scholarly journals Case Report: A rapidly growing cyst on the scalp

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 779
Author(s):  
Emma Short ◽  
Aisling O'Shea ◽  
Krishna Mukkanna ◽  
Girish Patel ◽  
Stefan Docjinov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Rare Tumour ◽  
Suspected Infection ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
History Of

Trichilemmal carcinoma is a rare tumour derived from the outer root sheath of hair follicles.  It can be difficult to distinguish both clinically and histologically from other skin lesions, particularly squamous cell carcinoma.  We present the case of a 62-year-old female with a 20-year history of three 1-cm cysts on her scalp.  Over a six-month period, a cyst overlying the occiput had become painful and grown in size.  The general practitioner and subsequently local emergency department suspected infection.  The lesion was incised, and the patient was treated with oral antibiotics.  At the time of surgical excision, the lesion measured 3 x 4 cm. Microscopic examination identified rounded dermal lobules of squamous epithelium with trichilemmal keratinization, in keeping with a pre-existing pilar cyst.  There were areas with nuclear pleomorphism, mitoses and an infiltrative architecture.  A diagnosis of trichilemmal carcinoma arising in a pilar cyst was made.  Trichilemmal carcinomas are considered to be a low-grade tumour, but they have the potential to spread to lymph nodes and to metastasise to distant sites in the body, therefore adequate excision and appropriate follow-up are required.

Proliferating trichilemmal tumour of the eyelid in a 7-year-old girl

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. e237476
Author(s):  
Avery Bryan ◽  
Susan Kurian ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Paige Bundrick
Keyword(s):  
Young Patients ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Hair Shaft ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Upper Eyelid ◽  
Rare Tumour ◽  
Tissue Invasion ◽  
First Case ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
The Right

Proliferating trichilemmal tumours (PTTs) are rare cutaneous adnexal tumours derived from the hair shaft outer root sheath. We are reporting the first case of PTT in a young child. In this case, a 7-year-old girl presented with trichilemmal keratinisation consistent with PTT. The patient was monitored with no signs of recurrence. PTT is a rare tumour occurring primarily in adults and we present this case so that young patients with PTT can be diagnosed and treated appropriately with a painless, mobile, rapidly growing mass on the right upper eyelid. CT imaging showed well-circumscribed, heterogenous mass measuring 1.6 cm with fluid-filled appearance and no tissue invasion. Surgical excision was performed and pathology revealed an unencapsulated, well-demarcated tumour.

scholarly journals A Rare Cutaneous Adnexal Tumor: Malignant Proliferating Trichilemmal Tumor

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omer Alici ◽  
Musa Kemal Keles ◽  
Alper Kurt
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Morphological Findings ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
Adnexal Tumor ◽  
Proliferating Trichilemmal Tumor ◽  
Malignant Proliferating Trichilemmal Tumor

Proliferating trichilemmal tumors (PTTs) are neoplasms derived from the outer root sheath of the hair follicle. These tumors, which commonly affect the scalp of elderly women, rarely demonstrate malignant transformation. Although invasion of the tumors into neighboring tissues and being accompanied with anaplasia and necrosis are accepted as findings of malignancy, histological features may not always be sufficient to identify these tumors. The clinical behavior of the tumor may be incompatible with its histological characteristics. Squamous-cell carcinoma should certainly be considered in differential diagnosis because of its similarity in morphological appearance with PTT. Immunostaining for CD34, P53, and Ki-67 is a useful adjuvant diagnostic method that can be used in differential diagnosis aside from morphological findings. In this study, we aimed to present the case of a 52-year-old female patient with clinicopathological features. We reported a low-grade malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumor in this patient and detected no relapse or metastasis in a 24-month period of follow-up.

scholarly journals Requirement of zinc transporter ZIP10 for epidermal development: Implication of the ZIP10–p63 axis in epithelial homeostasis

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (46) ◽  
pp. 12243-12248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bum-Ho Bin ◽  
Jinhyuk Bhin ◽  
Mikiro Takaishi ◽  
Koh-ei Toyoshima ◽  
Saeko Kawamata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Zinc Transporter ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Epithelial Homeostasis ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
Signaling Axis ◽  
Progenitor Cell Proliferation ◽  
Epidermal Development

Skin tissues, in particular the epidermis, are severely affected by zinc deficiency. However, the zinc-mediated mechanisms that maintain the cells that form the epidermis have not been established. Here, we report that the zinc transporter ZIP10 is highly expressed in the outer root sheath of hair follicles and plays critical roles in epidermal development. We found that ZIP10 marked epidermal progenitor cell subsets and that ablating Zip10 caused significant epidermal hypoplasia accompanied by down-regulation of the transactivation of p63, a master regulator of epidermal progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Both ZIP10 and p63 are significantly increased during epidermal development, in which ZIP10-mediated zinc influx promotes p63 transactivation. Collectively, these results indicate that ZIP10 plays important roles in epidermal development via, at least in part, the ZIP10–zinc–p63 signaling axis, thereby highlighting the physiological significance of zinc regulation in the maintenance of skin epidermis.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Rab27a and Rab27b Has Opposite Effects on the Regulation of Hair Cycle and Hair Growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5672
Author(s):  
Kyung-Eun Ku ◽  
Nahyun Choi ◽  
Jong-Hyuk Sung
Keyword(s):  
Hair Growth ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Dermal Papilla ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Hair Cycle ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Dermal Papilla Cells ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
Culture Models

Rab27a/b are known to play an important role in the transport of melanosomes, with their knockout causing silvery gray hair. However, the relationship between Rab27a/b and hair growth is not well known. To evaluate the role of Rab27a/b in hair cycle, we investigated the expression of Rab27a/b during hair cycling and human outer root sheath (hORS) cells. The expression of Rab27a in ORS cells was mainly detected at the anagen, whereas expression of Rab27b in ORS, and epidermal cells was strongly expressed at the telogen. Additionally, Rab27a/b were expressed in the Golgi of hORS cells. To evaluate the role of Rab27a/b in hair growth, telogen-to-anagen transition animal and vibrissae hair follicles (HFs) organ culture models were assayed using Rab27a/b siRNAs. The knockdown of Rab27a or Rab27b suppressed or promoted hair growth, respectively. These results were also confirmed in human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) and hORS cells, showing the opposite mitogenic effects. Moreover, Rab27b knockdown increased the expression levels of various growth factors in the hDPCs and hORS cells. Overall, the opposite temporal expression patterns during hair cycling and roles for hair growth of Rab27a/b suggested that Rab27a/b might regulate the hair cycle. Therefore, our study may provide a novel solution for the development of hair loss treatment by regulating Rab27a/b levels.

scholarly journals Integrin-linked kinase is required for epidermal and hair follicle morphogenesis

2007 ◽  
Vol 177 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Lorenz ◽  
Carsten Grashoff ◽  
Robert Torka ◽  
Takao Sakai ◽  
Lutz Langbein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Hair Shaft ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Membrane Dynamics ◽  
Epidermal Keratinocytes ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
Integrin Linked Kinase

Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) links integrins to the actin cytoskeleton and is believed to phosphorylate several target proteins. We report that a keratinocyte-restricted deletion of the ILK gene leads to epidermal defects and hair loss. ILK-deficient epidermal keratinocytes exhibited a pronounced integrin-mediated adhesion defect leading to epidermal detachment and blister formation, disruption of the epidermal–dermal basement membrane, and the translocation of proliferating, integrin-expressing keratinocytes to suprabasal epidermal cell layers. The mutant hair follicles were capable of producing hair shaft and inner root sheath cells and contained stem cells and generated proliferating progenitor cells, which were impaired in their downward migration and hence accumulated in the outer root sheath and failed to replenish the hair matrix. In vitro studies with primary ILK-deficient keratinocytes attributed the migration defect to a reduced migration velocity and an impaired stabilization of the leading-edge lamellipodia, which compromised directional and persistent migration. We conclude that ILK plays important roles for epidermis and hair follicle morphogenesis by modulating integrin-mediated adhesion, actin reorganization, and plasma membrane dynamics in keratinocytes.

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical Study of Cytokeratins in Hidradenitis Suppurativa (Acne Inversa)

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Kurokawa ◽  
S Nishijima ◽  
K Kusumoto ◽  
H Senzaki ◽  
N Shikata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hidradenitis Suppurativa ◽  
Type A ◽  
Sinus Tract ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Acne Inversa ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
Normal Hair ◽  
Type C ◽  
Keratinized Epithelium

In 14 cases of hidradenitis suppurativa, cytokeratin (CK) expression was studied immunohistochemically, using six anti-keratin antibodies against CK1, CK10, CK14, CK16, CK17 and CK19, respectively. The draining sinus tract epithelium of hidradenitis suppurativa lesions was divided into three components: infundibular-like keratinized epithelium (type A), non-infundibular keratinized epithelium (type B), and non-keratinized epithelium (type C). In type A samples, CK17 (which is found in normal infundibulum) was not detected, suggesting fragility of this epithelial type. Keratin expression in types B and C epithelia was similar to that observed in the outer root sheath in normal hair follicles. Our results suggest that the draining sinus epithelium may possess characteristics of fragility, undifferentiation and hyperproliferation, as shown with CK expression.

scholarly journals Abnormalities in the Ultrastructure of Melanocytes and the Outer Root Sheath of Clinically Normal Hair Follicles from Alopecia Areata Scalps

1995 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 12-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Cunliffe ◽  
Susan P.Macdonald Hull ◽  
Michael Nutbrown ◽  
Valerie A. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Alopecia Areata ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
Normal Hair

scholarly journals Altered Hypoxia-Induced and Heat Shock Protein Immunostaining in Secondary Hair Follicles Associated with Changes in Altitude and Temperature in Tibetan Cashmere Goats

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2798
Author(s):  
Yanyu He ◽  
Xiu Liu ◽  
Jie De ◽  
Saihong Kang ◽  
John S. Munday
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Hair Shaft ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Gansu Province ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
Cashmere Goats

This experiment compared secondary hair follicles (SFs) in Tibetan cashmere goats from two different steppes that were at different altitudes and had different temperatures. Twenty-four 2-year-old goats were studied. Twelve goats were from Rikaze in Tibet which is at an altitude of above 5000 m with an average temperature of 0 °C. The other 12 studied goats were from Huan County of Gansu Province which is around 2000 m above sea level with an average temperature of 9.2 °C. The structural features of SFs were assessed using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The presence of HIF-1a, HIF-2a, HIF-3a, HSP27, and HOXC13 proteins was studied using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Light and electron microscopy revealed that the SFs of the Tibetan cashmere goats that lived in the Rikaze Steppe were in the proanagen stage in May. However, the SFs of the goats from the lower warmer Huan County were in the anagen stage at the same time. Immunohistochemistry revealed intense immunostaining for HIF-1a protein in the inner root sheath (IRS) and hair shaft (HS); immunostaining against HIF-2a in the outer root sheath (ORS) and IRS; HIF-3a protein immunostaining in the ORS; HSP27 immunostaining in the ORS, IRS, and HS; and HOXC13 immunostaining in the ORS and HS. HIF-1a protein expression in the IRS and HS was higher than the expression in the ORS (p < 0.05) while the expression of HIF-2a protein was higher in the ORS and IRS than the HS (p < 0.05). The expression of HIF-3a protein was higher in the ORS than in the IRS (p < 0.05). Expression of HOXC13 protein was higher in the ORS than in the IRS and HS (p < 0.05). Immunostaining of HIF-1a, HIF-2a, and HSP27 protein was significantly higher in SFs from cashmere goats from Rikaze than in goats from Huan (p < 0.05). In contrast, HOX13 protein immunostaining was significantly higher in cashmere goats from Huan than from Rikaze (p < 0.05). Significant differences were observed in the SFs of cashmere goats from two locations that differ in altitude and temperature. This suggests the differences in the secondary hair follicles could be due to the hypoxia and lower temperatures experienced by the goats in Rikaze. These results are useful in understanding how altitude and temperature influence SF development. Hair produced by the SFs are used for down fiber. Therefore, understanding of the factors that influence SF development will allow the production and harvest of these valuable fibers to be maximized.

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