scholarly journals Role of the endocrine system in maintaining glucose homeostasis in health and disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 586-591
Author(s):  
L.V. Nedosugova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Health And Disease

This paper highlights fundamental views on the mechanisms of maintaining glucose homeostasis as these mechanisms are explained in the lectures on diabetes. The authors discuss hormonal mechanisms of glycemic regulation after meal and fasting, biochemical processes of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism, and their relationships to maintain energy balance under normal conditions. The role of insulin as the important anabolic hormone stimulating ATP synthesis in a cell and endogenous energy accumulation in liver and muscle glycogen, and neutral lipids, the primary energy substrate, is described. In addition, insulin affects DNA and RNA synthesis via the pentose phosphate pathway and 6-ribulose 5-phosphate, allowing for endogenous protein synthesis in protein malnutrition. The effects of contrainsular hormones supplying the body with energy under starvation (i.e., glucagon and catecholamines, which stimulate glycogenolysis, and glucocorticoids that stimulate gluconeogenesis, thereby maintaining normal blood glucose levels) are described in detail. Furthermore, the paper uncovers the mechanism of switching from carbohydrate metabolism to lipid metabolism mediated by somatotropin to preserve energy balance. Finally, the mechanisms of hyperglycemia in insulin deficiency and the appearance of clinical signs of diabetes and other endocrine disorders are addressed. KEYWORDS: carbohydrate metabolism, glucose, glucose transporters, glycolysis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis. FOR CITATION: Nedosugova L.V. Role of the endocrine system in maintaining glucose homeostasis in health and disease. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(9):586–591 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-9-586-591.

scholarly journals Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in the Endocrine System

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao-Jie Chen ◽  
Ebenezeri Erasto Ngowi ◽  
Lei Qian ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
Yang-Zhe Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Hormone Concentration ◽  
Treatment Of Hypertension ◽  
Anti Inflammation

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as one of the three known gaseous signal transduction molecules in organisms, has attracted a surging amount of attention. H2S is involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes in the body, such as dilating blood vessels (regulating blood pressure), protecting tissue from ischemia-reperfusion injury, anti-inflammation, carcinogenesis, or inhibition of cancer, as well as acting on the hypothalamus and pancreas to regulate hormonal metabolism. The change of H2S concentration is related to a variety of endocrine disorders, and the change of hormone concentration also affects the synthesis of H2S. Understanding the effect of biosynthesis and the concentration of H2S on the endocrine system is useful to develop drugs for the treatment of hypertension, diabetes, and other diseases.

Ghrelin and Obesity-An Update

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gandhi M. ◽  
Swaminathan S.
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ghrelin Receptor ◽  
Type2 Diabetes ◽  
Type2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Natural Hormones

Ghrelin as human natural hormones is involved in fundamental regulatory process of eating and energy balance. It is a stomach derived hormone that acts as at the ghrelin receptor in multiple tissues throughout to the body. Its properties includes increasing appetite, decreasing systemic inflammation, decreasing vascular resistance ,increasing cardiac output, increasing glucose and IGF-1 levels, Hence it may play a significant role in Diabetes mellitus. Many studies have linked ghrelin to obesity and this paper is an attempt to bring out recent findings on the role of ghrelin in Diabetes Mellitus, particularly type2 Diabetes mellitus.

Pathogenesis as a problem of functional incompetence and imbalance in the population of T-lymphocytes

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-119
Author(s):  
Н.М. Геворкян ◽  
Н.В. Тишевская
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Regulatory Role ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Health And Disease

Цель обзора - анализ клеточной основы патогенеза различных заболеваний в свете регуляторной роли Т-лимфоцитов. Рассматривается роль поликлонального многообразия популяции Т-лимфоцитов, особых свойств этих клеток-представителей гомеостатической системы организма в физиологических процессах в норме и при патологии. Указаны перспективы терапевтического и профилактического воздействий, связанные с использованием суммарных РНК нормальных лимфоидных клеток аллогенной и ксеногенной природы. Указана также возможность создания с помощью лимфоцитарных суммарных РНК адекватных моделей заболеваний человека на пути к развитию персонифицированной медицины. This review provides an analysis of the cellular basis of the pathogenesis of various diseases in the light of the regulatory role of T-lymphocytes. The role of the polyclonal diversity of the population of T-lymphocytes, the special properties of these cells-representatives of the homeostatic system of the body, in physiological processes in health and disease is considered. Prospects for therapeutic and prophylactic effects associated with the use of total RNA of normal lymphoid cells of allogeneic and xenogenic origin are indicated. The possibility of creating, using lymphocytic total RNA, adequate models of human diseases for the development of personalized medicine is also indicated.

The Role of the Vitamin D Endocrine System in Health and Disease

1989 ◽  
Vol 320 (15) ◽  
pp. 980-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Reichel ◽  
H. Phillip Koeffler ◽  
Anthony W. Norman
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Health And Disease

scholarly journals Role of PPAR in Hepatic Carbohydrate Metabolism

PPAR Research ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annelies Peeters ◽  
Myriam Baes
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Tight Control ◽  
Master Regulator ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Ppar Ligands

Tight control of storage and synthesis of glucose during nutritional transitions is essential to maintain blood glucose levels, a process in which the liver has a central role. PPAR is the master regulator of lipid metabolism during fasting, but evidence is emerging for a role of PPAR in balancing glucose homeostasis as well. By using PPAR ligands and PPAR mice, several crucial genes were shown to be regulated by PPAR in a direct or indirect way. We here review recent evidence that PPAR contributes to the adaptation of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism during the fed-to-fasted or fasted-to-fed transition in rodents.

Physiology of Proglucagon Peptides: Role of Glucagon and GLP-1 in Health and Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 513-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darleen A. Sandoval ◽  
David A. D'Alessio
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Glucagon Secretion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pharmacological Interaction ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

The preproglucagon gene ( Gcg) is expressed by specific enteroendocrine cells (L-cells) of the intestinal mucosa, pancreatic islet α-cells, and a discrete set of neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract. Gcg encodes multiple peptides including glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon-like peptide-2, oxyntomodulin, and glicentin. Of these, glucagon and GLP-1 have received the most attention because of important roles in glucose metabolism, involvement in diabetes and other disorders, and application to therapeutics. The generally accepted model is that GLP-1 improves glucose homeostasis indirectly via stimulation of nutrient-induced insulin release and by reducing glucagon secretion. Yet the body of literature surrounding GLP-1 physiology reveals an incompletely understood and complex system that includes peripheral and central GLP-1 actions to regulate energy and glucose homeostasis. On the other hand, glucagon is established principally as a counterregulatory hormone, increasing in response to physiological challenges that threaten adequate blood glucose levels and driving glucose production to restore euglycemia. However, there also exists a potential role for glucagon in regulating energy expenditure that has recently been suggested in pharmacological studies. It is also becoming apparent that there is cross-talk between the proglucagon derived-peptides, e.g., GLP-1 inhibits glucagon secretion, and some additive or synergistic pharmacological interaction between GLP-1 and glucagon, e.g., dual glucagon/GLP-1 agonists cause more weight loss than single agonists. In this review, we discuss the physiological functions of both glucagon and GLP-1 by comparing and contrasting how these peptides function, variably in concert and opposition, to regulate glucose and energy homeostasis.

scholarly journals Going Beyond Bacteria: Uncovering the Role of Archaeome and Mycobiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yashar Houshyar ◽  
Luca Massimino ◽  
Luigi Antonio Lamparelli ◽  
Silvio Danese ◽  
Federica Ungaro
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Chronic Intestinal Inflammation

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a multifaceted class of relapsing-remitting chronic inflammatory conditions where microbiota dysbiosis plays a key role during its onset and progression. The human microbiota is a rich community of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, and archaea, and is an integral part of the body influencing its overall homeostasis. Emerging evidence highlights dysbiosis of the archaeome and mycobiome to influence the overall intestinal microbiota composition in health and disease, including IBD, although they remain some of the least understood components of the gut microbiota. Nonetheless, their ability to directly impact the other commensals, or the host, reasonably makes them important contributors to either the maintenance of the mucosal tissue physiology or to chronic intestinal inflammation development. Therefore, the full understanding of the archaeome and mycobiome dysbiosis during IBD pathogenesis may pave the way to the discovery of novel mechanisms, finally providing innovative therapeutic targets that can soon implement the currently available treatments for IBD patients.

scholarly journals Immunity – a Significant Pathogenic Factor as Well as an Integral Part of the Psychoneuroendocrine-Immune Regulations

2018 ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
F. Vožeh
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Short Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pathogenic Factor ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Health And Disease

Immunity plays an important role in the reactivity of the organism and, in this context, is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Basically, there is no system or organ in the body, whose dysfunction is not related to immunity consequences. In addition, there are also multisystem diseases simultaneously involving multiple body systems. They are not always caused by weak immunity, but also often by modified immune reactions known as overshooting. The essence of all these diseases is a change in the reactivity of the organism where immunity plays an important role. The immunity as such is then part of the systems of neuroendocrine-immune regulation, which have common mediators and receptors. The establishment of psychoneuroimmunology, a relatively new discipline in neuroscience, contributed to a detailed understanding of these mechanisms between central and peripheral nervous system, the endocrine system and the immune system. This research enabled the uncovering of the nature of stress-diseases and impact of other regulatory disturbances on the function of various body organs and systems of the organism as a whole. The aim of this short review is to show complex interconnections of these relationships to better understand the human health and disease.

Sports endocrinology: the use and abuse of performance-enhancing hormones and drugs

2011 ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Leonard John Deftos ◽  
Mark Zeigler
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Sports Arena ◽  
Performance Enhancing

The endocrine system pervades all of sports, just as it pervades all of biology and medicine. The importance of endocrine glands and their hormonal products and effects in sports is axiomatic to the endocrinologist, and the actions in athletic activity of key hormones such as adrenaline are even known to much of the lay public. The other chapters in this textbook provided a systematic review of the effects of these hormones on organ systems, including those involved in sports as well as in health and disease. This chapter will only provide brief review of endocrine physiology that is relevant to sports. Such reviews can be readily found in other publications (1) as well as in the other chapters of this book. This chapter will instead focus on the role of hormones in the international sports arena, an arena that is populated by professional athletes, aspiring athletes, and the weekend warrior public of essentially all countries. Unlike classic endocrinology, where primarily endogenous hormones play a role in both health and disease, exogenous hormones taken supraphysiologically as well as physiologically have a major role in contemporary sports endocrinology (2). Consequently, sports endocrinology often collides with the administrative, regulatory, and legal bodies that reside at its intersection with sports events (2, 3). While systematic research will inform the basis of much of this chapter, anecdotes taken from sport can also be provocative if not informative (3). For example, consider the role of thyroid hormone replacement in the athlete who has hypothyroidism, a situation recently manifest by a pitcher in major league baseball who had surgery for thyroid cancer. Without much research support, the temptation exists to try to enhance this athlete’s performance by increasing his thyroid hormone dose before he is scheduled to pitch. At the other end of this particular spectrum is the athlete who chronically abuses androgens. Cases that also challenge the endocrinologist can fall in between these two extremes, such as glucose regulation for a diabetic footballer between games and during games and the cricketer who uses amphetamines intermittently. While the use of hormones is at the centre of classic endocrinology, the medical periphery that is the ambit of some of sports endocrinology lurches beyond, into exercise pills and gene doping (1–4). It will become apparent that there is a paucity of controlled studies that demonstrate performance-enhancing effects of most of the agents abused by athletes (5). However, when all of the evidence is examined, exogenous androgens and perhaps growth hormone do seem to enhance athletic performance.

scholarly journals Nutrition, Health, and Disease: Role of Selected Marine and Vegetal Nutraceuticals

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lola Corzo ◽  
Lucía Fernández-Novoa ◽  
Iván Carrera ◽  
Olaia Martínez ◽  
Susana Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Food Biotechnology ◽  
Natural Treatment ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Bioactive Food Components ◽  
Health Demands ◽  
The Individual

The investigation of new alternatives for disease prevention through the application of findings from dietary and food biotechnology is an ongoing challenge for the scientific community. New nutritional trends and the need to meet social and health demands have inspired the concept of functional foods and nutraceuticals which, in addition to their overall nutritional value, present certain properties for the maintenance of health. However, these effects are not universal. Nutrigenetics describes how the genetic profile has an impact on the response of the body to bioactive food components by influencing their absorption, metabolism, and site of action. The EbioSea Program, for biomarine prospection, and the Blue Butterfly Program, for the screening of vegetable-derived bioproducts, have identified a new series of nutraceuticals, devoid of side effects at conventional doses, with genotype-dependent preventive and therapeutic activity. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics provide the opportunity to explore the inter-individual differences in the metabolism of and response to nutrients, achieving optimal results. This fact leads to the concept of personalized nutrition as opposed to public health nutrition. Consequently, the development and prescription of nutraceuticals according to the individual genetic profile is essential to improve their effectiveness in the prevention and natural treatment of prevalent diseases.

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