scholarly journals Quantitative assessment of variation in CBCT image technical parameters related to CBCT detector lateral-offset position

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 20190077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Machado Santaella ◽  
Pedro Luiz Rosalen ◽  
Polyane Mazucatto Queiroz ◽  
Francisco Haiter-Neto ◽  
Ann Wenzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Detector Position ◽  
Cbct Image ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Voxel Value ◽  
Lateral Offset

Objectives: To assess the effect of CBCT detector position (aligned/lateral-offset) on image technical parameters (mean voxel value - MVV, standard deviation of voxel value (SDVV) distribution), comparing peripheral regions of interest (ROIs) to the central ROI in CBCT volumes. Methods: 40 CBCT volumes of a wax phantom were acquired in six units with aligned and/or lateral-offset detectors: Cranex 3Dx (CRA), Ortophos SL (ORT), Picasso Trio (PIC), Promax 3D Mid (PRO), Scanora 3D (SCA), and X1. Four image-acquisition protocols used an aligned detector, and four a lateral-offset detector. In each volume, 13 ROIs (12 peripheral and 1 central) were evaluated. MVV and SDVV of the peripheral ROI were compared to those of the central ROI in the volume. MVVD (the difference in percentage, between the MVV of a peripheral and the central ROI) was calculated. Results: For aligned-detectors, MVV increased (ORT and PRO) or decreased (CRA and X1) in the ROIs farther from the centre. For lateral-offset detectors, ROIs farther from the centre showed increased MVV. SDVV for most aligned detectors was lower, the nearer the ROI was to the centre. For lateral-offset detectors, it was lower for the peripheral ROIs, except with PIC. Range for MVVD was −32.8% to 22.8% for units with aligned detectors, and −20.7% to 69.5% for lateral-offset detectors. Conclusion: Lateral-offset detectors to acquire CBCT images significantly change SDVV distribution within the field-of-view, and lead to MVVD with increased range, compared to aligned detectors. This must be taken in consideration in the clinic, if voxel-value dependent measurements are to be performed.

CBCT image artefacts generated by implants located inside the field of view or in the exomass

2021 ◽  
pp. 20210092
Author(s):  
Husniye Demirturk Kocasarac ◽  
Lisa J Koenig ◽  
Gulbahar Ustaoglu ◽  
Matheus Lima Oliveira ◽  
Deborah Queiroz Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Implant Position ◽  
Cbct Image ◽  
Metal Artefact ◽  
Image Artefacts ◽  
Artefact Reduction ◽  
Titanium Zirconium ◽  
Zirconia Implant

Objectives: To compare artefacts in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) arising from implants of different materials located either inside the field-of-view (FOV) or in the exomass, and to test different image-acquisition parameters to reduce them. Methods: CBCT scans of a human mandible prepared with either a titanium, titanium-zirconium, or zirconia implant were acquired with the Planmeca ProMax utilizing FOV sizes of 8 × 5 cm and 4 × 5 cm, which placed the implant inside the FOV (8 × 5 cm) or in the exomass (4 × 5 cm). The scanning parameters considered three conditions of metal artefact reduction (MAR), disabled, low, and high, and two kVp levels (80 and 90). The standard deviation (SD) of grey values of regions of interest was obtained. The effects of implant material, implant position, MAR condition, kVp level, and their interactions were evaluated by Analysis of Variance (α = 5%). Results: The zirconia implant produced the highest SD values (more heterogeneous grey values, corresponding to greater artefact expression), followed by titanium-zirconium, and titanium. In general, implants in the exomass produced images with higher SD values than implants inside the FOV. MAR was effective in decreasing SD values, especially from the zirconia implant, only when the implant was inside the FOV. Images with 80 kVp had higher SD values than those with 90 kVp, regardless of the other factors (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Implants in the exomass lead to greater artefact expression than when they are inside the FOV. Special attention should be paid to scanning parameters that reduce metal-related artefacts, such as MAR activation and increasing kVp. This is especially important with a zirconia implant inside the FOV.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Plans to Increase the Results of Ordinary National Education Test by All-Round Tutoring Process for Primary School Grade 6

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Nuttakan Pakprod ◽  
Kanokrat Jirasatjanukul ◽  
Damrong Tumthong ◽  
Prapa Amklad ◽  
Wipa Lekchom
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Target Group ◽  
Educational Testing ◽  
School Grade ◽  
National Education ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level ◽  
Basic Level

The objective of this research is to study the results of activities to increase the scores of Ordinary National Education Test. Cluster; teachers of Phetchaburi Rajabhat University comparing the results of Ordinary National Education Test in 2017-2018 and studying the satisfaction of the activities. The target group is 49 schools in Phetchaburi and Prachuap Khiri Khan Provinces, data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation. The study found that the difference of the scores of the Ordinary National Education Test was higher in 32 schools and there is a difference in scores of Ordinary National Education Test tests lower by 2 schools, representing 94.12, with the satisfaction of the participation in the activity of increasing the basic educational testing at the basic level is at a high level with an average of 4.22, standard deviations 0.73, which the participants are satisfied with the process. The process of organizing activities was at the highest with an average of 4.28, standard deviations 0.76 and continues organizing activities to increase the scores of Ordinary National Education Test.

scholarly journals The Sensitivity of Wellbeing to Inequalities in Local Wellbeing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Pascarn Ronald Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Important Addition ◽  
The Difference

<p>Research points to a robust negative relationship between average levels of subjective wellbeing and the distribution of subjective wellbeing. The fact that our wellbeing falls as wellbeing distributions widen suggests we care about inequalities in the lives of others. Central to this relationship is the role of place and human geography. The literature relating wellbeing to inequality in wellbeing is confined almost exclusively to inter-country comparisons. Virtually no attention has been paid to the relationship between wellbeing and inequality within countries - at the level of regions and below. The aim of this thesis is to test the generality of the inter-country evidence in the sub-national context.  I present four hypotheses which I test on three separate cross-sectional surveys: the New Zealand Quality of Life Survey, The New Zealand General Social Survey and the survey of Māori wellbeing, Te Kupenga. I follow the literature in using the standard deviation of wellbeing as a measure of wellbeing inequality. In each case the negative relationship between individual wellbeing and wellbeing inequality is clearly identifiable. The wellbeing effect of living in a place one standard deviation higher than another is roughly equivalent to the difference between the wellbeing of someone who is fully employed and someone who is unemployed and looking for work. Clearly we are highly sensitive to disparities in the subjective wellbeing of those around us.  I conduct several tests of the psychological drivers that lie behind the wellbeing response to local inequality in wellbeing. The first tests fairness perceptions, and finds sensitivity to wellbeing inequality to be higher among those who do not believe society is intrinsically fair. My test of altruism, while not as convincing empirically, suggests altruistic people may also be less affected by local wellbeing inequality. Both conclusions are consistent with the implied causation running from inequality to wellbeing.  While an important addition to the wellbeing literature, the more important implication of my findings is political. As the New Zealand Local Government Act comes up for renewal, the evidence I have assembled strongly supports providing local government with a clear purpose and the necessary funding to address the underlying causes of local inequalities in wellbeing. On empirical grounds alone, reducing wellbeing inequality is likely to make us all much happier.</p>

scholarly journals Study of outcome of the treatment with intravenous iron sucrose in moderately anaemic pregnant women

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 3480
Author(s):  
Kohila Kalimuthu ◽  
Vanusha Avudaithangam
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽  
Intravenous Iron ◽  
Iron Sucrose ◽  
P Value ◽  
Deficiency Anaemia ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Background: Moderate anaemia seen in about 15-20% of pregnant women. Iron sucrose complex which is used intravenously for the correction of Iron deficiency anaemia. The drug has been able to raise the haemoglobin to satisfactory level when used in moderately anaemic iron deficient pregnant women. The objective of this study was to study the improvement of Hb% after treatment with intravenous Iron sucrose complex in moderately anaemic pregnant women belonging to 24-32 weeks of gestational age.Methods: 50 antenatal patients between gestational age 24-32 weeks with hemoglobin between 8-9.5g/dl were selected and included in this study. They were subjected to blood hemoglobin estimation, hematocrit and peripheral smear study. In each infusion, the maximum total dose administered was 200 mg iron sucrose in 100 ml of normal saline, slow IV infused over 30 minutes. Monitoring was done throughout the infusion to observe for any side effects.Results: Mean hemoglobin among the 50 patients before starting the therapy was 8.172g/dl and the mean hemoglobin at the end of one month of completing the therapy was 11.066g/dl. The rise in mean hemoglobin i.e. the difference in the mean hemoglobin before and after treatment was 2.894g/dl. The p value is 0.0001 which is statistically significant. The mean hematocrit of the 50 patients studied before starting the treatment was 26.772% with a standard deviation of 1.914. The mean hematocrit after completing the therapy was 33.872% with a standard deviation of 1.321. The difference in the mean hematocrit was 7.100% with a p value of 0.0001 which is statistically significant.Conclusions: Intravenous iron sucrose complex is well tolerated and highly efficacious in improving hemoglobin, hematocrit in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in antenatal women.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Exercise Intradialisis Menggunakan Barbell dan Range of Motion (ROM) terhadap Adekuasi Hemodialisa pada Pasien Penyakit Ginjal Kronik

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-200
Author(s):  
Yestiani Norita Joni ◽  
Busjra M Nur ◽  
Fitrian Rayasari
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Design ◽  
P Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Keywords Hemodialysis

The purpose of this study is to know the effectiveness of intradialysis exercise using barbells and Range of Motion (ROM) on the adequacy of hemodialysis in patients with chronic kidney disease in the hemodialysis room of RSIJ Sukapura in 2018. The design of this study uses a design with non-probability pre and post test two groups without control design . The result of the difference in the effectiveness of the adequacy values between the two intervention groups after the intervention was given was the barbell intervention obtained 1,33 with a standard deviation of 0.485, an error standard of 0.114. Whereas in the ROM intervention group 1.67 the standard deviation was 0.485, the standard error was 0.114 and the p-value was 0.047 (> 0.05). Conclusion, there was no significant difference in the value of hemodialysis adequacy between the barbellROM intervention groups after the intervention.   Keywords: Hemodialysis Adequacy, Barbell, Exercise Effectiveness, Intradialysis, Range Of Motion (ROM)

scholarly journals Simulation method for determining traction power of ATN–PRT vehicle

Transport ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Kozłowski
Keyword(s):  
Aerodynamic Force ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Drive System ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Personal Rapid Transit ◽  
Motion Resistance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Traction Power

The construction of Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) vehicle made within the framework of Eco-Mobility project has been described in the present paper. Key features of the vehicles were identified – e.g. drive with three-phase linear motor with winding on the vehicle and fixed rotor in the road surface, contactless dynamic vehicle powering. Attention was paid to the difference in dynamic properties compared to rail vehicles, related to the lack of the so-called ‘centering mechanism’. A development of a nominal model for the analysis of vehicle drive properties was presented. Results of simulation studies were presented for a vehicle with running-drive system construction, planned for implementation in the city of Rzeszów (Poland). While discussing the problems of building a PRT system, there was a focus on the issue of determining power and traction of the vehicle. A methodology for determining the power and traction energy consumption of the vehicle was presented for assumed conditions of travel on road segments. Input values for the calculation of power are variables describing the curvature (or bends radii) of paths of movement between stops and the course of the current speed. Output values are total traction power or traction energy (where ‘traction’ refers to the power or mechanical work of drive forces). Three basic elements of traction power were isolated: the power of kinetic energy (for acceleration/delay of vehicle movement) basic (to offset the aerodynamic force of motion resistance at constant speed) and additional losses (to offset additional motion resistance forces operating in turns at constant speed). Due to the lack of vehicle prototypes with assumed structure, it was proposed that these components are determined via simulation. The presented results relate to the calculation of demand for power and energy for the planned test section. The scope of further work was indicated: determining the required traction characteristics of electric drive, selecting the best values for supercapacitor’s capacity in the drive system, determining the technical parameters of substation.

EVALUATION OF QUALITY OF POULTRY FEEDS SOLD IN KATSINA METROPOLIS, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 601-607
Author(s):  
A. U. Uduma ◽  
Joseph Akumah Ojogba ◽  
O. E. Okafor
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Poultry Feeds ◽  
Crude Fiber Content ◽  
Percent Moisture ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

In Katsina metropolitan, a variety of poultry feeds are available, and the quality and standards of these feeds are critical for the production of eggs and meat. As a result, the quality of selected chicken feeds sold in Katsina metropolitan was assessed by performing proximate analysis using AOAC methodology. Super starter, grower concentrate, broiler finisher, broiler starter, broiler super starter, layer mesh, grower mesh, and layer concentrate were among the samples used. The percentage mean to standard deviation was used to express the findings. The crude protein content of the diets studied ranged from 0.46 ± 0.00 percent to, 8.24± 0.02 percent, ash content 6.31± 0.01 percent – 33.30± 0.04 percent, crude fiber content 1.03 ±0.00 percent – 3.21± 0.00 percent, lipid content 0.11± 0.00 percent, 2.30 ±0.00 percent, moisture content 4.28 ±0.25 – 6.66 ±0.78 percent, and carbohydrate content 51.78± 2.68 – 83.72 ±0.57 percent. Although there was variation in the mean and standard deviation levels among the samples analyzed, such variations were not statistically significant (P>0.05) according to a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the difference in the mean levels of parameters evaluated in eight samples

scholarly journals National Physical Laboratory Radiocarbon Measurements IV

Radiocarbon ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 340-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Callow ◽  
M. J. Baker ◽  
Geraldine I. Hassall
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
National Physical Laboratory ◽  
Background Count ◽  
Best Value ◽  
Sample Count ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Absolute Age

The following list comprises measurements made since those reported in NPL III and is complete to the end of November 1965.Ages are relative to A.D. 1950 and are calculated using a half-life of 5568 yr. The measurements, corrected for fractionation (quoted δC13 values are relative to the P.D.B. standard), are referred to 0.950 times the activity of the NBS oxalic acid as contemporary reference standard. The quoted uncertainty is one standard deviation derived from a proper combination of the parameter variances as described in detail in NPL III. These variances are those of the standard and background measurements over a rolling twenty week period, of the sample δC14 and δC13 measurements and of the de Vries effect (assumed to add an additional uncertainty equivalent to a standard deviation of 80 yr). Any uncertainty in the half-life has been excluded so that relative C14 ages may be correctly compared. Absolute age assessments, however, should be made using the accepted best value for the half-life and the appropriate uncertainty then included. If the net sample count rate is less than 4 times the standard error of the difference between the sample and background count rates, a lower limit to the age is reported corresponding to a net sample count rate of 4 times the standard error of this difference.

Quantitative assessment to the impact of InSAR ionospheric and tropospheric corrections on source parameter modelling: application to the 4th nuclear test, North Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 224 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-99
Author(s):  
Meng Zhu ◽  
Qiming Zeng ◽  
Jian Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Focal Mechanism ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Nuclear Explosion ◽  
Nuclear Test ◽  
Focal Mechanism Solution ◽  
Atmospheric Effects ◽  
Underground Nuclear Explosion ◽  
Tropospheric Corrections ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARY Although many studies have revealed that the atmospheric effects of electromagnetic wave propagation (including ionospheric and tropospheric water vapour) have serious impacts on Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurement results, atmospheric corrections have not been thoroughly and comprehensively investigated in many well-known cases of InSAR focal mechanism solutions, which means there is no consensus on whether atmospheric effects will affect the InSAR focal mechanism solution. Moreover, there is a lack of quantitative assessment on how much the atmospheric effect affects the InSAR focal mechanism solution. In this paper, we emphasized that it was particularly important to assess the impact of InSAR ionospheric and tropospheric corrections on the underground nuclear explosion modelling quantitatively. Therefore, we investigated the 4th North Korea (NKT-4) underground nuclear test using ALOS-2 liters-band SAR images. Because the process of the underground nuclear explosion was similar to the volcanic magma source activity, we modelled the ground displacement using the Mogi model. Both the ionospheric and tropospheric phase delays in the interferograms were investigated. Furthermore, we studied how the ionosphere and troposphere phase delays could bias the estimation of Mogi source parameters. The following conclusions were drawn from our case study: the ionospheric delay correction effectively mitigated the long-scale phase ramp in the full-frame interferogram, the standard deviation decreased from 1.83 to 0.85 cm compared to the uncorrected interferogram. The uncorrected estimations of yield and depth were 8.44 kt and 370.33 m, respectively. Compared to the uncorrected estimations, the ionospheric correction increased the estimation of yield and depth to 9.43 kt and 385.48 m, while the tropospheric correction slightly raised them to 8.78 kt and 377.24 m. There were no obvious differences in the location estimations among the four interferograms. When both corrections were applied, the overall standard deviation was 1.16 cm, which was even larger than the ionospheric corrected interferogram. We reported the source characteristics of NKT-4 based on the modelling results derived from the ionospheric corrected interferogram. The preferred estimation of NKT-4 was a Mogi source located at 129°04′22.35‘E, 41°17′54.57″N buried at 385.48 m depth. The cavity radius caused by the underground explosion was 22.66 m. We reported the yield estimation to be 9.43 kt. This study showed that for large-scale natural deformation sources such as volcanoes and earthquakes, atmospheric corrections would be more significant, but even if the atmospheric signal did not have much complexity, the corrections should not be ignored.

Determination of Key Technical Parameters of Special Hydraulic Turbine for Cooling Tower

2011 ◽  
Vol 383-390 ◽  
pp. 1386-1390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Pin Li ◽  
Hai Peng Nan ◽  
Kai Chuang Duan
Keyword(s):  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Hydraulic Turbine ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Circulating Water ◽  
Power Turbine ◽  
In Series ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Save Energy

The author analyzed the working environment of special hydraulic turbine for cooling tower basing on the difference between the special turbine for cooling tower and the conventional power turbine. The former works in series pressure system and the water head determined by the pipeline resistance and the property of circulating water pump of cooling tower. It is the key to transform the cooling tower system successfully and save energy to build up a series special theories which include the specific speed of turbine for cooling tower, the type of turbine, the parameters selection, the design of the flow passage and runner of turbine by effectively transforming the conventional power turbine theory to the special turbine of cooling tower.

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