enterprises will be able to consciously carry out intelligent transformation to remain viable.

scholarly journals The Global Tobacco Epidemic, the Plain Packaging of Tobacco Products, and the World Trade Organization

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Rimmer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Plain Packaging ◽  
The World ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
The Government

In response to complaints by Ukraine, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, and Indonesia, the government of Australia has defended the introduction of plain packaging of tobacco products in the World Trade Organization. This article focuses upon the legal defence of Australia before the WTO Panel. A key part of its defence has been the strong empirical evidence for the efficacy of plain packaging of tobacco products as a legitimate health measure designed to combat the global tobacco epidemic. Australia has provided a convincing case that plain packaging of tobacco products is compatible with the TRIPS Agreement 1994, particularly the clauses relating to the aims and objectives of the agreement; the requirements in respect of trade mark law; and the parallel measures in relation to access to essential medicines. Australia has also defended the consistency of plain packaging of tobacco products with the TBT Agreement 1994. Moreover, Australia has provided clear reasons for why the plain packaging of tobacco products is compatible with GATT. The position of Australia has been reinforced by a number of third parties — such as New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Canada, and others — which have also been pioneers in tobacco control and public health. Australia’s leadership in respect of tobacco control and plain packaging of tobacco products is further supported by larger considerations in respect of international public health law, human rights, and sustainable development.

Beyond the European Union Tobacco Products Directive: smokers’ and recent quitters’ support for further tobacco control measures (2016–2018)

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056177
Author(s):  
Sarah O Nogueira ◽  
Pete Driezen ◽  
Marcela Fu ◽  
Sara C Hitchman ◽  
Olena Tigova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
The Government ◽  
Levels Of Support ◽  
Considerable Support

BackgroundSeveral measures recommended by the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control have not been implemented in the European Union, despite changes in the legislation such as the Tobacco Products Directive (TPD). This study aims to understand smokers’ and recent quitters’ levels of support for tobacco control measures that go beyond the TPD during and after its implementation.MethodsData from wave 1 (2016, n=6011) and wave 2 (2018, n=6027) of the EUREST-PLUS International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project Six European Countries Survey, a cohort of adult smokers in Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Spain were used to estimate the level of support for seven different tobacco control measures, overall and by country.ResultsIn 2018, the highest support was for implementing measures to further regulate tobacco products (50.5%) and for holding tobacco companies accountable for the harm caused by smoking (48.8%). Additionally, in 2018, 40% of smokers and recent quitters supported a total ban on cigarettes and other tobacco products within ten years, if assistance to quit smoking is provided. Overall, support for tobacco control measures among smokers and recent quitters after the implementation of the TPD remained stable over time.ConclusionThere is considerable support among smokers and recent quitters for tobacco control measures that go beyond the current measures implemented. A significant percentage of smokers would support a ban on tobacco products in the future if the government provided assistance to quit smoking. This highlights the importance of implementing measures to increase smoking cessation in conjunction with other policies.

scholarly journals The Global Tobacco Epidemic, the Plain Packaging of Tobacco Products, and the World Trade Organization

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Rimmer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Plain Packaging ◽  
The World ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
The Government

In response to complaints by Ukraine, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, and Indonesia, the Government of Australia has defended the introduction of plain packaging of tobacco products in the World Trade Organization. This article focuses upon the legal defence of Australia before the WTO Panel. A key part of its defence has been the strong empirical evidence for the efficacy of plain packaging of tobacco products as a legitimate health measure designed to combat the global tobacco epidemic. Australia has provided a convincing case that plain packaging of tobacco products is compatible with the TRIPS Agreement 1994 – particularly the clauses relating to the aims and objectives of the agreement; the requirements in respect of trade mark law; and the parallel measures in relation to access to essential medicines. Australia has also defended the consistency of plain packaging of tobacco products with the TBT Agreement 1994. Moreover, Australia has provided clear reasons for why the plain packaging of tobacco products is compatible with GATT. The position of Australia has been reinforced by a number of third parties – such as New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Canada, and others - which have also been pioneers in tobacco control and public health. Australia’s leadership in respect of tobacco control and plain packaging of tobacco products is further supported by larger considerations in respect of international public health law, human rights, and sustainable development.

scholarly journals Assessment of compliance of prohibition of smoking (under section-4 of cigarettes and other tobacco products act) in Raipur city (C.G.), India: a cross sectional study

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitendra Kumar Kummar ◽  
Kamlesh Jain ◽  
Nirmal Verma ◽  
Ashish Sinha ◽  
Dhiraj Bhawnani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
The Government ◽  
Assessment Of Compliance

Background: Use of tobacco has been proven to be one of the leading causes of preventable premature deaths and diseases across the globe. The global adult tobacco survey (GATS) India report 2009-10 estimates 34.6% of India’s adult population use tobacco in some form or other. The government of India has taken various initiatives for tobacco control by enacting comprehensive tobacco control legislation (Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act {COTPA}, 2003). The objective of the study was to assess the level of compliance of section 4 of COTPA in public places of Raipur.Methods: A cross sectional observational study was conducted in Raipur. The study was done around 480 public places for observing the compliance of section 4 of COTPA.Results: From the total 480 public places visited, 36.9% public places displayed “No Smoking” signage, out of 117 public places where “No Smoking” signage displayed only 11.3% were as per the COTPA specification. Only 12.3% of public places active smoking was observed during visit.Conclusions: This finding suggests a poor level of compliance of section 4 of COTPA in Raipur. Although the law has been drafted comprehensively, it is implemented only to certain extent.

The cost-effectiveness of insulin analogs and regular insulin for diabetes control: a case study in Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4/5) ◽  
pp. 323-331
Author(s):  
Mohsen pakdaman ◽  
Raheleh akbari ◽  
Hamid reza Dehghan ◽  
Asra Asgharzadeh ◽  
Mahdieh Namayandeh
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Regular Insulin ◽  
Diabetes Control ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Insulin Analogs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

PurposeFor years, traditional techniques have been used for diabetes treatment. There are two major types of insulin: insulin analogs and regular insulin. Insulin analogs are similar to regular insulin and lead to changes in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The purpose of the present research was to determine the cost-effectiveness of insulin analogs versus regular insulin for diabetes control in Yazd Diabetes Center in 2017.Design/methodology/approachIn this descriptive–analytical research, the cost-effectiveness index was used to compare insulin analogs and regular insulin (pen/vial) for treatment of diabetes. Data were analyzed in the TreeAge Software and a decision tree was constructed. A 10% discount rate was used for ICER sensitivity analysis. Cost-effectiveness was examined from a provider's perspective.FindingsQALY was calculated to be 0.2 for diabetic patients using insulin analogs and 0.05 for those using regular insulin. The average cost was $3.228 for analog users and $1.826 for regular insulin users. An ICER of $0.093506/QALY was obtained. The present findings suggest that insulin analogs are more cost-effective than regular insulin.Originality/valueThis study was conducted using a cost-effectiveness analysis to evaluate insulin analogs versus regular insulin in controlling diabetes. The results of study are helpful to the government to allocate more resources to apply the cost-effective method of the treatment and to protect patients with diabetes from the high cost of treatment.

How the United Kingdom Controls Pharmaceutical Prices and Spending: Learning From Its Experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 002073142199709
Author(s):  
Marc A. Rodwin
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Generic Market ◽  
Pharmaceutical Spending ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Pharmaceutical Prices ◽  
Limit Access

To control costs and improve access, nations can adopt strategies employed in the United Kingdom to control pharmaceutical prices and spending. Current policy evolved from a system created in 1957 that allowed manufacturers to set launch prices, capped manufacturers’ rates of return, and later cut list prices. These policies did not effectively control spending and had limited effects on purchase prices. The United Kingdom currently controls pharmaceutical spending in 4 ways. (a) Since 1999, it has typically paid no more than is cost-effective. (b) Since 2017, for medicines that will have a significant budget impact, National Health Service England seeks discounts from cost-effective prices or seeks to limit access for 2 years to patients with the greatest need. (c) Since 2014, statutes and a voluntary scheme have required branded manufacturers to pay the government rebates to recoup the difference between the global pharmaceutical budget and actual spending. (d) For hospitals, generics and some patented drugs are procured through competitive bidding; community pharmacies are reimbursed through a system that provides an incentive to beat average generic market prices. These policies controlled the growth of spending, with the largest effects following budget controls in 2014. Changes since 2008 have reduced savings, first by paying more than is cost-effective for cancer drugs and then by applying higher cost-effectiveness thresholds for some drugs used to treat cancer and certain other drugs.

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