scholarly journals Update in Endocrine Autoimmunity

2008 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 3663-3670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type ◽  
Made In

Context: The endocrine system is a common target in pathogenic autoimmune responses, and there has been recent progress in our understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of autoimmune endocrine diseases. Synthesis: Rapid progress has recently been made in our understanding of the genetic factors involved in endocrine autoimmune diseases. Studies on monogenic autoimmune diseases that include endocrine phenotypes like autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 and immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked have helped reveal the role of key regulators in the maintenance of immune tolerance. Highly powered genetic studies have found and confirmed many new genes outside of the established role of the human leukocyte antigen locus with these diseases, and indicate an essential role of immune response pathways in these diseases. Progress has also been made in identifying new autoantigens and the development of new animal models for the study of endocrine autoimmunity. Finally, although hormone replacement therapy is still likely to be a mainstay of treatment in these disorders, there are new agents being tested for potentially treating and reversing the underlying autoimmune process. Conclusion: Although autoimmune endocrine disorders are complex in etiology, these recent advances should help contribute to improved outcomes for patients with, or at risk for, these disorders.

scholarly journals Defective Suppressor Function of Human CD4+ CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type II

2004 ◽  
Vol 199 (9) ◽  
pp. 1285-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A. Kriegel ◽  
Tobias Lohmann ◽  
Christoph Gabler ◽  
Norbert Blank ◽  
Joachim R. Kalden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Central Tolerance ◽  
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type

In autoimmune polyglandular syndromes (APS), several organ-specific autoimmune diseases are clustered. Although APS type I is caused by loss of central tolerance, the etiology of APS type II (APS-II) is currently unknown. However, in several murine models, depletion of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) causes a syndrome resembling human APS-II with multiple endocrinopathies. Therefore, we hypothesized that loss of active suppression in the periphery could be a hallmark of this syndrome. Tregs from peripheral blood of APS-II, control patients with single autoimmune endocrinopathies, and normal healthy donors showed no differences in quantity (except for patients with isolated autoimmune diseases), in functionally important surface markers, or in apoptosis induced by growth factor withdrawal. Strikingly, APS-II Tregs were defective in their suppressive capacity. The defect was persistent and not due to responder cell resistance. These data provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of APS-II and possibly human autoimmunity in general.

scholarly journals Recovery from alopecia areata in a patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 3

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Makino ◽  
Takeshi Uchihashi ◽  
Yasuo Kataoka ◽  
Masayoshi Fujiwara
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Alopecia Areata ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
List Type ◽  
Human Leukocyte Antigen Typing ◽  
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome ◽  
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type ◽  
Type 3

Summary Recovery from alopecia is rare in autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS). A 41-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with hyperglycemia. He developed alopecia areata (AA) 5 months before admission and developed thirst, polyuria, and anorexia in 2 weeks. His plasma glucose level upon admission was 912 mg/dl (50.63 mmol/l) and HbA1c was 13.7%. Although urinary and plasma C-peptide levels showed that insulin secretion was not depleted, anti-insulinoma-associated antigen 2 antibody was present. In addition, measurement of thyroid autoantibodies revealed the presence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. These findings suggested a diagnosis of APS type 3. The patient has showed signs of improvement with the continuation of insulin therapy. During the successful control of diabetes, he had total hair regrowth within 2–3 months. Human leukocyte antigen typing showed that DRB1*1501-DQB1*0602 and DQB1*0301 were present. Similar cases should be accumulated to clarify the association of APS type 3 with recovery from AA. Learning points Alopecia in diabetic patients is a suspicious manifestation of autoimmune type 1 diabetes. Patients with autoimmune type 1 diabetes specifically manifesting alopecia should be further examined for diagnosis of APS. Insulin-mediated metabolic improvement may be a factor, but not the sole factor, determining a favorable outcome of alopecia in patients with autoimmune type 1 diabetes.

The curious case of miR-155 in SLE

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Ibrahim ◽  
A. Y. Afify ◽  
I. O. Fawzy ◽  
N. El-Ekiaby ◽  
A. I. Abdelaziz
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Targeted Therapy ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Recent Attention ◽  
Made In

Abstract Epigenetic modifications have been well documented in autoimmune diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), in particular, have long intrigued scientists in the field of autoimmunity. Owing to its central role in the development of the immune system, microRNA-155 (miR-155) is deeply involved in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Despite the advancements made in treating SLE, the disease still remains incurable. Therefore, recent attention has been drawn to the manipulation of epigenetics in the development of curative treatments. In fact, it is a widely held view that miRNA-targeted therapy is a new glimmer of hope in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, the duplicity of miRNAs should not be overlooked. A single miRNA can target several mRNAs, and some mRNAs may possess opposing functions. In this review, we highlight the role of miR-155 as a biomarker and review its functions in SLE patients and animal models while discussing possible reasons behind inconsistencies across studies.

Sports endocrinology: the use and abuse of performance-enhancing hormones and drugs

2011 ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Leonard John Deftos ◽  
Mark Zeigler
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Sports Arena ◽  
Performance Enhancing

The endocrine system pervades all of sports, just as it pervades all of biology and medicine. The importance of endocrine glands and their hormonal products and effects in sports is axiomatic to the endocrinologist, and the actions in athletic activity of key hormones such as adrenaline are even known to much of the lay public. The other chapters in this textbook provided a systematic review of the effects of these hormones on organ systems, including those involved in sports as well as in health and disease. This chapter will only provide brief review of endocrine physiology that is relevant to sports. Such reviews can be readily found in other publications (1) as well as in the other chapters of this book. This chapter will instead focus on the role of hormones in the international sports arena, an arena that is populated by professional athletes, aspiring athletes, and the weekend warrior public of essentially all countries. Unlike classic endocrinology, where primarily endogenous hormones play a role in both health and disease, exogenous hormones taken supraphysiologically as well as physiologically have a major role in contemporary sports endocrinology (2). Consequently, sports endocrinology often collides with the administrative, regulatory, and legal bodies that reside at its intersection with sports events (2, 3). While systematic research will inform the basis of much of this chapter, anecdotes taken from sport can also be provocative if not informative (3). For example, consider the role of thyroid hormone replacement in the athlete who has hypothyroidism, a situation recently manifest by a pitcher in major league baseball who had surgery for thyroid cancer. Without much research support, the temptation exists to try to enhance this athlete’s performance by increasing his thyroid hormone dose before he is scheduled to pitch. At the other end of this particular spectrum is the athlete who chronically abuses androgens. Cases that also challenge the endocrinologist can fall in between these two extremes, such as glucose regulation for a diabetic footballer between games and during games and the cricketer who uses amphetamines intermittently. While the use of hormones is at the centre of classic endocrinology, the medical periphery that is the ambit of some of sports endocrinology lurches beyond, into exercise pills and gene doping (1–4). It will become apparent that there is a paucity of controlled studies that demonstrate performance-enhancing effects of most of the agents abused by athletes (5). However, when all of the evidence is examined, exogenous androgens and perhaps growth hormone do seem to enhance athletic performance.

Female hormone metabolism

2018 ◽  
pp. 204-237
Author(s):  
Helen E. Turner ◽  
Richard Eastell ◽  
Ashley Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Fragile X ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Genetic Features ◽  
And Function ◽  
Female Specific

This chapter discusses the female-specific endocrine system anatomy and function. It discusses reproductive physiology in terms of follicles and associated hormones, such as oestradiol and progesterone. The chapter investigates biochemical processes related to female endocrinology as well as singular genetic features, such as a karyotype for premature ovarian insufficiency and fragile X syndrome. It also describes female-specific endocrine disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, androgen secreting tumours, primary ovarian failure, and Turner syndrome, defining the disorders as well as outlining disorder prevalence, symptoms, biochemistry, and management. It relates endocrinology to menstrual function, documenting clinical features of menstrual disorders as one approaches menopause and suggesting treatments such as hormone replacement therapy (commonly abbreviated as HRT) and alternative methods.

scholarly journals Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, type 2 associated with myasthenia gravis

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radoslav Pejin ◽  
Edita Stokic ◽  
Mile Novkovic ◽  
Sofija Banic-Horvat ◽  
Milan Cvijanovic
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Myasthenia Gravis ◽  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Muscle Weakness ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Primary Hypothyroidism ◽  
Syndrome Type ◽  
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome ◽  
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type

Introduction. Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2 is defined as adrenal insufficiency associated with autoimmune primary hypothyroidism and/or with autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus, but very rare with myasthenia gravis. Case report. We presented a case of an autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, type 2 associated with myasthenia gravis. A 49-year-old female with symptoms of muscle weakness and low serum levels of cortisol and aldosterone was already diagnosed with primary adrenal insufficiency. Primary hypothyroidism was identified with low values of free thyroxine 4 (FT4) and raised values of thyroidstumulating hormone (TSH). The immune system as a cause of hypothyroidism was confirmed by the presence of thyroid antibodies to peroxidase and TSH receptors. Myasthenia gravis was diagnosed on the basis of a typical clinical feature, positive diagnostic tests and an increased titre of antibodies against the acetylcholine receptors. It was not possible to confirm the immune nature of adrenal insufficiency by the presence of antibodies to 21- hydroxylase. The normal morphological finding of the adrenal glands was an indirect confirmation of the condition as well as the absence of other diseases that might have led to adrenal insufficiency and low levels of both serum cortisol and aldosterone. Hormone replacement therapy, anticholinergic therapy and corticosteroid therapy for myasthenia gravis improved the patient?s general state of health and muscle weakness. Conclusion. This case report indicates a need to examine each patient with an autoimmune disease carefully as this condition may be associated with another autoimmune diseases.

scholarly journals Role of the endocrine system in maintaining glucose homeostasis in health and disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 586-591
Author(s):  
L.V. Nedosugova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Health And Disease

This paper highlights fundamental views on the mechanisms of maintaining glucose homeostasis as these mechanisms are explained in the lectures on diabetes. The authors discuss hormonal mechanisms of glycemic regulation after meal and fasting, biochemical processes of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism, and their relationships to maintain energy balance under normal conditions. The role of insulin as the important anabolic hormone stimulating ATP synthesis in a cell and endogenous energy accumulation in liver and muscle glycogen, and neutral lipids, the primary energy substrate, is described. In addition, insulin affects DNA and RNA synthesis via the pentose phosphate pathway and 6-ribulose 5-phosphate, allowing for endogenous protein synthesis in protein malnutrition. The effects of contrainsular hormones supplying the body with energy under starvation (i.e., glucagon and catecholamines, which stimulate glycogenolysis, and glucocorticoids that stimulate gluconeogenesis, thereby maintaining normal blood glucose levels) are described in detail. Furthermore, the paper uncovers the mechanism of switching from carbohydrate metabolism to lipid metabolism mediated by somatotropin to preserve energy balance. Finally, the mechanisms of hyperglycemia in insulin deficiency and the appearance of clinical signs of diabetes and other endocrine disorders are addressed. KEYWORDS: carbohydrate metabolism, glucose, glucose transporters, glycolysis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis. FOR CITATION: Nedosugova L.V. Role of the endocrine system in maintaining glucose homeostasis in health and disease. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(9):586–591 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-9-586-591.

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