scholarly journals Was the Wealth of Nations Determined in 1000 BC?

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Comin ◽  
William Easterly ◽  
Erick Gong
Keyword(s):  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Technological Differences ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Wealth Of Nations ◽  
The Cost

We assemble a dataset on technology adoption in 1000 BC, 0 AD, and 1500 AD for the predecessors to today's nation states. Technological differences are surprisingly persistent over long periods of time. Our most interesting, strong, and robust results are for the association of 1500 AD technology with per capita income and technology adoption today. We also find robust and significant technological persistence from 1000 BC to 0 AD, and from 0 AD to 1500 AD. The evidence is consistent with a model where the cost of adopting new technologies declines sufficiently with the current level of adoption. (JEL N10, O33, O47)

scholarly journals Divergence, Big Time

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lant Pritchett
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Per Capita

Historical data are unnecessary to demonstrate that perhaps the basic fact of modern economic history is massive absolute divergence in per capita income across countries. A plausible lower bound on per capita income can be combined with estimates of its current level in the poorer countries to place an upper bound on long-run income growth. Between 1870 and 1990, the ratio of richest to poorest countries' income increased from roughly 9 to 1 to 45 to 1, the standard deviation of (natural log) per capita income doubled, and the average income gap between the richest and all other countries grew nearly tenfold from $1,286 to $12,000.

scholarly journals The approach to modeling the value of statistical life using average per capita income

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Stanislav Levytskyi ◽  
Oleksandr Gneushev ◽  
Vasyl Makhlinets
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Value Of Statistical Life ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Statistical Life ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

The problem of determining the value of statistical life in Ukraine in order to find ways to improve it is an urgent one now. The current level of value is analyzed, which is a direct consequence of the poor quality of life of a citizen, hence his low level. The description of the basic theoretical and methodological approaches to the estimation of the cost of human life is given. Based on the analysis, a number of hypotheses have been advanced about the use of statistical calculations to achieve the modeling objectives. Model calculations are based on the example of Zaporozhye Oblast statistics for 2018–2019. The article elaborates the approach to the estimation of the economic equivalent of the cost of living on the basis of demographic indicators and average per capita income, and also analyzes the possibilities of their application in the realities of the national economy. Using Statistica, the regression equation parameters were determined for statistical data of population distribution of Zaporizhzhia region by age groups for 2018. The calculation parameters were also found using the Excel office application, using the Solution Finder option to justify the quantitative range of metric values. It is proved that the proposed approach to modeling and calculations are simpler and more efficient than the calculation methods proposed earlier. The study concluded that the value of statistical life in Ukraine is significantly undervalued.

Understanding How Markets and State Action Shape Costs and Prices of Healthcare in Post-globalization India: A Study of High-end Imaging Services in Kerala

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-405
Author(s):  
John Varghese Thekkekara ◽  
Sundararaman Thiagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Mri Scan ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

Globalization has pressurized the developing nations to open their health sector for profit-driven private investors—both domestic and foreign. In a private sector dominant unregulated healthcare market like India, the service providers are free to determine the fee for services. In the present policy context of the role of central government shifting to strategic purchasing of services from the private sector (National Health Policy, 2017) and discussions on regulation of prices in private healthcare markets, an understanding of the cost of services and its relationship to prices is essential. Very few attempts have been made to estimate the cost of advanced diagnostic services; those done have most often used the traditional costing methods. Bottom-up micro-costing method which is considered as the gold standard in hospital costing is used in this study to estimate the cost of three services: CT scan, MRI scan and Cath-Lab in three districts of Kerala. A comparison with the per capita income of the population is also attempted to analyse the contextual differences in costs and prices. Using the bottom-up micro-costing method, the lowest estimated cost of service for a brain CT scan in Kerala is ₹667, for MRI scan of the brain is ₹1,177, for angiogram is ₹4,344 and for Angioplasty is ₹11,291. The costs of services are higher in locations of lower per capita income. However, the price for services is higher in locations of higher per capita income. The market prices appear to be driven by commercial interests that decide on what prices the market can bear, rather than on competition or costs of producing the services. The presence of public facilities offering the selected services at a certain fixed rate influences market prices by influencing private players to limit their prices at a level very close to the public co-players—but prices in public sector are itself significant—and could be exclusionary.

scholarly journals Influence of Regional Differences in the Cost of Living on National Income Inequality

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 814-827
Author(s):  
Alexandr Е. Surinov ◽  
Аrtur B. Luppov
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
National Income ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

Regional differences in the cost of living distort the estimates of monetary components of living standards and resource requirements, which are necessary for implementing measures to reduce income inequality as a cause of social injustice and unrest. Thus, we propose a methodology for calculating nominal household income using rouble purchasing power parity to assess its influence on national inequality. This approach measures inequality based on individual data on household income, disregarding the territorial differentiation of consumer prices. Then, the influence of regional price differences on the national income inequality was assessed by comparing Gini coefficients calculated for the same sample of households using two criteria: nominal per capita income and per capita income adjusted for purchasing power in various regions. The study revealed that the difference in nominal incomes is reduced by regional disparities in the cost of living. Simultaneously, the distribution of household incomes adjusted for regional purchasing power parities is more even. The research findings can be used to develop policy measures aimed at reducing regional welfare disparities and poverty.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

A Successful Population Policy: Potentials and Constraints (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Hans-Rimbert Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Per Capita

The current rapid population growth in many developing countries is the result of an historical process in the course of which mortality rates have fallen significantly but birthrates have remained constant or fallen only slightly. Whereas, in industrial countries, the drop in mortality rates, triggered by improvements in nutrition and progress in medicine and hygiene, was a reaction to economic development, which ensured that despite the concomitant growth in population no economic difficulties arose (the gross national product (GNP) grew faster than the population so that per capita income (PCI) continued to rise), the drop in mortality rates to be observed in developing countries over the last 60 years has been the result of exogenous influences: to a large degree the developing countries have imported the advances made in industrial countries in the fields of medicine and hygiene. Thus, the drop in mortality rates has not been the product of economic development; rather, it has occurred in isolation from it, thereby leading to a rise in population unaccompanied by economic growth. Growth in GNP has not kept pace with population growth: as a result, per capita income in many developing countries has stagnated or fallen. Mortality rates in developing countries are still higher than those in industrial countries, but the gap is closing appreciably. Ultimately, this gap is not due to differences in medical or hygienic know-how but to economic bottlenecks (e.g. malnutrition, access to health services)

Income-Based Poverty among Non-Farm Households in Rural Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-210
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Service Category ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Per Capita

This paper focuses upon the magnitude of income-based poverty among non-farm households in rural Punjab. Based on the primary survey, a sample of 440 rural non-farm households were taken from 44 sampled villages located in all 22 districts of Punjab.The poverty was estimated on the basis of income level. For measuring poverty, various methods/criteria (Expert Group Criteria, World Bank Method and State Per Capita Income Criterion) were used. On the basis of Expert Group Income criterion, overall, less than one-third of the persons of rural non-farm household categories are observed to be poor. On the basis, 40 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, around three-fourth of the persons of all rural non-farm household categories are falling underneath poverty line. Similarly, the occurrence of the poverty, on the basis of 50 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, showed that nearly four-fifths of the persons are considered to be poor. As per World Bank’s $ 1.90 per day, overall, less than one-fifth of rural non-farm household persons are poor. Slightly, less than one-fourth of the persons are belonging to self-employment category, while, slightly, less than one-tenth falling in-service category. On the basis of $ 3.10 per day criteria, overall, less than two-fifth persons of all rural non-farm household categories were living below the poverty line.

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