Mechanisms of teratogenesis**This article is based on a paper presented in Martinique at a meeting co-sponsored by Institut de la Vie and the U.S. National Cancer Institute.

Development ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Lauri Saxén
Keyword(s):  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Target Organ ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Vast Array ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Exogenous Agents ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Selection Of

In view of the great number of teratogenic factors known and the vast array of congenital defects, disorders and syndromes, it would probably be a waste of time to search for unifying mechanisms and principles in abnormal development. Instead, therefore, I shall describe a selection of teratogens and their consequences, and try to arrange them in a certain hierarchy based on a simplified model of how they act. The assumption underlying the model (Figs. 1 and 2) is that the result of a teratogenic insult is determined by its site of action and the stage of development of the target organ. This is supposed to hold for all congenital defects, whether due to genes or caused by exogenous agents. In genetic defects the scheme indicates the site and stage of development at which the mutant gene is expressed; in nongenetic defects the site and stage refer to exposure to an exogenous teratogen.

SISTEM INFORMASI PEMENUHAN NILAI GIZI MAKANAN IBU HAMIL DENGAN METODE COOPER BERBASIS ANDROID STUDI KASUS: PUSKESMAS MRANGGEN II

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ashifuddin Aqham ◽  
Zaenal Mustofa ◽  
Wiwid Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Nutritional Intake ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Ideal Weight ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
The Ideal

Nutrition and nutrition of pregnant women is an important thing that must be met during pregnancy. The risk to the health of the fetus being conceived and the mother who is pregnant will be reduced if pregnant women get balanced nutrition and nutrition. Pregnant women who are malnourished can lead to premature birth, fetal death, abnormalities of the baby's central nervous system, as well as abnormal development, congenital defects, anemia in infants, low birth weight, and newborns with low health status.The problem that often arises today is the lack of knowledge of pregnant women about the importance of fulfilling nutrition / nutrition for pregnant women. Due to the lack of information and education of pregnant women. This study, designed a system for fulfilling the nutritional value of food for pregnant women using the Android-based COOPER method. Aims to make it easier for pregnant women to find information about nutritional intake through the selection of food menus.The author uses the Cooper method, because this method is very suitable for calculating the number of calories needed by pregnant women. The Cooper method calculates the number of calories by processing the ideal weight of pregnant women, the activities of pregnant women, and the number of hours of sleep pregnant women according to Poedysmoro (2005).To solve the problems above, it is necessary to design an Android-based information system application for the fulfillment of the nutritional value of pregnant women's food which is expected to help the role of the community, making it easier for pregnant women to find information about nutritional intake through the selection of food menus. This information can later be accessed by pregnant women to find out the fulfillment of nutrition through the food menu that must be consumed. Through the Android display that offers solutions so that it can be done anytime and anywhere.

scholarly journals United States : Good Ideas from Successful Cities : Regional Snapshots in Comparative Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Turner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Selection Of

<div>Our main report, Good Ideas from Successful Cities: Municipal Leadership in Immigrant Integration, explores these themes through a selection of nearly 40 profiles of municipal practice and policies from cities across Canada, the U.S., Europe and Australasia. In this companion report, United States: Good Ideas from Successful Cities, we present an additional snapshot of municipal leadership and excellence in immigrant integration from cities in the United States. Each of these five city profiles includes a selection of related international city practices to encourage comparative perspective and enriched learning.</div>

The USA: New Stage of Development

2014 ◽  
pp. 88-97
Author(s):  
N. Zagladin
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Political System ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Democratic Parties ◽  
The U.S

In today’s world the U.S. ruling elite has proved unable to maintain its claim to world leadership by relying on military force. It was also necessary to make corrections in the budget and tax policy and to limit further increase of the state debt. The problems of choosing political alternatives, however, have provoked a serious conflict between the republican and the democratic parties, involving public movements. In fact, the US political system is in the state of crisis that exerts influence on Russian-American relations.

Improvement of oil recovery factor from geological perspectives

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
D.Yu. Chudinova ◽  
◽  
D.S. Urakov ◽  
Sh.Kh. Sultanov ◽  
Yu.A. Kotenev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Recovery Factor ◽  
Wettability Alteration ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Enhance Oil Recovery ◽  
The Given ◽  
Selection Of

At a late stage of development of any oilfield, there are big number of factors that affect recovery factor. One of them is related to presence of isolated zones, that were caused by combination of poor reservoir and oil properties of a rock. To solve the given problem variety of workover operations and enhance oil recovery (EOR) methods can be appled for the complex reservoirs such as Tevlinsko-Russinskoe oilfield. The number of particular studies were presented by reviewing of field data, construction of heterogeneity zones, revision of workover operations and selection of EOR methods. It has obtained that the reservoir has the lenticular structure, consists from 9 different facies and presented by 4 classes of heterogeneity. The immiscible gas injections of Nitrogen were selected as the most suitable EOR method for the given oilfield. Application of different composition of brine water was reccomended for wettability alteration.

The T-AGS-39 Class Ocean Survey Ships and Their Conversion to Schoolships

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (03) ◽  
pp. 170-186
Author(s):  
John C. Daidola ◽  
Robert S. Behr ◽  
John G. Lynch ◽  
Erhard W. Koehler
Keyword(s):  
Original Design ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Design Construction ◽  
Naval Service

Elements of the design, construction and later conversion of the T-AGS-39 Class Ocean Survey Ships are reviewed. The original design to a U.S. Navy Circular of Requirements is considered, presenting insight into the selection of vessel characteristics. The construction program, in concert with unique requirements, is also considered. Finally, conversion of the vessels to schoolships under the U.S. Maritime Administration, following their retirement from naval service, is discussed.

The Mexican Government and Repatriation, November 1934–June 1936

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alanís Enciso Fernando Saúl ◽  
Russ Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Baja California ◽  
Mexican Migrants ◽  
Mexican Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Strict Selection ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Agricultural Labourers

This chapter discusses the Cardenista government’s attempt to find a solution to the foreseen threat of a mass return of Mexican migrants from the U.S. Chapter 3 details how the Cardenas administration established that only a strict selection of skilled agricultural labourers would be permitted to return, and details how the administration determined that individual Mexican states should accept responsibility for providing both housing and assistance for repatriated nationals. Drawing on an overview of the studies conducted by the Cardenas administration on the population of Mexican nationals living in the U.S., this chapter states that ultimately, it was proposed that 450,000 people could be resettled at the cost of 366,345,291 pesos, and that this figure was well outside the government’s budget. Lastly, this chapter notes that plans for a resettlement colony in Baja California- called “Mexico Libre”- were established but never came to fruition.

scholarly journals Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection Demonstrates Higher Replicative Capacity and Decreased Antiviral Response in the First-Trimester Placenta

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Ann L. Enninga ◽  
Regan N. Theiler
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Chorionic Villi ◽  
Antiviral Responses ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a rodent disease that can be transmitted to humans. A majority of persons infected with LCMV have only minor symptoms; however, it can cross the placental barrier during pregnancy and cause congenital defects in the fetus. Some viral infections early in gestation are hypothesized to lead to worse outcomes compared to those acquired during late gestation; however, LCMV has not been studied in this context. In the present study, differences in immunomodulation between the first- and third-trimester placental explants infected with LCMV were measured. LCMV replication was observed in the first-trimester chorionic villi, but not in term. The term placenta exhibited a robust innate immune response to infection by LCMV, marked by induction of ifn-α, il-6, and tnf-α gene expression which was not seen in the first-trimester explants. Cytokine secretion was also only seen in term explants. The results indicate that the first-trimester and term placentas differ in their permissiveness for LCMV infection, inversely correlating with the innate antiviral responses. This has implications for developing effective mechanisms that protect the fetus from infection based on stage of development.

scholarly journals Unbalanced X chromosome mosaicism in B cells of mice with X-linked immunodeficiency.

1983 ◽  
Vol 158 (3) ◽  
pp. 920-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
M H Nahm ◽  
J W Paslay ◽  
J M Davie
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
Phosphoglycerate Kinase ◽  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Chromosomal Genes

The immunodeficiency in CBA/N mice is reflected by abnormal development of a subset of B lymphocytes. However, it is not clear how xid, the mutant gene in CBA/N mice, affects the development of this subset. Specifically, it is not known if the xid gene influences the development of the B cell subset directly or indirectly by providing the improper developmental milieu through effects on other cells. We investigated this question using female mice heterozygous for two x chromosomal genes, xid and Pgk-1 (phosphoglycerate kinase-1). Since females are mosaic because of x chromosome inactivation, their lymphocytes can be studied for the choice of the x chromosome, using the two PGK-1 isoenzymes as the cytological marker. We find that B lymphocytes in the spleen prefer the x chromosome without xid while the remaining splenocytes and cells from other tissues do not. This suggests that xid affects B lymphocytes directly and not through their developmental milieu. Furthermore, our data suggest that the precursors for IgG1- and IgG3-producing cells may be both few and different.

Financial Restatements and Shareholder Ratifications of the Auditor

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Lin Liu ◽  
K. Raghunandan ◽  
Dasaratha Rama
Keyword(s):  
Audit Quality ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Securities And Exchange Commission ◽  
Financial Statement ◽  
Shareholder Voting ◽  
Financial Restatements ◽  
Preceding Period ◽  
Significant Attention ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Selection Of

SUMMARY: Regulators and legislators have focused significant attention on financial statement restatements in recent years, and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and financial statement users view restatements as audit failures. The SEC (2000, 2003a) suggests that shareholder voting on auditor ratification will be impacted by perceptions of audit quality. In this paper we examine shareholder voting on auditor ratifications in 2005 or 2006 following restatement announcements by SEC registrants. We find that shareholders are more likely to vote against auditor ratification after a restatement when compared with votes at (1) firms without restatements or (2) restating firms in the preceding period. Overall, the results provide empirical support to the SEC's assertion that shareholder voting on auditor ratification will be related to perceptions of audit quality, and also support recent actions by shareholder activists to require all firms to submit the selection of the auditor for a ratification vote by shareholders.

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