scholarly journals The Effects of Social Networks on Employment and Inequality

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoni Calvó-Armengol ◽  
Matthew O Jackson

We develop a model where agents obtain information about job opportunities through an explicitly modeled network of social contacts. We show that employment is positively correlated across time and agents. Moreover, unemployment exhibits duration dependence: the probability of obtaining a job decreases in the length of time that an agent has been unemployed. Finally, we examine inequality between two groups. If staying in the labor market is costly and one group starts with a worse employment status, then that group's drop-out rate will be higher and their employment prospects will be persistently below that of the other group.

Psihologija ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Slavec ◽  
Vasja Vehovar

Research into cognitive aspects of survey response has indicated unfamiliar terms as one of the psycholinguistic determinants of question comprehensibility problems. In this paper the estimates of wording familiarity based on text corpora for the English and Slovenian languages were used to detect potentially incomprehensible wordings in two web survey questionnaires for international exchange students at the University of Ljubljana, one for incoming (English) and the other for outgoing students (Slovenian). Two versions of the questionnaire were developed for each language, one with low-frequency (complex) and the other with high-frequency (improved) wordings, and compared in a split-ballot experiment. The results show a lower drop-out rate and a decreased subjective perception of difficulty for the improved language versions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmut Özer ◽  
Matjaz Perc

Countries invest in education systems in order to increase the quality of their human capital. In this context, it is seen that especially after the expansion of the higher education systems, countries try to increase higher education graduation rates in order to improve the quality of human resources in the labor market. The ultimate goal of these efforts is to facilitate the transitions from school-to-work, and to increase social welfare by meeting the human resources needs of the labor market. The facilitation of school-to-work transitions has a direct impact on youth unemployment. School-to-work transitions are influenced not only by the quality of education from primary to higher education but also by the dynamics of the labor market. Social network analysis can provide important insights into this dynamics, and in doing so reveal that there are indeed many factors that play a key role in determining who gets a job and why, including, first and foremost, social contacts. An analysis of job search channels reveals that partners, friends, and relatives are those social contacts that are most decisive for employment outcomes. Research reveals that employers use social-contact-based reference channels much more frequently than formal channels for recruitment. Thus, employers frequently use such reference channels in recruitment. It has also been shown that the use of social-contact channels reduces employers' costs of finding suitable employees and increases productivity since employees hired through these channels also stay longer in their firms. We here explore the full potential of social network analysis to better our understanding of school-to-work transitions, to reveal in no uncertain terms the importance of social contacts, and to show how these insights can be leveraged to level the labor market for all involved. An important take-home message is that the labor market dynamics is strongly affected by the Matthew effect, such that the inequalities and the gaps between opportunities only grow and widen as the underlying social networks evolve. It is therefore important to mitigate these effects well before school-to-work transitions come into play, namely during the education. In particular, we assert that minimizing the inequalities during education should effectively mitigate the uneven impact of social networks on school-to-work transitions.


Author(s):  
Lori Beaman

This chapter provides an overview of the role of social networks in the labor market. Both workers and firms report widespread use of social contacts in labor market search. The objective of the chapter is to survey various models for why firms and workers use social contacts, with a focus on empirical predictions. The main explanations explored include: search costs, imperfect information about worker productivity or match quality, and peer effects. The chapter then turns to summarizing the empirical evidence related to the existing theoretical predictions. The chapter concludes by highlighting holes in the existing literature and the need for additional empirical and theoretical work.


Revista Labor ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (18) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Rosângela Rocio Jarros Rodrigues

Ao longo da história da educação da mulher, as ocupações destinadas “naturalmente” a ela envolviam o cuidado com o outro, como de professora e de enfermeira. Antes desse tempo, a mulher nem tinha acesso à educação formal. Refletir sobre a ascensão da mulher à cargos de liderança faz com que busquemos a implicação da educação com esse processo histórico instituído há séculos. A inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho é uma necessidade de sobrevivência e manutenção individual e familiar, também uma das fontes de realização e emancipação feminina. Essa pesquisa objetiva analisar o discurso do enunciador-empregador acerca da ascensão da mulher em cargos de liderança em empresas privadas. O método é qualitativo e documental. O corpus é composto pela revista Exame, as melhores empresas para se trabalhar no Brasil de 2000-2016. A análise ancora-se nos pressupostos da Análise de Discurso de linha francesa. Os resultados parciais indicam que as mulheres ocupam somente 32% de cargos de liderança nas empresas privadas. O discurso ideológico hegemônico é da igualdade de oportunidades para ambos os gêneros, contudo, as mulheres têm a ascensão restringida. Conclui-se, a educação é o locus onde a transformação pode iniciar-se, ao promover situações simuladas que estimulem as meninas/mulheres a projetarem para si e para outras, oportunidades de trabalho que requeiram o exercício profissional da liderança.AbstractThroughout the history of women's education, occupations intended "naturally" her involved the care of the other, as a teacher and a nurse. Before that time, the woman didn't even have access to formal education. Reflect on the rise of women to leadership positions causes seek the implication of education with this historical process established for centuries. The inclusion of women in the labor market is a necessity of survival and maintain individual and family, also one of the sources of fulfillment and emancipation. This research aims to analyze the enunciator-employer speech about the rise of women in leadership positions in private companies. The method is qualitative and documentary. The corpus is composed by Exame Magazine, the best companies to work for in Brazil of 2000-2016. The analysis grounds in discourse analysis assumptions of French line. The partial results indicate that women occupy only 32% of leadership positions in private companies. The hegemonic ideological discourse is of equal opportunities for both genders, however, women have to rise. It is concluded, education is the locus where processing can begin, while promoting simulated situations that encourage girls/women designing for themselves and for others, job opportunities that require the professional exercise of leadership.


2018 ◽  
Vol 573 (8) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Wrótniak

Admission: The aim of the article was to determine whether activity on social networks can be related to the loneliness of young people. Methods: The research used a questionnaire of own questionnaire, containing questions with closed and open cafeteria and Polish adaptation De Jong Gierveld’s the scale of loneliness. There were examinated of 63% students in total, including 43 girls (68.3%) and 20 boys (31.7%), aged 12–13 (seventh grade). Results: The obtained results divided the studied youth into two groups. The first one were people who did not feel loneliness (69.8%), the second group (30.2%) – people experiencing loneliness to a significant and moderate degree. Differences in the compared groups occurred in relation to the amount of time spent on the portals during the day, the number of friends and the length of having an account on social networks. Conclusions: The obtained results show that young people pointing to satisfaction and satisfaction from social contacts (group A), declared at the same time activity on social networks over 2 hours a day. However, people who lacked contact with others, including lack of a friend (group B), declared using the portals for 1 hour a day. In the compared groups, there were also differences in the number of friends on the portals and in the length of the account. In the other analyzed areas, there were no differences in the compared groups.


2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Böckermann ◽  
Annika Gieselmann ◽  
Marjolijn Sorbi ◽  
Reinhard Pietrowsky
Keyword(s):  
Drop Out ◽  

Hintergrund: Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Entwicklung eines internetbasierten begleiteten Selbsthilfetrainings (Albtraumcoach) zur Bewältigung von Albträumen, das innerhalb zweier Pilotstudien auf seine Durchführbarkeit und Anwendbarkeit getestet wurde. Methoden: Innerhalb eines neunstufigen Modells wird die Entwicklung der Intervention beschrieben. Dabei wird neben der wissenschaftlichen Evidenz, die die Basis für die Intervention bildet, auf technische, ethische, datenschutzrechtliche und weitere spezifische Maßnahmen innerhalb der Interventionsentwicklung eingegangen. In zwei Pilotstudien evaluierten zudem 10 Personen mit schlechten Träumen in der Vergangenheit die Durchführbarkeit (Studie 1) und 12 Personen mit wiederkehrenden Albträumen die Anwendbarkeit sowie den Nutzen der Intervention (Studie 2). Abhängige Variablen waren die Qualität der einzelnen Sitzungen, die Zufriedenheit mit der Intervention sowie Albtraumfrequenz, Albtraumbelastung, Schlafqualität und Depressivität. Ergebnisse und Diskussion: Die Durchführbarkeit und Anwendbarkeit des Trainings wurden positiv beurteilt. Während die Drop-out-Rate verhältnismäßig hoch war, ergaben sich erste, zurückhaltend zu beurteilende, Hinweise für einen Nutzen der Intervention.


Author(s):  
Stephanie Kunz ◽  
Michael Schulz ◽  
Gabriele Syrbe ◽  
Martin Driessen

<B>Fragestellung:</B> Lässt die wissenschaftliche Datenlage positive Behandlungseffekte durch Ohrakupunktur in der Entzugsbehandlung von Alkohol- und Opiatabhängigen erwarten? </P><P> <B>Methodik:</B> Die im Rahmen der Recherche gefundenen Studien bezogen sich auf den Entzug von Alkohol (sechs) und von Kokain und Opiaten (acht). Die Studien wurden auf ihre methodische Qualität hin überprüft. </P><P> <B>Ergebnisse:</B> Es konnten 14 randomisierte kontrollierte Studien (RCT) zu Ohrakupunktur in der Behandlung von Alkohol- und Opiatabhängigkeit identifiziert werden. Dabei weisen die meisten Studien methodische Mängel auf. Ein Vergleich der Studien ist aufgrund unterschiedlicher Paradigmen kaum möglich, die Drop Out Rate liegt häufig über 20%. </P><P> <B>Schlussfolgerung:</B> Insgesamt reicht die verfügbare wissenschaftliche Datenlage nicht aus, um eine positive Wirkung der Akupunktur bei substanzbezogenen Störungen als gesichert anzunehmen.


2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 145-172
Author(s):  
Yair Galily ◽  
Orly Kayam ◽  
Michael Bar-Eli

Abstract Human resources are the most crucial element in the selection of suitable fitness instruction trainers (FIT) and the results of the screening process impact greatly on the entire physical training system in the Israeli army, both in the short-term and the long-term (potential officers, young officers and developing and veteran officers). The aim of the current study is to examine the effectiveness, validity and reliability of the screening process for acceptance to the female fitness instructors training course in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). The screening process aims to identify those that are most suitable from a large pool of candidates, in order to ensure the highest possible level of candidates and the lowest possible drop-out rate from the training course and subsequent army service. The paper examines the reliability of the classification exam currently administered in the course and its validity in predicting those candidates who will succeed in the course and in their assignments afterwards. The sample is based on a data analysis of nine screening dates over three years (three each year). The evaluation of validity is based on the relationship between the course entrance exam grades (administered a year before enlistment), exam grades at the beginning of the course and additional data relating to success in the field.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Nina Lindblom ◽  
Lars Lindquist ◽  
Jacob Westman ◽  
Mikael Åström ◽  
Roger Bullock ◽  
...  

Background: Accumulating data suggest infectious agents are involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The two primary aims of this trial were to assess safety and efficacy of an antiviral drug combination on AD progression. Objective: The trial evaluated whether Apovir, a combination of two antiviral agents, pleconaril (active on enteroviruses) and ribavirin (active on several viruses), could slow AD progression. Methods: Sixty-nine patients 60–85 years were treated with Apovir or placebo for 9 months and followed until 12 months after end of treatment. Cognitive tests, safety, biomarkers, drug plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations were assessed. Results: The tolerability of Apovir was compromised as demonstrated by the large drop-out rate and increased frequency and severity of adverse events. The primary endpoint, demonstrating a difference in change from baseline to 9 months between groups in ADAS-cog total score, was not met (p = 0.1809). However, there were observations indicating potential effects on both ADAS-cog and CDR-SB but these effects need to be verified. Also, there was a decrease in cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β in Apovir at 9 months (p = 0.0330) but no change in placebo. Conclusion: This was the first randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial exploring antiviral treatment on AD progression. The trial is considered inconclusive due to the large drop-out rate. New trials are needed to verify if the indications of effect observed can be confirmed and which component(s) in Apovir contributed to such effects. Pleconaril alone may be studied to improve the tolerability and to verify if enterovirus is involved in the disease process.


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