scholarly journals GROUND FAILURE DUE TO GYPSUM DISSOLUTION

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 1393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleftheria Poyiadji ◽  
Nikolaos Nikolaou ◽  
Petros Karmis
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Ground Failure ◽  
Gypsum Dissolution ◽  
Void Migration ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cementing Material

Gypsum in Hellas and Cyprus occurs in three different types: (a) bedded (mainly of Messinian age in Cyprus and Crete), (b) domes (mainly western Hellas and Crete), and (c) as bodies, fragments and cementing material in Triassic conglomerate formations (western Hellas). Ground failure caused by void migration to the surface, resulting from gypsum dissolution, is a common phenomenon in such areas, which are also found in other European countries (e.g., Italy, Spain, Switzerland, U.K., Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Turkey, Ukraine and Russia). In this paper three different case studies of ground failure are presented: Cyprus, Crete (Viannos) and Corfu. Engineering geological, stratigraphical, geophysical, hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical studies of these areas, revealed the direct relationship between surface runoff, and ground water circulation with the rate of gypsum dissolution, the subsequent development of karst hollows, and the associated ground failure in urban and suburban environments. Two main models were defined, according to different mechanisms of gypsum dissolution. The first model is associated with the erosion activity of surface runoff, the second with the dissolving capacity of ground water. Risks to the urban and suburban environments were assessed, and guidelines as well as mitigation measures were proposed.

ВОДНЫЙ РЕЖИМ ОРОШАЕМЫХ СОЛОНЦОВЫХ КОМПЛЕКСНЫХ ПОЧВ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЕГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery Yashin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Salt Flats

Представлены материалы исследований формирования режима влажности и динамики грунтовых вод орошаемых солонцовых комплексных почв при различных способах полива, проведенные в Волгоградском Заволжье. Установлена значительная неравномерность распределения влажности почвы при поливах дождеванием. Отмечается поверхностный сток по микрорельефу до 30% от поливной нормы, что приводит к недостаточности увлажнения корневой зоны на солонцах и переувлажнению почв в понижениях микрорельефа и потере оросительной воды на инфильтрационное питание грунтовых вод.The article presents the materials of research on the formation of the humidity regime and dynamics of ground water of irrigated saline complex soils under various irrigation methods, conducted in the Volgograd Zavolzhye. A significant unevenness in the distribution of soil moisture during irrigation with sprinkling has been established. There is a surface runoff on the microrelief of up to 30% of the irrigation norm, which leads to insufficient moisture of the root zone on the salt flats and waterlogging of the soil in the microrelief depressions and loss of irrigation water for infiltration feed of ground water.

scholarly journals Simulation of the Occurrence of Water Runoff in Soils Under Cultivation of Industrial Tomato Irrigated by Center Pivot

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Diogo. H. M. Moraes ◽  
José Alves Júnior ◽  
Marcio Mesquita ◽  
Adão. W. P. Evangelista ◽  
Derblai Casaroli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Numerical Technique ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Clayey Soils ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Center Pivot ◽  
Different Types

The tomato crop is almost totally irrigated. Among the irrigation methods utilized, mechanized sprinkling by center pivot stands out in tomato cultivation. A cultural treatment used in the tomato is the synchronization of the irrigations with the applications of the pesticides since with the leaf wetting the plants become unprotected and susceptible to diseases. In an attempt to reduce pesticide applications, growers seek to increase the time between irrigations, however, there are limitations, inherent to the soil and the irrigation system itself. The objective of this work was to simulate the soil water runoff tendency for irrigation management in the tomato crop, simulating three different types of soils (sandy, medium and clayey), three declines (0, 5 and 10%), and two types of deflectors (I-Wob and Spray). For this, four pivot sizes (25, 50, 75 and 100 ha) were defined and the methodology of maximum allowable precipitation estimated by the Newton-Raphson numerical technique was used to verify the different runoff conditions. The results showed that clayey soils are more susceptible when compared to medium and sandy soils, to surface runoff. Pivots of 100, 75 and 50 ha present greater susceptibility to runoff, with 25 ha being the best suitability for infiltration capacity in both soils. There is a percentage reduction of the maximum allowable rainfall of 40.74 % (±1.54) when the terrain is plan and pass to have 5% inclination and 22.99% (±1.47) between 5 and 10 %. I-Wob type deflectors have a better distribution of application, a consequently better relation with the maximum allowable precipitation intensity and less possibility of the surface runoff.

Inflorescence and floral ontogeny in Osteospermum ecklonis (Asteraceae)

Botany ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 605-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Dadpour ◽  
Somayeh Naghiloo ◽  
Gholamreza Gohari
Keyword(s):  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
Floral Apex ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ray Florets ◽  
Developmental Features

Development of the capitulum inflorescence with different types of florets in Asteraceae is an interesting issue in the field of plant evolution and development. In this study, ontogeny of the inflorescence and florets of Osteospermum ecklonis (DC.) Norl., an ornamental and evergreen subshrub, was investigated using epi-illumination light microscopy. The initiation and subsequent development of florets on the highly convex inflorescence apex occurred acropetally, except for the ray florets, which showed a lag in initiation. Organogenesis in disc florets started with unidirectional initiation of corolla lobes from the adaxial side and then proceeded by simultaneous appearance of five stamen and finally two median carpel primordia. Significant developmental features included the lack of pappus differentiation, formation of nonsyngenesious stamens, and formation of the ovule-less ovary. Ray florets showed significant differences from disc florets as reflected by the zygomorphic shape of floral apex and shift of floral merosithy from pentamery to tetramery. Also, expansion of corolla lobes to form the ligule and the formation of staminodia were observed. It is hypothesized that the actinomorphic pentamerous disc florets are most primitive among the family from which the tetramerous ray florets are derived. Accordingly, ray florets evolved from disc florets under long-term selective pressure and play a crucial role in enhancing reproductive success.

Turkey's Water Resources and Hydropower Potential

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayhan Demirbaş ◽  
Recep Bakiş
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Total Potential ◽  
Hydropower Potential ◽  
Different Types

The aim of this paper is to investigate water resources in Turkey. Annual rainfall varies from 220 mm to 2500 mm with an average of 643 mm, which means total volume of 501 km3 and average annual potential of surface water is 186 km3 and 95 km3 of this amount potential can be feasibly developed. Ground water reservoirs are estimated to be around 12 km3. As a result of construction of 700 dams, with different types, purposes and sizes, 140 km3 of water is being stored in the reservoirs. Total hydropower potential of Turkey is annually 433,000 GWh. Almost 50% of the total potential is technically exploitable, and 29% is (122,322 GWh/year) economically exploitable.

scholarly journals Physical resistance of the flexural joint in mortar Joints and clay blocks prisms

2022 ◽  
Vol 2163 (1) ◽  
pp. 012006
Author(s):  
N A fanador García ◽  
G Guerrero Gómez ◽  
C Nolasco Serna
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Automatic Machine ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Flexural Test ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Physical Resistance ◽  
Seismic Forces ◽  
Made In

Abstract In buildings, each component contributes to resisting seismic forces and an important part in this activity are the masonry walls composed of: fired clay solid brick of 120 mm width and horizontally perforated clay blocks of 100 mm and 150 mm width. The main focus of this research is to determine the flexural strength of the horizontally perforated clay block-mortar joint, using different types of mortar as established in the “Reglamento Colombiano de Construcion Sismo Resistente” for four suppliers used in the municipality of Ocaña, Colombia. A semi-automatic machine that takes into account the physics in the application of loads was designed to carry out the flexural test in mortar-block joints. The average flexural strength in mortar-block joints was determined for three types of mortar corresponding to 0.219 MPa, 0.232 MPa, and 0.291 MPa respectively, for the municipality of Ocaña, Colombia. This research established a direct relationship between the compressive strength of the mortar and the flexural strength of the 100 mm wide horizontally perforated clay mortar-block joint. A physical comparison was made in terms of the compressive strength of the prism and the flexural strength of the clay mortar-block joint with that obtained by other researchers in India and found quite similar results.

scholarly journals Gate 81:

IDEA JOURNAL ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-95
Author(s):  
Sally Stone
Keyword(s):  
Layered Structure ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
City Council ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
The People ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Embodied Meaning ◽  
Car Park ◽  
Bus Station ◽  
The Relationship

The discovery and recognition of the embodied meaning of a place can be interpreted through the existing building. The installation artist, the designer and the architect regard the building not as a blank canvas but as multi- layered structure, which they have the opportunity to activate. They have the opportunity to reflect upon the contingency, usefulness and emotional resonance of a particular place and use this knowledge to heighten the viewer’s perception of it. The relationship between the building and its wider location has often been seen as somewhat ambiguous and yet it is possible to describe some spaces as encapsulating, in miniature, the characteristic qualities or features of a much wider situation.The interior has an obvious and direct relationship with the building that it occupies, the people who use it, and also it can have a connection with the area in which it is located. Preston Bus Station is a marvellously brutal building. In 2012, the Preston City Council proposed its demolition and replacement with a surface car park; they refused to consider proposals for building re-use. This provocative act galvanised the various groups that were campaigning to save the building and proved to be the impetus for a number of different types of projects. Gate 81, a collaboration between architects, designers, academics and arts organisations, curated a series of events within the Bus Station with the intention of raising the profile of the building.This paper will discuss the nature of the building, document the Gate 81 projects and report upon this sanguine approach to conservation.

Decontamination and Decommissioning of the Uranium Mill and Processing Plant at Seelingstaedt, Germany

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Barnekov ◽  
Matthias Bauroth ◽  
Michael Paul
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Uranium Mining ◽  
Plant Succession ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Yellow Cake ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Eastern Germany ◽  
Stable Surface ◽  
Plant Site ◽  
Different Types

In Eastern Germany uranium mining lasted from 1946 till 1990 including a production of in total 220,000 t of uranium. The Seelingsta¨dt Uranium Mill and Processing Plant, located in Thuringia, Germany, was one of two large uranium mills owned by Wismut. The mill was erected by 1960 and covered an area of 93 ha. From 1961 till 1991 a total of about 110 million t of different types of uranium ores were milled and processed at the Seelingsta¨dt mill. The mill produced ca. 110,000 t of uranium (in yellow cake). Demolition of the buildings and industrial facilities of the Seelingsta¨dt mill and processing plant site are nearly completed. The site is being decommissioned with respect to after-use aiming at afforestation and grasslands allowing for a stable plant succession. Decommissioning includes excavation and relocation of contaminated materials, reshaping of the site and construction of ditches for granting a stable surface runoff as well construction of access and maintenance roads. About 85% of the demolition and relocation works have been completed till to date. Last decommissioning works shall be completed by 2015. The present paper presents experiences made and progress achieved till to date.

Designing Interaction between the Player and the Music

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-118
Author(s):  
Noah Kellman
Keyword(s):  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Interaction Types

There are many different ways in which a player might interact with your music: the player may have either an indirect relationship with the music (that is, the player’s actions do not directly lead to distinct musical consequences) or a direct relationship with the music (that is, the player’s actions and decisions do result in distinct musical consequences). These interactions might also happen diegetically or nondiegetically. It is important to determine early in the audio-planning process whether or not the player will share a direct relationship with the music. Different types of games require different types of interaction for the best gaming experience, and this chapter will cover various interaction types and how they can be applied.

Development of Small Businesses During Economic Crises

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
tulus tambunan
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Economic Crises ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Transmission Channels ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Data Collection Technique ◽  
The Impact

This is a descriptive study that aims to estimate the impact of three economic crises (i.e., the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis, the 2008/09 global financial crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic crisis) on small businesses in Indonesia and to explore their crisis mitigation measures (CMMs). It adopted an exploratory methodology with comprehensively reviewing the available literature (e.g., policy documents, research papers, and reports) on the subject being studied. The data collection technique applied was literature study. It shows that different types of crises have different transmission channels through which such crises affected small businesses. CMMs adopted by affected small businesses also vary by different types of crises and hence different business risks. To the best of author's knowledge, this is the first study that examines transmission channels through which such crises affected small businesses in Indonesia.

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