Exhaust emissions and energy release rates from a controlled spark ignition engine using ethanol blends

2007 ◽  
Vol 221 (8) ◽  
pp. 933-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Varde ◽  
A Jones ◽  
A Knutsen ◽  
D Mertz ◽  
P Yu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Cooling Effects ◽  
Ethanol Blends

Although alcohols have been considered and used as fuels for internal combustion engines for decades, their use in automotive transportation systems has been rather limited. In the past few years, ethanol has received varying amounts of attention in the United States owing to the increasing cost of gasoline fuel and legislative mandates in some states requiring the sale of alcohol-blended gasoline for light-duty vehicles. This may, in the end, help the agricultural economy in the United States. If alcohol blends are to be used in spark ignition (SI) engines designed to operate on gasoline, then it is important that engines be tuned for the fuel that is being utilized at that instant. This requires knowledge of the combustion characteristics of alcohol blends so that the engine control system can make appropriate changes according to the quality of the blend. The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics of ethanol-gasoline blends in a two-valve automotive SI engine. Ethanol blends improved the specific energy consumption relative to pure gasoline fuel. At stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, the alcohol blends improved exhaust CO emissions marginally. However, there were consistent reductions in NO x levels, particularly with the E-85 blend. The use of E-85 in the engine also resulted in a reduction in HC levels relative to neat gasoline, but E-85 produced significantly higher levels of acetaldehydes by comparison with neat gasoline and lower ethanol blends, particularly at lighter engine loads. The E-85 blend required a longer time to develop and set up the flame in the combustion chamber relative to neat gasoline. This was particularly true at lower engine loads, probably owing to cooling effects of the inducted charge. However, the rapid combustion duration did not exhibit much difference between the blends and gasoline.

Effect of Engine Variables on Combustion Performance of Lean Burn Spark Ignition Engine: An Overview

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Manivannan ◽  
R. Ramprabhu
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Si Engine ◽  
Lean Burn ◽  
Lean Combustion

In the development of internal combustion engines, there has been a continuous effort to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. Lean combustion is a preferred concept for reducing exhaust emissions for meeting stringent emission standards. However lean combustion is associated with increased cycle-by-cycle combustion variation due to combustion instability. The combustion stability under lean mixture conditions could be improved through enhancement of flow characteristics. Effect of engine variables on lean combustion of Spark Ignition (SI) engine is presented, including combustion chamber and inlet port configuration, and ignition system. Use of pre-chamber for lean combustion is one of the feasible method to achieve stable ignition and quick flame propagation. This paper highlights and compares status of various research works carried out in the area of lean burn engines. A critical analysis of reported experimental data is presented in order to substantiate use of lean combustion in SI engine.

Future Engine Technology: Lessons From the 1980s for the 1990s

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Heywood
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Stroke Work ◽  
Operating Cycle

The past twenty years has seen an explosion in our knowledge of engine processes, steadily improving engine power density and efficiency, major reductions in exhaust emissions, and a substantial increase in engine sophistication and complexity. This paper explains how engineering analysis has played a major enabling role in realizing these improvements in spark-ignition engine performance. Examples are given of the many different types of analysis tool in areas such as combustion, emissions, stress analysis, system dynamics, and fluid flow that have been found useful in resolving different engine development and design problems and opportunities. The significant improvements achieved in engine fuel consumption, power density, and emissions control are then reviewed. It is argued, however, that the improvements in urban air quality do not correspond to the reductions achieved in vehicle exhaust emissions. Our current understanding of the link between vehicle emissions and air quality does not explain this discrepancy. What matters is low enough in-use emission, and future regulations do not adequately focus on this essential requirement. An available energy analysis of the four-stroke spark-ignition engine operating cycle is used to identify where opportunities for further increases in efficiency and power are to be found. Approaches that would improve combustion efficiency, reduce heat losses, increase expansion stroke work, reduce pumping work, and decrease friction are discussed. It is concluded that many analysis tools are now available to identify more precisely how large these opportunities are, and how best they might be realized. The potential of various modifications to the four-stroke cycle SI engine cycle, and alternative spark-ignition and diesel cycles, are reviewed. Finally, it is argued that relative to Europe and Japan, the United States lacks a sufficiently broad and organized research effort designed to support the exploration and development of these opportunities.

scholarly journals Performance and Emissions Analysis of N-Butanol Blended with Gasoline in Spark Ignition Engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman A ◽  
Adisa A. B. ◽  
Dandakouta H.
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Temperature ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The power developed by an internal-combustion engine depends upon the fuel used for combustion. Fuels commonly used in internal combustion engines are derived from crude oil, which are depleting and are important sources of air pollution. In this study, n-butanol was used as an additive with gasoline as fuel in spark ignition engine. N-butanol exhibits good burning characteristics, contain oxygen, reduces some exhaust emissions and as well, has energy density and octane rating close to that of gasoline. The various blend rates (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 percent by volume) were used in the engine performance analysis using a TD110-115 single cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled spark ignition engine test rig, under different loading conditions. An SV-5Q automobile exhausts gas analyzer was used to measure the concentration of gaseous emissions such as unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from the engine tail pipe. The results of engine performance showed reduction in the exhaust temperature was observed for the blends than to that of gasoline. It was observed that all the blends improved the brake thermal efficiency and exhibited high fuel consumption, lower specific energy consumption and lower emissions than gasoline. All the blends performed satisfactorily on spark-ignition engine without engine modification.

scholarly journals Ethanol/Gasoline Blends as Alternative Fuel in Last Generation Spark-Ignition Engines: A Review on CO and HC Engine Out Emissions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 4034
Author(s):  
Paolo Iodice ◽  
Massimo Cardone
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
The Impact

Among the alternative fuels existing for spark-ignition engines, ethanol is considered worldwide as an important renewable fuel when mixed with pure gasoline because of its favorable physicochemical properties. An in-depth and updated investigation on the issue of CO and HC engine out emissions related to use of ethanol/gasoline fuels in spark-ignition engines is therefore necessary. Starting from our experimental studies on engine out emissions of a last generation spark-ignition engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels, the aim of this new investigation is to offer a complete literature review on the present state of ethanol combustion in last generation spark-ignition engines under real working conditions to clarify the possible change in CO and HC emissions. In the first section of this paper, a comparison between physicochemical properties of ethanol and gasoline is examined to assess the practicability of using ethanol as an alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines and to investigate the effect on engine out emissions and combustion efficiency. In the next section, this article focuses on the impact of ethanol/gasoline fuels on CO and HC formation. Many studies related to combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in spark-ignition engines fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels are thus discussed in detail. Most of these experimental investigations conclude that the addition of ethanol with gasoline fuel mixtures can really decrease the CO and HC exhaust emissions of last generation spark-ignition engines in several operating conditions.

scholarly journals Impact of Simulated Biogas Compositions (CH4 and CO2) on Vibration, Sound Pressure and Performance of a Spark Ignition Engine

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7037
Author(s):  
Donatas Kriaučiūnas ◽  
Tadas Žvirblis ◽  
Kristina Kilikevičienė ◽  
Artūras Kilikevičius ◽  
Jonas Matijošius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Positive Correlation

Biogas has increasingly been used as an alternative to fossil fuels in the world due to a number of factors, including the availability of raw materials, extensive resources, relatively cheap production and sufficient energy efficiency in internal combustion engines. Tightening environmental and renewable energy requirements create excellent prospects for biogas (BG) as a fuel. A study was conducted on a 1.6-L spark ignition (SI) engine (HR16DE), testing simulated biogas with different methane and carbon dioxide contents (100CH4, 80CH4_20CO2, 60CH4_40CO2, and 50CH4_50CO2) as fuel. The rate of heat release (ROHR) was calculated for each fuel. Vibration acceleration time, sound pressure and spectrum characteristics were also analyzed. The results of the study revealed which vibration of the engine correlates with combustion intensity, which is directly related to the main measure of engine energy efficiency—break thermal efficiency (BTE). Increasing vibrations have a negative correlation with carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, but a positive correlation with nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Sound pressure also relates to the combustion process, but, in contrast to vibration, had a negative correlation with BTE and NOx, and a positive correlation with emissions of incomplete combustion products (CO, HC).

Comparison of Random Forest and Neural Network in Modelling the Performance and Emissions of a Natural Gas Spark Ignition Engine

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Jinlong Liu ◽  
Qiao Huang ◽  
Christopher Ulishney ◽  
Cosmin E. Dumitrescu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Abstract Machine learning (ML) models can accelerate the development of efficient internal combustion engines. This study assessed the feasibility of data-driven methods towards predicting the performance of a diesel engine modified to natural gas spark ignition, based on a limited number of experiments. As the best ML technique cannot be chosen a priori, the applicability of different ML algorithms for such an engine application was evaluated. Specifically, the performance of two widely used ML algorithms, the random forest (RF) and the artificial neural network (ANN), in forecasting engine responses related to in-cylinder combustion phenomena was compared. The results indicated that both algorithms with spark timing, mixture equivalence ratio, and engine speed as model inputs produced acceptable results with respect to predicting engine performance, combustion phasing, and engine-out emissions. Despite requiring more effort in hyperparameter optimization, the ANN model performed better than the RF model, especially for engine emissions, as evidenced by the larger R-squared, smaller root-mean-square errors, and more realistic predictions of the effects of key engine control variables on the engine performance. However, in applications where the combustion behavior knowledge is limited, it is recommended to use a RF model to quickly determine the appropriate number of model inputs. Consequently, using the RF model to define the model structure and then employing the ANN model to improve the model's predictive capability can help to rapidly build data-driven engine combustion models.

The Potential of a Separated Electric Compound Spark Ignition Engine for Hybrid Vehicle Application

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiliano Pipitone ◽  
Salvatore Caltabellotta
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Hybrid Vehicle ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Generator Unit ◽  
Overall Efficiency

Abstract In-cylinder expansion of internal combustion engines based on Diesel or Otto cycles cannot be completely brought down to ambient pressure, causing a 20% theoretical energy loss. Several systems have been implemented to recover and use this energy such as turbocharging, turbo-mechanical and turbo-electrical compounding, or the implementation of Miller Cycles. In all these cases however, the amount of energy recovered is limited allowing the engine to reach an overall efficiency incremental improvement between 4% and 9%. Implementing an adequately designed expander-generator unit could efficiently recover the unexpanded exhaust gas energy and improve efficiency. In this work, the application of the expander-generator unit to a hybrid propulsion vehicle is considered, where the onboard energy storage receives power produced by an expander-generator, which could hence be employed for vehicle propulsion through an electric drivetrain. Starting from these considerations, a simple but effective modelling approach is used to evaluate the energetic potential of a spark-ignition engine electrically supercharged and equipped with an exhaust gas expander connected to an electric generator. The overall efficiency was compared to a reference turbocharged engine within a hybrid vehicle architecture. It was found that, if adequately recovered, the unexpanded gas energy could reduce engine fuel consumption and related pollutant emissions by 4% to 12%, depending on overall power output.

Effect of injection and ignition timing on a hydrogen-lean stratified charge combustion engine

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110346
Author(s):  
Sanguk Lee ◽  
Gyeonggon Kim ◽  
Choongsik Bae
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Ignition Timing ◽  
Particulate Emission ◽  
Stratified Charge ◽  
Lean Limit

Hydrogen can be used as a fuel for internal combustion engines to realize a carbon-neutral transport society. By extending the lean limit of spark ignition engines, their efficiency, and emission characteristics can be improved. In this study, stratified charge combustion (SCC) using monofueled hydrogen direct injection was used to extend the lean limit of a spark ignition engine. The injection and ignition timing were varied to examine their effect on the SCC characteristics. An engine experiment was performed in a spray-guided single-cylinder research engine, and the nitrogen oxide and particulate emissions were measured. Depending on the injection timing, two different types of combustion were characterized: mild and hard combustion. The advancement and retardation of the ignition timing resulted in a high and low combustion stability, respectively. The lubricant-based particulate emission was attributed to the in-cylinder temperature and area of the flame surface. Therefore, the results of the study suggest that the optimization of the hydrogen SCC based on the injection and ignition timing could contribute to a clean and efficient transport sector.

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