scholarly journals Lipokines and Thermogenesis

Endocrinology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 160 (10) ◽  
pp. 2314-2325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D Lynes ◽  
Sean D Kodani ◽  
Yu-Hua Tseng
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Excess Energy ◽  
Lipid Biomarkers ◽  
Adaptive Thermogenesis ◽  
Endocrine Hormones ◽  
Beige Adipose Tissue ◽  
Biosynthesis Regulation ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Catabolic Process

Abstract Adaptive thermogenesis is a catabolic process that consumes energy-storing molecules and expends that energy as heat in response to environmental changes. This process occurs primarily in brown and beige adipose tissue. Thermogenesis is regulated by many factors, including lipid derived paracrine and endocrine hormones called lipokines. Recently, technologic advances for identifying new lipid biomarkers of thermogenic activity have shed light on a diverse set of lipokines that act through different pathways to regulate energy expenditure. In this review, we highlight a few examples of lipokines that regulate thermogenesis. The biosynthesis, regulation, and effects of the thermogenic lipokines in several families are reviewed, including oloeylethanolamine, endocannabinoids, prostaglandin E2, and 12,13-diHOME. These thermogenic lipokines present potential therapeutic targets to combat states of excess energy storage, such as obesity and related metabolic disorders.

scholarly journals The Landscape of microRNAs in βCell: Between Phenotype Maintenance and Protection

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 803
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Emanuela Grieco ◽  
Noemi Brusco ◽  
Giada Licata ◽  
Daniela Fignani ◽  
Caterina Formichi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycaemia ◽  
Shed Light

Diabetes mellitus is a group of heterogeneous metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia mainly due to pancreatic β cell death and/or dysfunction, caused by several types of stress such as glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity and inflammation. Different patho-physiological mechanisms driving β cell response to these stresses are tightly regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of negative regulators of gene expression, involved in pathogenic mechanisms occurring in diabetes and in its complications. In this review, we aim to shed light on the most important miRNAs regulating the maintenance and the robustness of β cell identity, as well as on those miRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of the two main forms of diabetes mellitus, i.e., type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Additionally, we acknowledge that the understanding of miRNAs-regulated molecular mechanisms is fundamental in order to develop specific and effective strategies based on miRNAs as therapeutic targets, employing innovative molecules.

scholarly journals Meta-Omics Reveals Genetic Flexibility of Diatom Nitrogen Transporters in Response to Environmental Changes

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 2522-2535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greta Busseni ◽  
Fabio Rocha Jimenez Vieira ◽  
Alberto Amato ◽  
Eric Pelletier ◽  
Juan J Pierella Karlusich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Functional Trait ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Functional Biology ◽  
Key Events ◽  
Diverse Groups ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract Diatoms (Bacillariophyta), one of the most abundant and diverse groups of marine phytoplankton, respond rapidly to the supply of new nutrients, often out-competing other phytoplankton. Herein, we integrated analyses of the evolution, distribution, and expression modulation of two gene families involved in diatom nitrogen uptake (DiAMT1 and DiNRT2), in order to infer the main drivers of divergence in a key functional trait of phytoplankton. Our results suggest that major steps in the evolution of the two gene families reflected key events triggering diatom radiation and diversification. Their expression is modulated in the contemporary ocean by seawater temperature, nitrate, and iron concentrations. Moreover, the differences in diversity and expression of these gene families throughout the water column hint at a possible link with bacterial activity. This study represents a proof-of-concept of how a holistic approach may shed light on the functional biology of organisms in their natural environment.

Tracking recent environmental changes in Lake Wanghu, China: a multivariate analysis of lipid biomarkers in sediments

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 829 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beibei Shen ◽  
Jinglu Wu ◽  
Jianchao Zhou ◽  
Juanjuan Wang ◽  
Yanhong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Lipid Biomarkers

scholarly journals Boldness and exploration vary between shell morphs but not environmental contexts in the snail Cepaea nemoralis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Dahirel ◽  
Valentin Gaudu ◽  
Armelle Ansart
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cepaea Nemoralis ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Shed Light

Understanding the maintenance of among-individual behavioral variation in populations, and predicting its consequences, are key challenges in behavioral ecology. Studying the association between repeatable behaviors and other traits under selection may shed light on the underlying selective pressures. We used the model snail Cepaea nemoralis to examine whether individual behavior is associated with shell morph, a key trait that has been extensively studied in the context of thermal tolerance and predator avoidance, and which is known to be under strict genetic control in this species. We quantified proxies of boldness and exploration in snails of three morphs coming from two habitats with different thermal contexts. We show that both behaviors were repeatable at the among-individual level (within-state Rboldness = 0.22 [95% credible interval: 0.15, 0.29]; Rexploration = 0.20 [0.15, 0.25]). Behavior was associated with shell morph, with the darker morph (five-banded) being consistently shyer and slower to explore. There was no evidence that thermal environment of origin influenced behavior. Snails became faster when test temperature increased; we found no evidence morphs differed in their thermal response. Boldness and exploration were correlated among individuals, forming a syndrome (r = 0.28 [0.10, 0.46]). We discuss what these results may tell us about the type of selection exerted by predators. We also detail how our results hint to a genetic link between shell morph and behavior, and the evolutionary implications of such a link. Finally, we discuss how our findings combined with decades of evolutionary research make C. nemoralis a very valuable model to study the evolution of behavior in response to environmental changes.

scholarly journals Transcriptome of Chicken Liver Tissues Reveals the Candidate Genes and Pathways Responsible for Adaptation into Two Different Climatic Conditions

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Himansu Kumar ◽  
Asankadyr U. Iskender ◽  
Krishnamoorthy Srikanth ◽  
Hana Kim ◽  
Asankadyr T. Zhunushov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
False Discovery ◽  
Go Enrichment ◽  
Liver Transcriptome ◽  
Commercial Chicken ◽  
Go Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Catabolic Process

RNA sequencing was used to profile the liver transcriptome of a Korean commercial chicken (Hanhyup) at two different environments (Korea and Kyrgyzstan) to investigate their role during acclimatization into different climatic conditions. Ten samples from each location were analyzed to identify candidate genes that respond to environmental changes such as altitude, humidity, temperature, etc. Sequencing reads were preprocessed, aligned with the reference genome, assembled and expressions were estimated through bioinformatics approaches. At a false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05 and fold change (FC) ≥2, we found 315 genes were DE. Out of 315 DE genes, 174 and 141 were up- and down-regulated respectively in the Kyrgyz environment. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with energy metabolism such as pyruvate and lactate metabolic processes, and glycerol catabolic process. Similarly, KEGG pathway analysis indicated pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, biosynthesis, citrate cycles were differentially enriched in the Kyrgyz environment. DEGs like TSKU, VTG1, SGK, CDK2, etc. in such pathways are highly involved in the adaptation of organisms into diverse climatic conditions. Our investigation may serve as a resource for the chicken industry, especially in exporting Hanhyup chicken from Korea to other countries.

scholarly journals Microbiota-Mitochondria Inter-Talk: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 848
Author(s):  
Teresa Vezza ◽  
Zaida Abad-Jiménez ◽  
Miguel Marti-Cabrera ◽  
Milagros Rocha ◽  
Víctor Manuel Víctor
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Mitochondrial Functions ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Resistance To Stress ◽  
Shed Light

The rising prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing concern worldwide. New discoveries in the field of metagenomics and clinical research have revealed that the gut microbiota plays a key role in these metabolic disorders. The mechanisms regulating microbiota composition are multifactorial and include resistance to stress, presence of pathogens, diet, cultural habits and general health conditions. Recent evidence has shed light on the influence of microbiota quality and diversity on mitochondrial functions. Of note, the gut microbiota has been shown to regulate crucial transcription factors, coactivators, as well as enzymes implicated in mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism. Moreover, microbiota metabolites seem to interfere with mitochondrial oxidative/nitrosative stress and autophagosome formation, thus regulating the activation of the inflammasome and the production of inflammatory cytokines, key players in chronic metabolic disorders. This review focuses on the association between intestinal microbiota and mitochondrial function and examines the mechanisms that may be the key to their use as potential therapeutic strategies in obesity and T2D management.

scholarly journals Recruitment of Thermogenic Fat: Trigger of Fat Burning

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihan Wang ◽  
Xuefeng Yu ◽  
Yong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Adaptive Thermogenesis ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Novel Therapeutic ◽  
Thermogenic Capacity

Brown and beige adipose tissues possess the remarkable capacity to convert energy into heat, which potentially opens novel therapeutic perspectives targeting the epidemic of metabolic syndromes such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. These thermogenic fats implement mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and uncouple respiration to catabolize fatty acids and glucose, which leads to an increase in energy expenditure. In particular, beige adipocytes that arise in white adipose tissue display their thermogenic capacity through various noncanonical mechanisms. This review aims to summarize the general overview of thermogenic fat, especially including the UCP1-independent adaptive thermogenesis and the emerging mechanisms of “beiging”, which may provide more evidence of targeting thermogenic fat to counteract obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans.

Expo 2020 and sustainability: luxury hotel properties challenges and future outlook

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-326
Author(s):  
Giuliana Giardina
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Future Outlook ◽  
Sustainable Practices ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Luxury Hotel ◽  
Industry Professionals ◽  
Shed Light

Purpose The purpose of this study is to know about the recent environmental changes that have impacted society worldwide have led to increased interest in and attention to the topic of sustainability. A good example of this new trend is provided by the Expo 2020, which is focussing on sustainability as one of the key sub-themes of the event. Design/methodology/approach This study explores guests’ and employees’ perspectives on the deployment of sustainable practices in hotels. Particular attention is placed on the identification of challenges and drivers of sustainable practices in luxury hotel properties in Dubai. Findings The discoveries made during the study hold meaningful implications for industry professionals and provide insightful recommendations for the upcoming Expo 2020, which can be leveraged as a tool to increase awareness and drive education on effective sustainable practices. Originality/value With 35 different nationalities contributing to the data collection, the present study provides a diverse sample, enabling the researcher to shed light on the previously identified literature contradictions.

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