The Occurrence and Morphogenesis of Melanocytes in the Connective Tissues of the PET/MCV Mouse Strain1

Development ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Stuart E. Nichols ◽  
Willie M. Reams
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
The Body ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Genital Apparatus ◽  
Mouse Tissues ◽  
Harderian Glands ◽  
Neural Crest Origin ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

Mammals, as a rule, are described as having melanocytes of neural crest origin confined almost entirely to the skin. Of the organs other than skin which have been described as possessing melanocytes are portions of the gonado-genital apparatus of the Opossum (Burns, 1939), and, in the house mouse, tissues of the nictitans, the meninges of the brain, the parathyroids, the thymus and harderian glands (Markert & Silvers, 1956), and the parathyroids of C58 mice (Dunn, 1949). The present investigation has been made in a strain of mice in which melanocytes are found in the connective tissues throughout much of the body. This strain originated several years ago in the Department of Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, from a cross between inbred C3H and black mice of unknown breed obtained from a local pet shop. Because of the latter circumstance, the line-bred progeny have been termed the PET/MCV strain.

DeltaEF1, a zinc finger and homeodomain transcription factor, is required for skeleton patterning in multiple lineages

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Takagi ◽  
H. Moribe ◽  
H. Kondoh ◽  
Y. Higashi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Craniofacial Abnormalities ◽  
Tarsal Bone ◽  
Skeletal Defects ◽  
Neural Crest Origin ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

DeltaEF1 is a DNA binding protein containing a homeodomain and two zinc finger clusters, and is regarded as a vertebrate homologue of zfh-1 (zinc finger homeodomain-containing factor-1) in Drosophila. In the developing embryo, deltaEF1 is expressed in the notochord, somites, limb, neural crest derivatives and a few restricted sites of the brain and spinal cord. To elucidate the regulatory function of deltaEF1 in mouse embryogenesis, we generated deltaEF1 null mutant (deltaEF1null(lacZ)) mice. The deltaEF1null(lacZ) homozygotes developed to term, but never survived postnatally. In addition to severe T cell deficiency of the thymus, the deltaEF1null(lacZ) homozygotes exhibited skeletal defects of various lineages. (1) Craniofacial abnormalities of neural crest origin: cleft palate, hyperplasia of Meckel's cartilage, dysplasia of nasal septum and shortened mandible. (2) Limb defects: shortening and broadening of long bones, fusion of carpal/tarsal bone and fusion of joints. (3) Fusion of ribs. (4) Sternum defects: split and asymmetric ossification pattern of the sternebrae associated with irregular sternocostal junctions. (5) Hypoplasia of intervertebral discs. These results indicate that deltaEF1 has an essential role in regulating development of these skeletal structures. Since the skeletal defects were not observed in deltaEF1deltaC727 mice, deltaEF1 bears distinct regulatory activities which are dependent on different domains of the molecule.

Functional organization within the medullary reticular formation of intact unanesthetized cat. I. Movements evoked by microstimulation

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 767-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Drew ◽  
S. Rossignol
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Medullary Reticular Formation ◽  
Discrete Movements ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Flexion And Extension ◽  
Made In

1. The present article described the various patterns of movement evoked in the limbs and neck by microstimulation (33-ms trains, 330 Hz, 0.2-ms pulses at less than or equal to 35 microA) of the medullary reticular formation (MRF) of seven chronically implanted, unanesthetized, intact cats. Altogether 878 loci were stimulated in 83 penetrations. However, as stimulation in the more lateral regions of the MRF was less effective, the results are based on stimulation in 592 loci made in 56 penetrations at distances of between 0.5 and 2.5 mm lateral to the midline. 2. Of these 592 loci, movement of one or more parts of the body was evoked from a total of 539 (91%) sites. Most of these movements were compound in nature, involving movement of one or more limbs as well as the head. Discrete movements were observed only with respect to the head; limb movements were always accompanied by head movement. In addition, hindlimb movements were always accompanied by forelimb movements, although the inverse was generally not true. 3. The most common effects of the stimulation were as follows: a turning of the head to the ipsilateral side (79% of stimulated sites); flexion of the ipsilateral elbow (41%); and extension of the contralateral elbow (45%). Effects in the hindlimbs were more variable and less frequent, with the majority of the effective loci causing flexion of the ipsilateral knee (9%) together with extension of the contralateral knee (8%). In total, including both flexion and extension, 18% of the stimulated sites caused movement of the ipsilateral hindlimb and 11% of the contralateral hindlimb. 4. Although movements of the head were obtained from the whole extent of the brain stem, movements of the forelimbs showed a dorsoventral organization with flexion of the ipsilateral elbow being evoked from the more dorsal regions of the brain stem, whereas contralateral elbow extension was evoked more frequently from the ventral regions. There was a large area of overlap from which movements of both limbs could be obtained simultaneously. Movements of the hindlimbs were more frequently evoked from central and ventral areas of the brain stem and from the most rostral aspect of the explored region. 5. In examining the combinations of movements evoked by the MRF stimulation, it was found that the most commonly evoked pattern was movement of the head to the stimulated side together with flexion of the ipsilateral forelimb and extension of the contralateral forelimb (26.5% of sites).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Melanotic neuroectodermal tumour of infancy arising in the maxilla

1998 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed el-Saggan ◽  
Gisle Bang ◽  
Jan Olofsson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Cellular Origin ◽  
Neuroectodermal Tumour ◽  
Frequent Site ◽  
Neural Crest Origin ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Uncommon Neoplasm

AbstractMelanotic neuroectodermal tumour of infancy is an uncommon neoplasm that usually occurs in children aged one year or less. Difficulty in deciding the cellular origin of this tumour has led to numerous names, including congenital melanocarcinoma, melanotic epithelial odontoma, melanotic ameloblastoma, and retinal anlage tumour. Electron microscopy and histochemical studies, however, have now established the neural crest origin. The most frequent site of occurrence is the maxilla followed by the skull, the brain and the mandible. The genital organs are the most frequent extracranial site.We present two cases of melanotic neuroectodermal tumour of infancy arising in the maxilla.

The Acupuncture System and the Liquid Crystalline Collagen Fibers of the Connective Tissues

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 251-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mae-Wan Ho ◽  
David P. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Water Layers ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Continuum

We propose that the acupuncture system and the DC body field detected by western scientists both inhere in the continuum of liquid crystalline collagen fibers that make up the bulk of the connective tissues. Bound water layers on the collagen fibers provide proton conduction pathways for rapid intercommunication throughout the body, enabling the organism to function as a coherent whole. This liquid crystalline continuum mediates hyperreactivity to allergens and the body's responsiveness to different forms of subtle energy medicine. It constitutes a "body consciousness" working in tandem with the "brain consciousness" of the nervous system. We review supporting evidence from biochemistry, cell biology, biophysics and neurophysiology, and suggest experiments to test our hypothesis.

scholarly journals Puberty: Your Brain on Hormones

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Kabotyanski ◽  
Leah H. Somerville
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Way

As humans grow from children into adults, they pass through a stage called adolescence. Adolescence is a time of major social, environmental, and biological change in a person’s life. The start of puberty, which often happens around the teenage years, is an important period of human physical and emotional development. In addition to the more obvious bodily changes that happen during this time, an adolescent’s brain also goes through changes that may not be as visible. These changes are directed by chemicals called hormones. Hormones help our bodies become taller, change shape, and even grow hair. Although hormones act on different parts of the body (like bones, muscles, or skin), several crucial hormones for puberty are actually made in the brain. Scientists are learning more about the ways hormones affect how the brain grows and changes, and in turn, the way that changes how you act and feel!

scholarly journals Integrative activity of the brain in health and disease of the nervous system

2001 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (1-2) ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
Yu. N. Bykov
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Brain Surface ◽  
Humoral Theory ◽  
Franz Joseph Gall ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Moral Qualities ◽  
Scientific Worldview ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

Attempts to link human mental and mental activity with the brain were made in the days of Hippocrates (460-370 BC) and Galen (131-201). At the same time, a connection between the brain and movements on the opposite half of the body was noticed. This was judged by the occurrence of seizures in the half of the body opposite to the lesion of the head [44]. The origin of this fact was associated with a general disruption of the brain. The pathogenesis of all disease states was explained by the humoral theory. In accordance with it, the balance of four fluids - phlegm, blood, black and yellow bile - ensures the normal development and activity of the body. When the balance of these components is disturbed, a disease occurs [39]. In the 17th century, Thomas Willis, the author of the term "neurology", somewhat modernized the humoral theory [45]. He believed that general sensitivity is represented in the striatum, his own feelings in the corpus callosum, and memory in the cortex. This marked the beginning of the development of localization as a direction in the study of brain function. At the extreme pole of this scientific worldview is the phrenological teaching of Franz-Joseph Gall and his students [36]. They assumed that mental and moral qualities are localized in certain areas of the brain surface. At the same time, there is a direct relationship between the degree of development of a particular ability and the volume of its cortical representation. By the shape of the skull, its "tubercles" and "bumps, Gall tried to unravel the professional abilities of a person and characterological features. In 1842, Flurance and Haller put forward the thesis of the physiological equivalence of the cortex. The dogma of the equipotentiality of parts of the brain arose, and then the theory of universalism appeared.

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND OUTCOMES OF ELECTRIC BURN INJURY AT TERTIARY CARE CENTER IN JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharti Saraswat ◽  
Ashok Yadav ◽  
Krishna Kumar Maheshwari
Keyword(s):  
Burn Injury ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrical Injury ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Electric Circuits ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Social Burden

Background- Electric burns and injuries are the result of electric current passing through the body. Temporary or permanent damage can occur to the skin, tissues, and major organs. Methods- This prospective study was carried out on patients admitted in burn unit of department of surgery M.G. Hospital associated with Dr. S.N. Medical College Jodhpur. Records of the patients admitted from January 2018 to December 2018 were studied. Bed head tickets of the patients evaluated in detail. Results- In our study out of 113 patients maximum no. of patients were in age group of 21-30 years 44 (38.94%) followed by age group <11 years in 21 (18.58%) patients and age group of > 60 years in only 3 (2.65%).39 (34.51%) patients were farmer and 15 (13.27%) were electrician in out of 113 total patients, while 37 (32.74%) were without any occupation. 65 (57.52%) cases of high voltage (HV) electrical injury and 48 (42.48%) cases were of low voltage (LV) electrical injury. Conclusion- Morbidity leading to permanent disabilities make the person physically dependent on others. It can be prevented by educating the people about the proper handling to electric circuits & devices. Proper communication among the electricians may help in lowering such accidents. Proper rehabilitation of the handicapped person & employment to the member of the affected family may reduce the social burden caused by such electricity concerned accidents.

EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE NANOPARTICLES TOXICITY OF NICKEL OXIDE IN TWO SIZES IN THE SUBCHRONIC EXPERIMENT

2018 ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
M.P. Sutunkova ◽  
B.A. Katsnelson ◽  
L.I. Privalova ◽  
S.N. Solovjeva ◽  
V.B. Gurvich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Oxide ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Equal Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nanoparticles Toxicity

We conducted a comparative assessment of the nickel oxide nanoparticles toxicity (NiO) of two sizes (11 and 25 nm) according to a number of indicators of the body state after repeated intraperitoneal injections of these particles suspensions. At equal mass doses, NiO nanoparticles have been found to cause various manifestations of systemic subchronic toxicity with a particularly pronounced effect on liver, kidney function, the body’s antioxidant system, lipid metabolism, white and red blood, redox metabolism, spleen damage, and some disorders of nervous activity allegedly related to the possibility of nickel penetration into the brain from the blood. The relationship between the diameter and toxicity of particles is ambiguous, which may be due to differences in toxicokinetics, which is controlled by both physiological mechanisms and direct penetration of nanoparticles through biological barriers and, finally, unequal solubility.

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