Impact of Cognitive Dysfunction on Survival in Patients With and Without Statin Use Following Carotid Endarterectomy

Neurosurgery ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 880-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Heyer ◽  
Joanna L. Mergeche ◽  
Shuang Wang ◽  
John G. Gaudet ◽  
E. Sander Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Statin Use

BACKGROUND: Early cognitive dysfunction (eCD) is a subtle form of neurological injury observed in ∼25% of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) patients. Statin use is associated with a lower incidence of eCD in asymptomatic patients having CEA. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether eCD status is associated with worse long-term survival in patients taking and not taking statins. METHODS: This is a post hoc analysis of a prospective observational study of 585 CEA patients. Patients were evaluated with a battery of neuropsychometric tests before and after surgery. Survival was compared for patients with and without eCD stratifying by statin use. At enrollment, 366 patients were on statins and 219 were not. Survival was assessed by using Kaplan-Meier methods and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Age ≥75 years (P = .003), diabetes mellitus (P < .001), cardiac disease (P = .02), and statin use (P = .014) are significantly associated with survival univariately (P < .05) by use of the log-rank test. By Cox proportional hazards model, eCD status and survival adjusting for univariate factors within statin and nonstatin use groups suggested a significant effect by association of eCD on survival within patients not taking statin (hazard ratio, 1.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–2.40; P = .018), and no significant effect of eCD on survival within patients taking statin (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.59–1.66; P = .95). CONCLUSION: eCD is associated with shorter survival in patients not taking statins. This finding validates eCD as an important neurological outcome and suggests that eCD is a surrogate measure for overall health, comorbidity, and vulnerability to neurological insult.

Prognostic interaction between age and sex on outcomes following carotid endarterectomy

VASA ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mario D’Oria ◽  
Barbara Ziani ◽  
Marco Damiano Pipitone ◽  
Paolo Manganotti ◽  
Roberta Pozzi Mucelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Symptomatic Carotid ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Age And Sex

Summary: Background: The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic interaction between age and sex on peri-operative and follow-up outcomes following elective carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid stenosis. Patients and methods: A retrospective review of all patients admitted to a single vascular unit who underwent elective CEA between January, 2015 and December, 2019 was performed. The primary endpoints of the study were overall survival (from index operation) and cumulative stroke rate at thirty days. Results: A total of 383 consecutive patients were included in this study; of these 254 (66.4%) were males. At baseline, males were younger (mean age 73.4±11 vs. 76.3±10 years, p=.01) and with lower proportion of octogenarians (20.4% vs. 28.7%, p=.05). The rate of stroke in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (males vs. females) were as follows: a) whole cohort 1.9% vs. 2% (p=1.00) and 2.7% vs. 1.3% (p=.66), respectively; b) ≥80 years old 3.7% vs. 0% (p=1.00) and 4% vs. 5.9% (p=1.00), respectively; c) <80 years old 1.2% vs. 3.3% (p=.47) and 2.5% vs. 0% (p=.55), respectively. The 3-year survival estimates were significantly lower for males (84% vs. 92%, p=.03). After stratification by age groups, males maintained inferior survival rates in the strata aged <80 years (85% vs. 97%, p=.005), while no differences were seen in the strata aged ≥80 years (82% vs. 79%, p=.92). Using multivariate Cox proportional hazards, age (HR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.29–3.3, p=.002) and male gender (HR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.16–5.5, p=.02) were associated with increased hazards of all-cause mortality. Conclusions: In this study of elective CEA for asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid stenosis, similar peri-operative neurologic outcomes were found in both males and females irrespective of age. Despite being usually older, females have superior long-term survival rates.

Factors that contribute to urban–rural gradients in risk of schizophrenia: Comparing Danish and Western Australian registers

2021 ◽  
pp. 000486742110096
Author(s):  
Oleguer Plana-Ripoll ◽  
Patsy Di Prinzio ◽  
John J McGrath ◽  
Preben B Mortensen ◽  
Vera A Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Indigenous Status ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Western Australian

Introduction: An association between schizophrenia and urbanicity has long been observed, with studies in many countries, including several from Denmark, reporting that individuals born/raised in densely populated urban settings have an increased risk of developing schizophrenia compared to those born/raised in rural settings. However, these findings have not been replicated in all studies. In particular, a Western Australian study showed a gradient in the opposite direction which disappeared after adjustment for covariates. Given the different findings for Denmark and Western Australia, our aim was to investigate the relationship between schizophrenia and urbanicity in these two regions to determine which factors may be influencing the relationship. Methods: We used population-based cohorts of children born alive between 1980 and 2001 in Western Australia ( N = 428,784) and Denmark ( N = 1,357,874). Children were categorised according to the level of urbanicity of their mother’s residence at time of birth and followed-up through to 30 June 2015. Linkage to State-based registers provided information on schizophrenia diagnosis and a range of covariates. Rates of being diagnosed with schizophrenia for each category of urbanicity were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for covariates. Results: During follow-up, 1618 (0.4%) children in Western Australia and 11,875 (0.9%) children in Denmark were diagnosed with schizophrenia. In Western Australia, those born in the most remote areas did not experience lower rates of schizophrenia than those born in the most urban areas (hazard ratio = 1.02 [95% confidence interval: 0.81, 1.29]), unlike their Danish counterparts (hazard ratio = 0.62 [95% confidence interval: 0.58, 0.66]). However, when the Western Australian cohort was restricted to children of non-Aboriginal Indigenous status, results were consistent with Danish findings (hazard ratio = 0.46 [95% confidence interval: 0.29, 0.72]). Discussion: Our study highlights the potential for disadvantaged subgroups to mask the contribution of urban-related risk factors to risk of schizophrenia and the importance of stratified analysis in such cases.

Abstract 13950: Predicted Heart Mass and BMI: Evaluating Undersized Heart Transplantation in Obese vs. Non-Obese Patients

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel T Kim ◽  
Mark R Helmers ◽  
Peter Altshuler ◽  
Amit Iyengar ◽  
Jason Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Heart Transplantation ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Heart Transplants ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Heart Mass

Introduction: Although guidelines for heart transplant currently recommend against donors weighing ≥ 30% less than the recipient, recent studies have shown that the detriment of under-sizing may not be as severe in obese recipients. Furthermore, predicted heart mass (PHM) has been shown to be more reliable for size matching compared to metrics such as weight and body surface area. In this study, we use PHM to characterize the effects of undersized heart transplantation (UHT) in obese vs. non-obese recipients. Methods: Retrospective analysis of the UNOS database was performed for heart transplants from Jan. 1995 to Sep. 2020. Recipients were stratified by obese (BMI ≥ 30) and non-obese (30 > BMI ≥ 18.5). Undersized donors were defined as PHM ≥ 20% less than recipient PHM. Obese and non-obese populations separately underwent propensity score matching, and Kaplan-Meier estimates were used to graph survival. Multivariable Cox proportional-hazards analyses were used to adjust for confounders and estimate the hazard ratio for death attributable to under-sizing. Results: Overall, 50,722 heart transplants were included in the analysis. Propensity-score matching resulted in 2,214, and 1,011 well-matched pairs, respectively, for non-obese and obese populations. UHT in non-obese recipients resulted in similar 30-day mortality (5.7% vs. 6.3%, p = 0.38), but worse 15-year survival (38% vs. 35%, P = 0.04). In contrast, obese recipients with UHT saw similar 30-day mortality (6.4% vs. 5.5%, p = 0.45) and slightly increased 15-year survival (31% vs. 35%, P = 0.04). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that UHT resulted in an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.08 (95% CI 1.01 - 1.16) in non-obese recipients, and 0.87 (95% CI 0.78 - 0.98) in obese recipients. Conclusions: Non-obese patients with UHT saw worse long-term survival, while obese patients with UHT saw slightly increased survival. These findings may warrant reevaluation of the current size criteria for obese patients awaiting a heart.

Persistent emotional distress after a first-time myocardial infarction and its association to late cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 1510-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia T Lissåker ◽  
Fredrika Norlund ◽  
John Wallert ◽  
Claes Held ◽  
Erik MG Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
First Time

Background Patients with symptoms of depression and/or anxiety – emotional distress – after a myocardial infarction (MI) have been shown to have worse prognosis and increased healthcare costs. However, whether specific subgroups of patients with emotional distress are more vulnerable is less well established. The purpose of this study was to identify the association between different patterns of emotional distress over time with late cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality among first-MI patients aged <75 years in Sweden. Methods We utilized data on 57,602 consecutive patients with a first-time MI from the national SWEDEHEART registers. Emotional distress was assessed using the anxiety/depression dimension of the European Quality of Life Five Dimensions questionnaire two and 12 months after the MI, combined into persistent (emotional distress at both time-points), remittent (emotional distress at the first follow-up only), new (emotional distress at the second-follow up only) or no distress. Data on cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality were obtained until the study end-time. We used multiple imputation to create complete datasets and adjusted Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios. Results Patients with persistent emotional distress were more likely to die from cardiovascular (hazard ratio: 1.46, 95% confidence interval: 1.16, 1.84) and non-cardiovascular causes (hazard ratio: 1.54, 95% confidence interval: 1.30, 1.82) than those with no distress. Those with remittent emotional distress were not statistically significantly more likely to die from any cause than those without emotional distress. Discussion Among patients who survive 12 months, persistent, but not remittent, emotional distress was associated with increased cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality. This indicates a need to identify subgroups of individuals with emotional distress who may benefit from further assessment and specific treatment.

scholarly journals Dietary Polyunsaturated Fat Intake in Relation to Head and Neck, Esophageal, and Gastric Cancer Incidence in the National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 (10) ◽  
pp. 1096-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn A Zamani ◽  
Kathleen M McClain ◽  
Barry I Graubard ◽  
Linda M Liao ◽  
Christian C Abnet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract Recent epidemiologic studies have examined the association of fish consumption with upper gastrointestinal cancer risk, but the associations with n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) subtypes remain unclear. Using the National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study (United States, 1995–2011), we prospectively investigated the associations of PUFA subtypes, ratios, and fish with the incidence of head and neck cancer (HNC; n = 2,453), esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA; n = 855), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (n = 267), and gastric cancer (cardia: n = 603; noncardia: n = 631) among 468,952 participants (median follow-up, 15.5 years). A food frequency questionnaire assessed diet. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. A Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) procedure was used for false-discovery control. Long-chain n-3 PUFAs were associated with a 20% decreased HNC and EA risk (for HNC, quintile5 vs. 1 hazard ratio = 0.81, 95% confidence interval: 0.71, 0.92, and BH-adjusted Ptrend = 0.001; and for EA, quintile5 vs. 1 hazard ratio = 0.79, 95% confidence interval: 0.64, 0.98, and BH-adjusted Ptrend = 0.1). Similar associations were observed for nonfried fish but only for high intake. Further, the ratio of long-chain n-3:n-6 was associated with a decreased HNC and EA risk. No consistent associations were observed for gastric cancer. Our results indicate that dietary long-chain n-3 PUFA and nonfried fish intake are associated with lower HNC and EA risk.

scholarly journals Use of a Medical-Alert Accessory in CKD

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 994-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Farhy ◽  
Clarissa Jonas Diamantidis ◽  
Rebecca M. Doerfler ◽  
Wanda J. Fink ◽  
Min Zhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Usual Care ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Observation Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Class 1

Background and objectivesPoor disease recognition may jeopardize the safety of CKD care. We examined safety events and outcomes in patients with CKD piloting a medical-alert accessory intended to improve disease recognition and an observational subcohort from the same population.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsWe recruited 350 patients with stage 2–5 predialysis CKD. The first (pilot) 108 participants were given a medical-alert accessory (bracelet or necklace) indicating the diagnosis of CKD and displaying a website with safe CKD practices. The subsequent (observation) subcohort (n=242) received usual care. All participants underwent annual visits with ascertainment of patient-reported events (class 1) and actionable safety findings (class 2). Secondary outcomes included 50% GFR reduction, ESKD, and death. Cox proportional hazards assessed the association of the medical-alert accessory with outcomes.ResultsMedian follow-up of pilot and observation subcohorts were 52 (interquartile range, 44–63) and 37 (interquartile range, 27–47) months, respectively. The frequency of class 1 and class 2 safety events reported at annual visits was not different in the pilot versus observation group, with 108.7 and 100.6 events per 100 patient-visits (P=0.13), and 38.3 events and 41.2 events per 100 patient visits (P=0.23), respectively. The medical-alert accessory was associated with lower crude and adjusted rate of ESKD versus the observation group (hazard ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.20 to 0.89; and hazard ratio, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.16 to 0.94, respectively). The association of the medical-alert accessory with the composite endpoint of ESKD or 50% reduction GFR was variable over time but appeared to have an early benefit (up to 23 months) with its use. There was no significant difference in incidence of hospitalization, death, or a composite of all outcomes between medical-alert accessory users and the observational group.ConclusionsThe medical-alert accessory was not associated with incidence of safety events but was associated with a lower rate of ESKD relative to usual care.

The Risk of Seizure Following Surgery for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation: A Prospective Cohort Study

Neurosurgery ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 935-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Margaret O’Donnell ◽  
Michael Kerin Morgan ◽  
Gillian Z Heller
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Discharge From Hospital

Abstract BACKGROUND The evidence for the risk of seizures following surgery for brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) is limited. OBJECTIVE To determine the risk of seizures after discharge from surgery for supratentorial bAVM. METHODS A prospectively collected cohort database of 559 supratentorial bAVM patients (excluding patients where surgery was not performed with the primary intention of treating the bAVM) was analyzed. Cox proportional hazards regression models (Cox regression) were generated assessing risk factors, a Receiver Operator Characteristic curve was generated to identify a cut-point for size and Kaplan–Meier life table curves created to identify the cumulative freedom from postoperative seizure. RESULTS Preoperative histories of more than 2 seizures and increasing maximum diameter (size, cm) of bAVM were found to be significantly (P &lt; .01) associated with the development of postoperative seizures and remained significant in the Cox regression (size as continuous variable: P = .01; hazard ratio: 1.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.0-1.3; more than 2 seizures: P = .02; hazard ratio: 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-3.8). The cumulative risk of first seizure after discharge from hospital following resection surgery for all patients with bAVM was 5.8% and 18% at 12 mo and 7 yr, respectively. The 7-yr risk of developing postoperative seizures ranged from 11% for patients with bAVM ≤4 cm and with 0 to 2 preoperative seizures, to 59% for patients with bAVM &gt;4 cm and with &gt;2 preoperative. CONCLUSION The risk of seizures after discharge from hospital following surgery for bAVM increases with the maximum diameter of the bAVM and a patient history of more than 2 preoperative seizures.

Prognostic indicators of secondary progression in a paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis cohort in Kuwait

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1086-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Akhtar ◽  
Raed Alroughani ◽  
Samar F Ahmed ◽  
Jasem Y Al-Hashel
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Adjusted Hazard Ratio ◽  
Secondary Progressive ◽  
Hazards Model

Background: The frequency of paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) and the precise risk of secondary progression of disease are largely unknown in the Middle East. This cross-sectional cohort study assessed the risk and examined prognostic factors for time to onset of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) in a cohort of POMS patients. Methods: The Kuwait National MS Registry database was used to identify a cohort of POMS cases (diagnosed at age <18 years) from 1994 to 2013. Data were abstracted from patients’ records. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the prognostic significance of the variables considered. Results: Of 808 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, 127 (15.7%) were POMS cases. The median age (years) at disease onset was 16.0 (range 6.5–17.9). Of 127 POMS cases, 20 (15.8%) developed SPMS. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model showed that at MS onset, brainstem involvement (adjusted hazard ratio 5.71; 95% confidence interval 1.53–21.30; P=0.010), and POMS patient age at MS onset (adjusted hazard ratio 1.38; 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.88; P=0.042) were significantly associated with the increased risk of a secondary progressive disease course. Conclusions: This study showed that POMS patients with brainstem/cerebellar presentation and a relatively higher age at MS onset had disposition for SPMS and warrant an aggressive therapeutic approach.

scholarly journals Survival Analysis and Prognostic Predictor Study of Colorectal Cancer Patients with Single-Site Metastasis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jaydutt V. Vadgama ◽  
Wenhong Deng ◽  
Katrina M Schrode ◽  
Magda Shaheen ◽  
Jaydutt V. Vadgama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Regional Lymph Node ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Term Survival

Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients have various metastasis patterns, which reflect diverse biological characteristics of different patient subgroups. We analyse the prognosis of mCRC patients according to the metastatic site and clarify the relationship between tumor or patient characteristics and the metastatic sites. The whole sequencing and clinical data of 2329 CRC patients were obtained from TCGA and a database of the MSKCC. Kruskal Wallis Tests were used to analyse measurement data. Survival was illustrated by Kaplan-Meier curves, with P value determined by Log-rank Test. Hazard’s ratio was determined through the univariate and multivariate COX proportional hazards regression model. The mortality rate of CRC patients with liver-only metastasis (mCRC-liver) did not increase versus nonmetastatic patients. The survival rate of patients with non-regional lymph node-only metastasis (mCRCNRLN) was lower versus mCRC-liver. Mutations of KRAS and TCF7L2 genes were associated with mortality of mCRC-liver. APC mutation was associated with reduced mortality in mCRC-lung and mCRCNRLN. BRAF mutation was associated with increased mortality of mCRC-peritoneum. In a multivariate COX analysis, gender affected the survival rate of mCRC-liver. Age and the number of gene mutations affected the survival rate of mCRC-lung and mCRC-NRLN respectively. Receiving chemotherapy is an unfavourable factor for prognosis of mCRC-liver, but the length of chemotherapy treatment is an advantageous prognosis factor. This study depicts the long-term survival features of a group of mCRC patients. These findings promoted our understanding of the prognosis characteristics of CRC and have positive guiding significance for clinical management of CRC patients.

The Association of Prenatal Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccination With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 (10) ◽  
pp. 1163-1172
Author(s):  
Tracy A Becerra-Culqui ◽  
Darios Getahun ◽  
Vicki Chiu ◽  
Lina S Sy ◽  
Hung Fu Tseng
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Kaiser Permanente ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models

Abstract As prenatal vaccinations become more prevalent, it is important to assess potential safety events. In a retrospective cohort study of Kaiser Permanente Southern California (Pasadena, California) mother-child pairs with birth dates during January 1, 2011–December 31, 2014, we investigated the association between prenatal tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination and risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring. Information on Tdap vaccination during pregnancy was obtained from electronic medical records. ADHD was defined by International Classification of Diseases codes (Ninth or Tenth Revision) and dispensed ADHD medication after age 3 years. Children were followed to the date of their first ADHD diagnosis, the end of Kaiser Permanente membership, or the end of follow-up (December 31, 2018). In Cox proportional hazards models, we estimated unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios for the association between maternal Tdap vaccination and ADHD, with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) used to adjust for confounding. Of 128,756 eligible mother-child pairs, 85,607 were included in the final sample. The ADHD incidence rate was 3.41 per 1,000 person-years in the Tdap-vaccinated women and 3.93 per 1,000 person-years in the unvaccinated (hazard ratio = 1.01, 95% confidence interval: 0.88, 1.16). The IPTW-adjusted analyses showed no association between prenatal Tdap vaccination and ADHD in offspring (hazard ratio = 1.00, 95% confidence interval: 0.88, 1.14). In this study, prenatal Tdap vaccination was not associated with ADHD risk in offspring, supporting recommendations to vaccinate pregnant women.

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