scholarly journals SUITABILITY OF THE KOZANI 'S AREA (NW MACEDONIA, GREECE) CARBONATE ROCKS FOR THE CEMENT INDUSTRY AND AS AGGREGATES IN CONSTRUCTIONS

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
C. Dagounaki ◽  
C. Sikalidis ◽  
A. Kassoli-Fournaraki ◽  
A. Tsirambides
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Carbonate Formations ◽  
Pelagonian Zone

The suitability of Kozani's broader area carbonate rocks for use in cement production and as aggregates, is studied in terms of their mineralogical, chemical and mechanical characteristics. The studied carbonate rocks belong to the Pelagonian zone and are represented mainly by pure limestones with subordinate dolomites and dolomitic limestones. Examination concerning their insoluble residue, organic matter and milling behavior, together with their mineralogical and chemical composition showed that all carbonate formations of Kozani's broader area, except the dolomitic ones, fulfill the requirements for use as raw material in the cement industry and all the carbonate formations meet the specifications for their use as aggregates in various constructions.

scholarly journals Geochemical And Mineralogical Assessment Of Secondary Gypsum In Al-Najaf, Iraq And Employment As Raw Material For Cement Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 215-222
Author(s):  
Mohanad R.A. Al-Owaidi ◽  
◽  
Mohammed L. Hussein ◽  
Ruaa Issa Muslim ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Portland Cement ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Mineralogical Study ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Industry Success

The Portland cement industry is one of the strategic industries in any country. The basis of an industry success is the availability of raw materials and, the low extraction in addition to transportation costs. The Bahr Al-Najaf region is abundant with limestone rocks but lacks primary gypsum. An investigation had been carried out to identify the source of secondary gypsum as an alternative to primary gypsum. Twelve boreholes were drilled for a depth of 2 m, as the thickness of suitable secondary gypsum layer ranges from 1 to 1.5 m. The mineralogical study revealed the predominance of gypsum followed by quartz and calcite, with an average of 62.9%, 19.6% and 14.35%, respectively. The geochemical analysis revealed that the content of SO3 is appropriate and ranging from 41.92% to 32.89% with an average of 37.73%. The SO3 content is within an acceptable range. The mean abundance of the major oxides of the study area may be arranged as SO3 > CaO> SiO2> MgO> Al2O> Fe2O3. The insoluble residue was at an acceptable rate. The laboratory experiments for milling secondary gypsum with clinker has successfully proven the production of Portland cement that matches the limits of the Iraqi Quality Standard (IQS) No. 5 of 1984. Great care must be taken when using secondary gypsum; secondary gypsum must be mixed well to maintain the chemical properties before blending with clinker and utilizing in the cement mill in the cement plant.

scholarly journals Metode Menentukan Klor dalam Sludge Oil: Perbandingan Metode Wet dan Metode Jena

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Herliati Rahman ◽  
Akhirudin Salasa
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chlorine Content ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
The Difference

Currently, the use of alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) in the cement industry is very attractive. This is driven by demands for environmental sustainability and the efficiency of fuel and raw material costs. One of the materials that can be used as AFR is sludge oil. However, it needs to be ensured that the chlorine content in the sludge oil does not exceed the threshold so that it does not have a negative impact during the cement production process. It is known that if the chlorine content is more than the threshold, it can cause blocking or clogging of the separator and the kiln. This study aims to determine the performance of the Jena Multi EA 4000 instrument in determining the chlorine content in sludge oil quickly and accurately. Analytic Jena Multi EA 4000 is an Atomic Absorption Spectrometers (AAS) instrument that can be used for analysis of samples in the form of solids or slurries containing chlorine. As validation of the resulting analysis, the wet method is used, which as usual, to determine chlorine levels. From the statistic analysis, namely the F-test and T-test, We found that F-count equal to 0.0080 and F-table equal to 4.2839. it shows that F-count < F-table, indicating the difference in the variance of the two methods H0: s12 = s22 is accepted because there is no difference to the variability of these two tests and the value of T-count = -3.9717 and T-table = 2.1788 so that T-count <T-table is accepted because there is no difference in the average accuracy of the two methods H0: M1 = M2.  

scholarly journals Industrial Assessment of the Carbonate Rocks of the Pila Spi Formation at Haibat Sultan Mountain, Iraqi Kurdistan Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
Varoujan K. Sissakian ◽  
Mohammed J. Hamawandy ◽  
Rahel K. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Constant Thickness ◽  
Dolomitic Limestone ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan

The Pila Spi Formation is one of the prominent formations forming continuous ridges in Kurdistan Region. The thickness of the formation ranges from 15 to 110 m, consisting of well-bedded limestone, dolomite, dolomitic limestone, and very rare marl beds. The study area is located about 15 km east of Koya town, next to the abandoned tunnel through a deeply cut valley which has exposed 50 m of the formation. However, the uppermost part of the exposed section may belong to one of the Oligocene formations of Kirkuk Group. The study area was selected within the Pila Spi Formation because the rocks of the same formation and along the same ridge, about 45 km west of the study area showed encouraging results for cement industry. The average CaO is about 51%, whereas the average MgO is 1.8%. Therefore, eight samples were collected at constant thickness from the exposed section. The samples were subjected to X-ray fluorescence (XRF) test to indicate the main oxides in the sampled section. The acquired results from the XRF tests showed that the chemical composition of the exposed rocks within the Pila Spi Formation is suitable for cement industry, also for paper and paint but needs some treatment. Accordingly, another eight samples were collected from the same section to increase the density of sampling, totaling to 16 samples.

scholarly journals SÍNTESE, CARACTERIZAÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO DE BIOCARVÃO PRODUZIDO A PARTIR DE RESÍDUO RUMINAL BOVINO DE FRIGORÍFICO PARA SUBSTITUIÇÃO PARCIAL DO CIMENTO EM CONCRETO

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Alexandre Teixeira de Souza ◽  
Maria Luiza Garcia Lopes Molina ◽  
Thaise Monique Iurrino
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Concrete Strength ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Concrete Mixtures ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Material Scarcity

Nowadays, the cement industry faces several challenges, such as: fossil fuels reservation exhaustion, raw material scarcity, growing demand for building materials, as well as crescent environmental concerns, like air pollution and climate changes. The cement production is directly related to CO₂ emission, one of the main greenhouse gases. Therefore, this search’s objective is to demonstrate the biochar as a potential additive to replace cement in concrete, improving hydration due to its internal healing andnucleation effects. The biochar was prepared by bovine ruminal residue pyrolysis for 1 and 2% replacement of concrete cement. Immediate analyzes were also carried out to get information about biochar’s composition. It was observed in the compressive strength tests, a considerable increase in concrete strength with biochar’s partial replacement. During pyrolysis, the carbon from biomass raw material is sequestered in the chemical structure of the biochar produced that would be released into the atmosphere through decomposition or degradation of biomass. Using material produced by waste to partially substitute cement is an economic and sustainable strategy to achieve green concrete mixtures.

MEASURING THE TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF CEMENT INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD ZAKARIA ◽  
YANG XIUYUN ◽  
SALIHA MUMSHAD
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Stochastic Frontier Analysis ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Macro Model ◽  
Positive Effect

Using stochastic frontier analysis, the paper measures the technical efficiency of cement industry of Pakistan. For this purpose, technical efficiency is calculated for 16 cement industries using panel data for the period 2000–2016. Two models are estimated to measure the technical efficiency of cement industry, i.e., the industrial model and the macro-model. In the former model, only industry related variables are used, while in the latter model macroeconomic variables are also used as input variables besides industrial variables. The results indicate that all industrial variables, i.e., capital, labor, raw material, repair and maintenance, energy inputs and advertisement have positive effect on production of cement industry measured by net sales. In macro-model, gross domestic product (GDP) growth and exchange rate have significant positive effect on production. It is found that one percent increase in economic growth will increase cement production by 0.061%. Similarly, one percent devaluation in exchange rate will bring 0.855% increase in cement production. The results show that there is 48.4% efficiency in cement industry of Pakistan, which indicates that cement industry in Pakistan is inefficient by 51.6%. It implies that there is a need to improve the efficiency of cement industry. Further, macroeconomic variables should be incorporated while examining the efficiency of cement industry in Pakistan.

scholarly journals PETROGRAPHIC AND GEOCHEMICAL RESEARCH OF THE CARBONATE ROCKS OF THE AREA OF VAFIOCHORI KILKIS

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Σ. Ηλιάδου ◽  
Α. Τσιραμπίδης ◽  
Α. Κασώλη-Φουρναράκη ◽  
Κ. Μιχαηλίδης
Keyword(s):  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Limited Participation ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All

According to the microscopic examination of thin sections, the examined carbonate rocks are classified in two categories: a. Typical marbles and b. Recrystallised limestones. Category b is distinguished in two sub-categories: Micrites (b1) and sparites (b2). Calcite is the predominant mineral in almost all samples, whereas only in one sample there is a considerable quantity of dolomite. From the unessential minerals quartz, plagioclastes, talc, muscovite and chlorite were identified in traces. It's concluded that nine samples are very pure carbonate rocks and consist of >96% CaC03. The sum of the admixtures, that is all the oxides except for CaO and CO2, ranges from 1,6 to 8,7%, from which the most important is the S1O2 (0,5-6,7%), mainly in the form of quartz and the MgO (0,3-3,6%). The increased participation of Ni2+, Co2+, Rb+ and Zn2 + in relation to the worldwide average, could be attributed to the presence of foreign admixtures which occur in the examined carbonate rocks. The limited participation of Sr2* could be attributed to the absence of feldspars from these carbonate rocks. The mean value of the insoluble residue is 3,1%. The mean value of the included organic matter is 0,3%. Testing the degree of the whiteness it comes out that only one sample is almost absolutely white. Two samples are in the spectrum of the orange color, whereas the hues of six samples are in the spectrum of orange-yellow color. According to the chemical composition of the samples it is concluded that:• The samples from all the formations can be used for aggregates, because with the suitable breaking they can reach the requisite size for every use.• The samples from all the formations can be suitable feedstock for soil conditioners, after suitable grinding, in order to take grain sizes <5 mm, because their content in MgO is < 5%.• The samples from all the formations are considered to be ideal as feedstock in the cement industry, as long as the concentration of fluorine in them is < 0,1%.• The examined formations can be partly used into other industrial sections. However, supplementary specialized tests are needed.

scholarly journals Suitability of the Carbonate Rocks of the Bekhme Formation for Cement Industry, Hareer Mountain, North Iraq, Kurdistan Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2C) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Varoujan K. Sissakian
Keyword(s):  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Sampling Interval ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
North Iraq ◽  
Lithological Composition ◽  
The University

The main lithological composition of different formations in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region is the carbonate rocks; some of those rocks are suitable for cement production; such as Qamchuqa Bekhme, Sinjar, Pila Spi and Anah formations. However, the six existing cement plants in are using limestone beds, five of those plants are using limestone from the Sinjar Formation, and one plant is using limestone from the Anah Formation. Recently, performed research works confirmed that the limestone beds within the Qamchuqa, Bekhme and Pila Spi formations are very suitable for cement production. The current research work deals with studying the exposed limestone beds within the Bekhme Formation at Hareer Mountain in the central part of IKR to check their suitability for the cement industry. Accordingly, we collected 12 rock samples from a section within the Bekhme Formation at an almost constant sampling interval (5 m); however, for two samples the sampling interval was 6 and 8 m (sample No. 2 and 12, respectively). Each sample represents a channel sample for the concerned sampling interval to be representative for the thickness of the sampled interval. The total thickness of the sampled section is 64 m with a covered interval of 30 m, totaling up to 94 m. The collected 12 samples were prepared at the laboratory of the University of Kurdistan Hewler and were subjected to XRF test at Mass Cement Plant (Sulaimaniyah) to check the concentration of certain oxides that are used in the Iraqi Standard for cement production. The acquired concentrations of the main oxides (CaO, MgO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, Na2O, K2O, SO3), and Cl and L.O.I. at each sample were changed to weighted averages and the results were compared with the Iraqi standards for cement industry. The result was the sampled rocks are excellent for cement production.

INFLUENCE OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIMESTONE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING WORKS IN QUARRY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Brašnjić ◽  
Dean Osmanović
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Block Model ◽  
Surface Mine ◽  
Mineral Raw Material ◽  
Industrial Mineral ◽  
Mining Works

There are only a few limestone mines in Bosnia and Herzegovina that provide the mineral raw material for industrial production. As a result, the experience in planning and designing such quarries is lesser than in designing the quarries for construction. Limestone from "Vijenac" deposit is an industrial mineral raw material, which is used for the production of soda (light, heavy and bicarbonate), cement, nitrogen fertilizer named "KAN", and is also used in construction and road construction. The use of limestone as a mineral raw material in industrial production requires more attention to the chemical composition of limestone than to the physical-mechanical characteristics. The paper presents a solution to this problem by creating a block of models of exploitation reserves of limestone, which enables foresight of the chemical composition of limestone, both in each floor partially and during the period of exploitation. The block model was created on the basis of the updated state of works, the projected contour of limestone surface mine and the exploration works' database. The block model uses the following: CaCO3, CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, bulk density, category of reserves and the purpose of the mineral raw material, i.e. for industry or construction. The block model analysis has determined that the northern part of the mine, from the floor E-612.5 to E-525 meters a.s.l., does not meet industrial requirements in terms of chemical composition of limestone. Therefore, limestone from this part of the surface mine will be used for construction purposes. These quantities of limestone are about 2.6x106 m3. Limestone from the southern part of the surface mine meets the industry requirements. Its quantities are about 8.47x106 m3.

scholarly journals Environmental Aspects of Resource-Saving Cement Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 803-815
Author(s):  
Olga Miryuk
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Fuel Costs ◽  
Mineral Additives

Abstract The article outlines the main problems that the cement industry causes to the environment. Authors propose technological solutions aimed at resource-saving in cement production and environmental protection. The research is devoted to low-energy cement obtained on the basis of waste from processing skarn-magnetite ores. The characteristics of the composition and properties of the technogenic material are given. The authors have justified the feasibility of using skarn-magnetite ore enrichment waste as a part of a cement raw material mixture. The possibility of changing the composition of cement by reducing the energy-intensive alite phase is demonstrated. Technological and heat engineering calculations confirming the reduction of natural mineral raw materials and fuel costs in the production of cement were carried out. The processes of hydration of the developed cements have been investigated. A method for accelerating the hardening of low-base cements due to mechanical activation, the introduction of mineral additives and a modifier is proposed. The research revealed construction and technological advantages of the developed cements, which exhibit increased resistance during operation in an aggressive environment. Physical and mechanical tests of concretes made of low-base cement were carried out. The possibility of reducing the temperature during the heat treatment of concrete is proved. Physical and mechanical tests of concretes made of low-base cement were carried out. The paper presents environmental benefits of the developed cement technology.

scholarly journals CARBONATE FORMATIONS OF KOZANI'S AREA (NW MACEDONIA, GREECE) AND SUITABILITY IN GLASS MANUFACTURE, ACID GAS REMOVAL AND METALLURGY

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Κ. Νταγκουνάκη ◽  
Α. Κασώλη-Φουρναράκη ◽  
Α. Τσιραμπίδης ◽  
Κ. Σικαλίδης
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Flat Glass ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Acid Gas ◽  
Technological Characteristics ◽  
Gas Removal ◽  
Glass Manufacture ◽  
Carbonate Formations ◽  
Pelagonian Zone

In this paper the suitability of Kozani's broader area carbonate formations for certain applications is studied based on their mineralogical, chemical and technological characteristics. The studied formations geotectoniccally belong to the Pelagonian zone and are represented mainly by pure limestones with few occurences of dolomites and dolomitic limestones. The studied samples represent: a) the Vermion section (formations Be and Bd), b) the Kozani section (formations Be and Bd), c) the Siatista section (formations S1 and S2) and d) the Vouhnos section (formations Bo1, Bo2 and Bo3). The insoluble residue, the organic matter, the whiteness and the mineralogical and chemical composition are studied in order to investigate the suitability of the studied carbonates for specific industrial applications. The results showed that the dolomitic formation of Vermion (Bd) is suitable for the manufacture of flat glass, while the limestone formations of Siatista (S2) and Vourinos (Bo1) as well as the dolomitic formation of Vermion (Bd) are suitable for the manufacture of container glass. The limestone formations of Siatista (S1, S2) and the dolomitic formations of Vermion (Bd) and Kozani (Kd) can be used as fluxes in the metallurgical blast furnace to produce a slag with the acid components of the ore, while the limestone formations of Siatista (S1, S2), Kozani (Kc) and Vourinos (Bo1, Bo2, Bo3) as well as the dolomitic formations of Vermion (Bd) and Kozani (Kd) are suitable for the sinter blasts. Finally, only the S2 limestone formation of Siatista can be used in the desulphurising of flue gas, as it fulfills the chemical specifications and the restrictions in whiteness.

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