scholarly journals Conditional Ablation of Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 Results in Subfertility in the Female and Development of Endometrial Cysts

Endocrinology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 157 (9) ◽  
pp. 3309-3319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa L. McCallum ◽  
Cindy A. Pru ◽  
Yuichi Niikura ◽  
Siu-Pok Yee ◽  
John P. Lydon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Female Fertility ◽  
Functional Requirement ◽  
Uterine Tissue ◽  
Membrane Component ◽  
Exon 2 ◽  
Mesenchymal Tissue ◽  
New Findings

Progesterone (P4) is essential for female fertility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the functional requirement of the nonclassical P4 receptor (PGR), PGR membrane component 1, in regulating female fertility. To achieve this goal, the Pgrmc1 gene was floxed by insertion of loxP sites on each side of exon 2. Pgrmc1 floxed (Pgrmc1fl/fl) mice were crossed with Pgrcre or Amhr2cre mice to delete Pgrmc1 (Pgrmc1d/d) from the female reproductive tract. A 6-month breeding trial revealed that conditional ablation of Pgrmc1 with Pgrcre/+ mice resulted in a 40% reduction (P = .0002) in the number of pups/litter. Neither the capacity to ovulate in response to gonadotropin treatment nor the expression of PGR and the estrogen receptor was altered in the uteri of Pgrmc1d/d mice compared with Pgrmc1fl/fl control mice. Although conditional ablation of Pgrmc1 from mesenchymal tissue using Amhr2cre/+ mice did not reduce the number of pups/litter, the total number of litters born in the 6-month breeding trial was significantly decreased (P = .041). In addition to subfertility, conditional ablation of Pgrmc1 using either Amhr2cre/+ or Pgrcre/+ mice resulted in the development of endometrial cysts starting around 4 months of age. Interestingly, pregnancy attenuated the formation of these uterine cysts. These new findings demonstrate that PGR membrane component 1 plays an important role in female fertility and uterine tissue homeostasis.

Tumors in Cetaceans: Analysis and New Findings

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1289-1300 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Geraci ◽  
N. C. Palmer ◽  
D. J. St. Aubin
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Bronchogenic Carcinoma ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Sufficient Detail ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Do So

We describe 14 tumors, including 5 leiomyomas, 6 papillomas, 2 adrenal adenomas, and a bronchogenic carcinoma collected from over 1800 free-ranging and captive cetaceans examined since 1973. These bring to 41 the number of confirmable tumors reported from cetaceans. Of the 52 cases previously reported, 23 were described in sufficient detail to confirm the diagnoses, 15 were considered probable, and 4 were reclassified. Organ systems most commonly affected were the gastrointestinal tract (31%), skin (24%), and female reproductive tract (21%). Sampling bias may account for this apparent trend. Etioiogic agents have rarely been identified, and attempts to do so are hampered by inadequate sample sizes.

scholarly journals Reproductive health research in Australia and New Zealand: highlights from the Annual Meeting of the Society for Reproductive Biology, 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 637
Author(s):  
Amy Winship ◽  
Jacqueline Donoghue ◽  
Brendan J. Houston ◽  
Jacinta H. Martin ◽  
Tessa Lord ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Patient Advocates ◽  
Breeding Efficiency ◽  
Reproductive Processes

The 2019 meeting of the Society for Reproductive Biology (SRB) provided a platform for the dissemination of new knowledge and innovations to improve reproductive health in humans, enhance animal breeding efficiency and understand the effect of the environment on reproductive processes. The effects of environment and lifestyle on fertility and animal behaviour are emerging as the most important modern issues facing reproductive health. Here, we summarise key highlights from recent work on endocrine-disrupting chemicals and diet- and lifestyle-induced metabolic changes and how these factors affect reproduction. This is particularly important to discuss in the context of potential effects on the reproductive potential that may be imparted to future generations of humans and animals. In addition to key summaries of new work in the male and female reproductive tract and on the health of the placenta, for the first time the SRB meeting included a workshop on endometriosis. This was an important opportunity for researchers, healthcare professionals and patient advocates to unite and provide critical updates on efforts to reduce the effect of this chronic disease and to improve the welfare of the women it affects. These new findings and directions are captured in this review.

scholarly journals The Assessment of Longitudinal Sections of Rat Female Reproductive Tissues for NTP 2-Year Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 747-755
Author(s):  
Susan A. Elmore ◽  
Chad Blystone ◽  
Beth A. Lubeck ◽  
Shawn F. Harris ◽  
Crystal L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Uterine Horn ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Uterine Tissue ◽  
Complete Evaluation ◽  
National Toxicology Program ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Improved Accuracy ◽  
Tissue Origin

The National Toxicology Program (NTP) now uses an extended longitudinal sectioning protocol for the uterus to better evaluate female rodent reproductive tract toxicity for all developmental and reproductive toxicology and 2-year toxicity and carcinogenicity bioassays. The previous protocol for toxicity/carcinogenicity studies involved 1 cross section midway through each uterine horn and collection of uterine cervix and vagina only if gross lesions were present. Here we compare the histological findings of the original cross sections with the additional longitudinal sections of residual uterine tissues of 7 chronic NTP rat bioassays. The goal of this study was to determine whether there might be any advantages to examining additional uterine tissue. The longitudinal protocol allowed for 10 to 20 times more uterine tissue for evaluation. Results indicate that the potential advantages of a more complete evaluation of female reproductive tract tissue include increased detection of reproductive targets, increased detection of neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions, improved detection of tissue origin of neoplasms, less reliance on gross identification of lesions, improved accuracy in the application of severity grades, and increased detection of preneoplastic or subtle lesions.

scholarly journals CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing Reveals Oosp Family Genes are Dispensable for Female Fertility in Mice

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 821
Author(s):  
Ferheen Abbasi ◽  
Mayo Kodani ◽  
Chihiro Emori ◽  
Daiji Kiyozumi ◽  
Masashi Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Female Fertility ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Phenotypic Data

There are over 200 genes that are predicted to be solely expressed in the oocyte and ovary, and thousands more that have expression patterns in the female reproductive tract. Unfortunately, many of their physiological functions, such as their roles in oogenesis or fertilization, have yet to be elucidated. Previous knockout (KO) mice studies have proven that many of the genes that were once thought to be essential for fertility are dispensable in vivo. Therefore, it is extremely important to confirm the roles of all genes before spending immense time studying them in vitro. To do this, our laboratory analyzes the functions of ovary and oocyte-enriched genes in vivo through generating CRISPR/Cas9 KO mice and examining their fertility. In this study, we have knocked out three Oosp family genes (Oosp1, Oosp2, and Oosp3) that have expression patterns linked to the female reproductive system and found that the triple KO (TKO) mutant mice generated exhibited decreased prolificacy but were not infertile; thus, these genes may potentially be dispensable for fertility. We also generated Cd160 and Egfl6 KO mice and found these genes are individually dispensable for female fertility. KO mice with no phenotypic data are seldom published, but we believe that this information must be shared to prevent unnecessary experimentation by other laboratories.

scholarly journals Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component (PGRMC)1 and PGRMC2 and Their Roles in Ovarian and Endometrial Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 5953
Author(s):  
John J. Peluso ◽  
James K. Pru
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Progesterone Receptor ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Membrane Component ◽  
Receptor Membrane ◽  
Endometrial Cancers ◽  
The Many ◽  
Immunocompromised Mice

Cancers of the female reproductive tract are both lethal and highly prevalent. For example, the five-year survival rate of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer is still less than 50%, and endometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women with > 65,000 new cases in the United States in 2020. Among the many genes already established as key participants in ovarian and endometrial oncogenesis, progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC)1 and PGRMC2 have gained recent attention given that there is now solid correlative information supporting a role for at least PGRMC1 in enhancing tumor growth and chemoresistance. The expression of PGRMC1 is significantly increased in both ovarian and endometrial cancers, similar to that reported in other cancer types. Xenograft studies using human ovarian and endometrial cancer cell lines in immunocompromised mice demonstrate that reduced expression of PGRMC1 results in tumors that grow substantially slower. While the molecular underpinnings of PGRMCs’ mechanisms of action are not clearly established, it is known that PGRMCs regulate survival pathways that attenuate stress-induced cell death. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of what is known about the roles that PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 play in ovarian and endometrial cancers, particularly as related to the mechanisms through which they regulate mitosis, apoptosis, chemoresistance, and cell migration.

scholarly journals Seminal Fluid-Mediated Inflammation in Physiology and Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthonio O. Adefuye ◽  
Henry A. Adeola ◽  
Kurt J. Sales ◽  
Arieh A. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Bioactive Lipids ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Cervical Cells

Inflammation is a multifaceted process involving a host of resident and recruited immune cells that eliminate the insult or injury and initiate tissue repair. In the female reproductive tract (FMRT), inflammation-mediated alterations in epithelial, vascular, and immune functions are important components of complex physiological processes and many local and systemic pathologies. It is well established that intracoital and postcoital function of seminal fluid (SF) goes beyond nutritive support for the spermatozoa cells. SF, in particular, the inflammatory bioactive lipids, and prostaglandins present in vast quantities in SF, have a role in localized immune modulation and regulation of pathways that can exacerbate inflammation in the FMRT. In sexually active women SF-mediated inflammation has been implicated in physiologic processes such as ovulation, implantation, and parturition while also enhancing tumorigenesis and susceptibility to infection. This review highlights the molecular mechanism by which SF regulates inflammatory pathways in the FMRT and how alterations in these pathways contribute to physiology and pathology of the female reproductive function. In addition, based on findings from TaqMan® 96-Well Plate Arrays, on neoplastic cervical cells treated with SF, we discuss new findings on the role of SF as a potent driver of inflammatory and tumorigenic pathways in the cervix.

Effect of Contraceptive Steroids on the Endometrium of Guinea Pig: SEM study

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 668-669
Author(s):  
Mai M. Said ◽  
Ramesh K. Nayak ◽  
Randall E. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Human Female ◽  
Surface Ultrastructure ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Uterine Mucosa ◽  
Group 1

Burgos and Wislocki described changes in the mucosa of the guinea pig uterus, cervix and vagina during the estrous cycle investigated by transmission electron microscopy. More recently, Moghissi and Reame reported the effects of progestational agents on the human female reproductive tract. They found drooping and shortening of cilia in norgestrel and norethindrone- treated endometria. To the best of our knowledge, no studies concerning the effects of mestranol and norethindrone given concurrently on the three-dimensional surface features on the uterine mucosa of the guinea pig have been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mestranol and norethindrone on surface ultrastructure of guinea pig uterus by SEM.Seventy eight animals were used in this study. They were allocated into two groups. Group 1 (20 animals) was injected intramuscularly 0.1 ml vegetable oil and served as controls.

Surface ultrastructure of danazol treated rat endometrium: A SEM study

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 556-557
Author(s):  
R.P. Apkarian ◽  
J.S. Sanfilippo
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Breast Disease ◽  
Distal Segment ◽  
Uterine Horn ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Sprague Dawley

The synthetic androgen danazol, is an isoxazol derivative of ethisterone. It is utilized in the treatment of endometriosis, fibrocystic breast disease, and has a potential use as a contraceptive. A study was designed to evaluate the ultrastructural changes associated with danazol therapy in a rat model. The preliminary investigation of the distal segment of the rat uterine horn was undertaken as part of a larger study intended to elucidate the effects of danazol on the female reproductive tract.Cross-sections (2-3 mm in length) of the distal segment of the uterine horn from sixteen Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared for SEM. Ten rats in estrus served as controls and six danazol treated rats were noted to have alterations of the estrus cycle i.e. a lag in cycle phase or noncycling patterns. Specimens were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.05M phosphate buffer containing CaCl2 at pH 7.0-7.4 and chilled to 4°C. After a brief wash in distilled water, specimens were passed through a graded series of ethanol, critical point dryed in CO2 from absolute ethanol, and coated with 6nm Au. Observations were made with an IS1-40 SEM operated at 15kV.

The application of electron microscopy to diagnosis in gynecologic neoplasms and tumor-like conditions

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 102-105
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Frozen Section ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Ultrastructural Examination ◽  
Specific Diagnosis ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Gynecologic Neoplasms

The female reproductive tract may be the site of a wide variety of benign and malignant tumors, as well as non-neoplastic tumor-like conditions, most of which can be diagnosed by light microscopic examination including special stains and more recently immunoperoxidase techniques. Nevertheless there are situations where ultrastructural examination can contribute substantially to an accurate and specific diagnosis. It is my opinion that electron microscopy can be of greatest benefit and is most cost effective when applied in conjunction with other methodologies. Thus, I have developed an approach which has proved useful for me and may have benefit for others. In cases where it is deemed of potential value, glutaraldehyde-fixed material is obtained at the time of frozen section or otherwise at operation. Coordination with the gynecologic oncologist is required in the latter situation. This material is processed and blocked and is available if a future need arises.

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