The Design of a Small Satellite for Earth Observation

1996 ◽  
Vol 210 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
S J Gardner ◽  
G G Swinerd ◽  
A K Ward
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Small Satellite ◽  
Satellite Design ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Available Technology ◽  
Selection Of

The concept of the Teaching Company Scheme Satellite (TuCSAT), has been developed to meet the requirements of the Earth observation user community for inexpensive and flexible opportunities to launch remote sensing instruments into low earth orbit (LEO). This paper describes the satellite design process, together with the philosophy behind the selection of a baseline mission. The satellite is shown to demonstrate the ability to meet a wide range of requirements within a strict low mass and low cost philosophy, while making use of currently available technology in order to achieve the design aims.

scholarly journals Evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere during Late Veneer accretion

2020 ◽  
Vol 499 (4) ◽  
pp. 5334-5362
Author(s):  
Catriona A Sinclair ◽  
Mark C Wyatt ◽  
Alessandro Morbidelli ◽  
David Nesvorný
Keyword(s):  
Terrestrial Planet ◽  
Hydrodynamic Simulations ◽  
Substantial Growth ◽  
Early Atmosphere ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Current Mass ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Late Veneer

ABSTRACT Recent advances in our understanding of the dynamical history of the Solar system have altered the inferred bombardment history of the Earth during accretion of the Late Veneer, after the Moon-forming impact. We investigate how the bombardment by planetesimals left-over from the terrestrial planet region after terrestrial planet formation, as well as asteroids and comets, affects the evolution of Earth’s early atmosphere. We develop a new statistical code of stochastic bombardment for atmosphere evolution, combining prescriptions for atmosphere loss and volatile delivery derived from hydrodynamic simulations and theory with results from dynamical modelling of realistic populations of impactors. We find that for an initially Earth-like atmosphere, impacts cause moderate atmospheric erosion with stochastic delivery of large asteroids, giving substantial growth (× 10) in a few ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of cases. The exact change in atmosphere mass is inherently stochastic and dependent on the dynamics of the left-over planetesimals. We also consider the dependence on unknowns including the impactor volatile content, finding that the atmosphere is typically completely stripped by especially dry left-over planetesimals ($\lt 0.02 ~ {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ volatiles). Remarkably, for a wide range of initial atmosphere masses and compositions, the atmosphere converges towards similar final masses and compositions, i.e. initially low-mass atmospheres grow, whereas massive atmospheres deplete. While the final properties are sensitive to the assumed impactor properties, the resulting atmosphere mass is close to that of current Earth. The exception to this is that a large initial atmosphere cannot be eroded to the current mass unless the atmosphere was initially primordial in composition.

scholarly journals Low-profile tunable radiator for small satellite application

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1397-1407
Author(s):  
Nevena Šaponjić ◽  
Tomislav Debogović ◽  
Frédéric Bongard ◽  
Pedro Robustillo-Bayon ◽  
Maria Carolina Vigano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Basic Element ◽  
Small Satellite ◽  
High Frequency Band ◽  
Small Satellites ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Vibration Tests

A tunable radiator for space application has been developed to meet stringent requirements in terms of electrical and environmental specifications but also low mass, simple manufacturing and low cost. The element is based on the folded planar inverted F-antenna, with size of one quarter of wavelength. It is mechanically tunable to adjust input impedance for any various positions on the satellite body and possible obstacles and protrusions. Results in terms of radiation pattern, S parameters, shock and vibration tests are presented. The antenna operates in ultra-high frequency band (400 MHz) in linear polarization. It has been designed to act as the basic element for miniaturized multi-function antenna systems on board of small satellites that can operate in three different radiating modes and in both left and right hand circular polarizations.

e-shape - A cloud-based contribution to Earth Observation

Impact ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (6) ◽  
pp. 6-8
Author(s):  
Thierry Ranchin
Keyword(s):  
Public Investment ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Chemical And Biological Systems

Earth Observation (EO) is the collecting, analysing and presentation of information related to the Earth to improve understanding of our planet. The data that is gathered is usually centered on physical, chemical and biological systems that help researchers identify and understand changes in the natural and manmade environment. Observing Earth from a vantage point in and around space - often through satellites - enables scientists to access a bird's eye view of the planet, providing a unique perspective on a wide range of subjects, such as extreme weather events and their effect on the environment. Improved observations have come together with the explosion of modelling and cloud computing, which helps make better, and more sustainable, decisions. As technological capabilities have increased, so too has the focus on EO. Countries around the world are developing means of observing the Earth in an attempt to reap the related rewards, such as improved understanding, but also the creation of jobs and the achievement of various goals highlighted within international organisations, such as the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. Indeed, the potential positive outcomes from sustained EO can hardly be overstated, as it permeates through into an extremely broad range of different areas that will touch and impact humans around the world either now or in the future. It is with this in mind that e-shape has been established. This is a flagship project of the European Commission that falls under the Horizon 2020 programme. It is a unique initiative that brings decades of public investment in EO and cloud capabilities together to form a range of services for decision-makers, members of the public, industry and researchers. With 55 partners from 17 countries, this project has far-reaching impacts.

scholarly journals Iluminasi Panel Surya pada Satelit Orbit Rendah Ekuatorial

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 480
Author(s):  
DESTI IKA SURYANTI ◽  
SRI RAMAYANTI ◽  
MOHAMMAD MUKHAYADI
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Triple Junction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Solar Panel ◽  
Satellite Orbits ◽  
Small Satellite ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Small Satellites ◽  
Satellite Design

ABSTRAKDesain satelit telah berkembang ke arah miniaturisasi untuk mengurangi biaya peluncuran. Satelit kecil menyediakan platform berbiaya rendah untuk misi luar angkasa. Salah satu permasalahan utama satelit kecil adalah terbatasnya ketersediaan daya. Karena ketersediaan daya diperlukan agar subsistem satelit dapat bekerja, maka pada proses desain satelit perlu dilakukan analisis dan estimasi ketersediaan daya selama satelit mengorbit dengan tetap mempertahankan kekompakan dan volume yang diberlakukan oleh standar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi iluminasi matahari pada panel surya dari berbagai alternatif desain penempatan sehingga diperoleh sebuah desain yang efisien. Iluminasi maksimum sebuah panel surya triple junction yang terpasang secara body mounted pada satelit kurang lebih sebesar 60%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, kombinasi pemasangan 3 body mounted panel surya dan 2 simple deploy panel surya menghasilkan persentase iluminasi dua kali lipat dibandingkan 5 body mounted panel surya.Kata kunci: panel surya triple junction, iluminasi, body mounted, simple deploy, daya ABSTRACTSatellite design has envolved towards miniaturization to reduce launch costs. Small satellites provide a low-cost platform for space missions. One of the main problems with small satellites is the limited availability of power. Because the availability of power is needed so that the satellite subsystem can work, the satellite design process needs to analyze and estimated power availability as long as the satellite orbits while maintaining the compactness and volume imposed by the standard. This study aims to determine the conditions of solar illumination on solar panels from various alternative design placements in order to obtain an efficient design. Maximum illumination of triple junction solar panel mounted on a small satellite is approximately 60%. Based on the results of this study, the combination of installing 3 body mounted solar panels and 2 simple deploy solar panels produced twice the illumination percentage compared to 5 body mounted solar panels.Keywords: solar panel triple junction, illumination, body mounted, simple deploy, power

scholarly journals Design, Implementation, and Operation of a Small Satellite Mission to Explore the Space Weather Effects in LEO

Aerospace ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isai Fajardo ◽  
Aleksander Lidtke ◽  
Sidi Bendoukha ◽  
Jesus Gonzalez-Llorente ◽  
Rafael Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Small Satellite ◽  
Satellite Mission ◽  
Particle Detectors ◽  
Small Satellites ◽  
Environment Effects ◽  
Institute Of Technology

Ten-Koh is a 23.5 kg, low-cost satellite developed to conduct space environment effects research in low-Earth orbit (LEO). Ten-Koh was developed primarily by students of the Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kyutech) and launched on 29 October 2018 on-board HII-A rocket F40, as a piggyback payload of JAXA’s Greenhouse gas Observing Satellite (GOSAT-2). The satellite carries a double Langmuir probe, CMOS-based particle detectors and a Liulin spectrometer as main payloads. This paper reviews the design of the mission, specifies the exact hardware used, and outlines the implementation and operation phases of the project. This work is intended as a reference that other aspiring satellite developers may use to increase their chances of success. Such a reference is expected to be particularly useful to other university teams, which will likely face the same challenges as the Ten-Koh team at Kyutech. Various on-orbit failures of the satellite are also discussed here in order to help avoid them in future small spacecraft. Applicability of small satellites to conduct space-weather research is also illustrated on the Ten-Koh example, which carried out simultaneous measurements with JAXA’s ARASE satellite.

A Travel Blog as a Space for Creation and Communication of Travel Models

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (0) ◽  
pp. 119-0 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Morozova
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Travel Blog ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to present the variety of travel models which are conveyed and promoted by amateur travel blogs. Methods. The research sample was constituted on the bases of selected Polish travel blogs which promote travel models. The basic criteria for the selection of these particular blogs was the representativeness and popularity among readers. The testing method was content analysis of selected blogs. Findings. The present study suggests a classification of travel blogs. The research hypothesis claiming that the authors of travel blogs publicize travel models was confirmed. Research and conclusions limitations. The study is focused only on amateur travel blogs which are written in Polish. During the process of research, the author focused on a range of topics of the posts as well as on the publication genres. The present study includes blogs about world travels, travelling with children as well asdogs and low-cost travels. Practical implications. The results of this study indicate a wide range of possible future research studies regarding travel blogs from different perspectives. Originality. This article attempts to establish the definition of a travel model and the main characteristics of a travel blogger which aspire to become a travelebrity. A classification of travel blogs using the 'travel model' key is also provided. Type of paper. The article presents the results of empirical research conducted by the author.

scholarly journals Design and fabrication of low-cost micromachining system for prototyping printed circuit boards

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhinesh S K ◽  
◽  
Senthil Kumar K L ◽  
Megalingam A ◽  
Gokulraj A P ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Circuit Boards ◽  
Printed Circuit ◽  
Milling Operation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complex Shapes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) have a portentous position in constructing modern electronic equipment. Currently, chemical etching is the process used to produce PCBs at huge volumes, which is not suitable for preparing prototypes. The working environment is also not an encouraging one. There is no economical way to manufacture PCBs in low volumes, which is the basic requirement for Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs). Prototyping the desired circuit boards, prior to the mass production, is essential to avoid major losses by producing faulty designs. Developing a low-cost machine for prototyping PCBs may overcome these drawbacks. Hence, in this work, a machine capable of performing PCB mechanical milling operation on wide range of materials like copper/epoxy boards and flexible substrates has been developed. The machine developed is capable of milling lines that are 0.3 mm in width and 0.46 mm in depth. The performance of the machine reveals that it can mill any complex shapes and designs with expected accuracy. Selection of hardware components according to the needs would reduce the cost and programming snag further, which makes it affordable to SMEs.

scholarly journals Nanosatellites applied to optical Earth observation: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Willy Nagel ◽  
Evlyn Márcia Leão de Moraes Novo ◽  
Milton Kampel
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Improve Image Quality ◽  
The Earth ◽  
High Resolution Imagery ◽  
Development Cycle ◽  
Short Development Cycle ◽  
Scientific Fields

Nanosatellites and CubeSats were first developed for educational purposes. However, their low cost and short development cycle made nanosatellite constellations an affordable option for observing the Earth by remote sensing, increasing the frequency of high-resolution imagery, which is fundamental for studying and monitoring dynamic processes. In this sense, although still incipient, nanosatellite applications and proposed Earth observation missions are steadily growing in number and scientific fields. There are several initiatives from universities, space agencies and private companies to launch new nanosatellite missions. These initiatives are actively investigating new technologies to improve image quality and studying ways to increase acquisition frequency through the launch of larger constellations. So far, the private sector is leading the development of new missions, with proposals ranging from 12 to more than one thousand nanosatellite constellations. Furthermore, new nanosatellite missions have been proposed to tackle specific applications, such as natural disasters, or to test improvements on nanosatellite spatial, temporal and radiometric resolution. The unprecedented combination of high spatial and temporal resolution from nanosatellite constellations associated with improvement efforts in sensor quality is promising and may represent a trend to replace the era of large satellites for smaller and cheaper nanosatellites. This article first reports on the development and new nanosatellite missions of space agencies, universities and private companies. Then a systematic review of published articles using the most successful private constellation (PlanetScope and Doves) is presented and the principal papers are discussed.

Study of accuracy and sensing volume of a wide range of established and low-cost soil water content probes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Campo-Bescós ◽  
Iban Iturria ◽  
Unai Gomez ◽  
Rafael Gimenez ◽  
Javier Casali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Electromagnetic Sensors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mean Square Errors ◽  
Risk Analysis And Management ◽  
Selection Of

<p>Continuous soil moisture content monitoring is key to understand the soil and water flow and transport processes and their impact on a wide range of environmental change and quality processes. Nowadays, there are a wide variety of electromagnetic sensors for estimating soil volumetric content. These include those from established manufacturers (>50€) and low-cost (<50€) amateur electronics enthusiasts with open-source projects. For each sensor, the manufacturer typically provides both a calibration function and an estimation of the sensing volume of the device. The objective of this work is to evaluate the performance –regarding the accuracy and effective sensing volume– of a wide variety of soil water sensors and to compare these results with those provided originally by the respective manufacturer. Twenty-five different electromagnetic sensors representative of the current best-known commercial (19) and the low-cost brands (6) were tested in the laboratory using 3 soils of contrasting texture. Benchmark values for comparison were obtained by the gravimetric method. The sensing volume for each probe was characterized by recording readings while the probes approached a water surface. The Root Mean Square Errors of the sensors ranged from 0.02 to 0.10 cm<sup>3</sup>/cm<sup>3</sup>, and the sensing volume of the different probes exhibited a large variability, ranging from 0.5 to 1500 cm<sup>3</sup>. Importantly, the probes evaluated in laboratory conditions showed different errors for each soil type. The loamy soil readings presented the smallest errors, followed by sandy and clayey soils. No statistically significant differences were found in measurement accuracy between low-cost and higher-priced probes. From the study of the sensing volume explored, with the exception of one case, it can be concluded that the low-cost probes generally explore a smaller volume than the established probes. The selection of the appropriate probe based on its sensing value could be important for different types of risk analysis and management applications.</p>

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