scholarly journals Recent Advances in Understanding, Diagnosing, and Treating Ovarian Cancer

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Mills ◽  
Katherine Fuh
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Gynecologic Cancer ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Improve Patient ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Ovarian cancer, a term that encompasses ovarian, fallopian, and peritoneal cancers, is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer mortality. To improve patient outcomes, the field is currently focused on defining the mechanisms of cancer formation and spread, early diagnosis and prevention, and developing novel therapeutic options. This review summarizes recent advances in these areas.

scholarly journals Novel Indications of Epigenetic Therapy in Ovarian Cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney Griffiths ◽  
Michelle Bilbao ◽  
Lauren Krill ◽  
Olga Ostrovsky
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Gynecologic Cancer ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Epigenetic Therapy ◽  
Intratumor Heterogeneity ◽  
Survival Outcomes ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Stage Disease

Early diagnosis and intervention are some of the longstanding challenges associated with ovarian cancer, which is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer mortality. While the majority of patients who present with advanced stage disease at time of diagnosis will initially respond to traditional combination platinum and taxane-based chemotherapy in conjunction with cytoreductive surgery, approximately 70% will ultimately recur due to chemoresistance within the first two years. Intratumor heterogeneity is proposed to be a leading factor in the development of chemoresistance and resultant poorer outcomes for those with recurrent or advanced stage disease. Both inherent and acquired mechanisms of chemoresistance are postulated to be a result of alterations in gene expression, also known as epigenetic modifications. Therefore, epigenetic therapy is a pivotal avenue which allows for reversal of chemoresistance in cancer through the targeting of aberrant mutations. In this chapter, we discuss how these epigenetic modifications prove to be promising targets in cancer therapy leading to heightened drug sensitivity and improved patient survival outcomes.

scholarly journals Recent advances in the understanding of Dupuytren’s disease

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Layton ◽  
Jagdeep Nanchahal
Keyword(s):  
Hand Function ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Dupuytren’S Disease ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Dupuytren's Disease ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Cellular Factors ◽  
Fibrotic Disorder ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Dupuytren’s disease (DD) is a common fibrotic disorder of the hand and can significantly impair hand function. Although the exact pathogenesis of this disorder remains to be elucidated, immunological, genetic and cellular factors likely interact. In this review, we summarise recent advances in the understanding of DD pathogenesis and look to the future for potential novel therapeutic targets. In addition, we discuss the therapeutic options in DD with a focus on the need for more rigorous evidence to allow a meaningful comparison of different treatment modalities.

Comprehensive genomic analysis of mucinous ovarian cancer reveals unique therapeutic vulnerabilities.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 5571-5571
Author(s):  
Dane Anthony Cheasley
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Pik3ca Mutation ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Progression Model ◽  
Mucinous Tumours ◽  
Erbb2 Amplification ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

5571 Background: Mucinous ovarian carcinoma (MOC) is a rare subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer that responds poorly to ovarian chemotherapies and has an unknown etiology. It is diagnostically challenging and can be confused with metastases from gastro-intestinal tract primaries. The GAMuT study is a multi-national effort to understand molecular drivers and cell of origin of this rare tumour, including identification of a genetic progression model and novel therapeutic options. Methods: We performed RNAseq (n = 67), exome sequencing (n = 61), SNP arrays (n = 67) and whole genome sequencing (n = 5) on MOC and precursor lesions. A subset of ~500 genes was further evaluated by targeted sequencing, including 129 MOC, 23 borderline mucinous tumours (non-invasive) and 23 extra-ovarian mucinous metastases. Immunohistochemistry data was collected for CK7, CK20, ER, PAX8, p53 and HER2 (n = 162-256). Extensive pathology review was performed and associated clinical data obtained. Results: Comparison with TCGA and other data sets showed that MOC are distinct from mucinous tumours from other organs, including colorectal, appendiceal and gastric cancers. Our data supports a clear genetic progression model from benign and borderline precursors to both low- and high-grade MOC. TP53 mutation, ERBB2 amplification and increasing copy number changes were key events associated with progression to invasive disease, including a novel amplicon on 9p13. Copy number aberration burden was significantly associated with poor survival. We identified several recurrent mutational events suggesting utility of an existing targeted therapy, including ERBB2 amplification (26%), ERBB3 mutation (4%) and BRAF mutation (9%). MOC could be included in clinical trials for novel agents targeting TP53 missense mutation (46%), RNF43 mutation (12%), PIK3CA mutation (8%) and KRAS/ NRAS mutations (66%). Other frequent events included CDKN2A inactivation (57%), ARID1A mutation (9%) and TP53 inactivating mutations (15%). Conclusions: MOC of any grade can derive from a primary ovarian tumour precursor, and is distinct from extra-ovarian metastases. MOC is genetically diverse and advanced disease should be assessed for targetable mutations which may provide novel therapeutic options.

scholarly journals An Unusual Case of a Pharyngeal Fistula to the Cervical Spine Causing Osteomyelitis

2021 ◽  
pp. 014556132110297
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Harris ◽  
Achintya D. Singh ◽  
Brian B. Burkey ◽  
Amit Bhatt ◽  
John J. Vargo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Total Laryngectomy ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Vertebral Osteomyelitis ◽  
Important Complication ◽  
Improve Patient

Significance Statement Pharyngeal fistulas to the cervical spine resulting in vertebral osteomyelitis are a rare, yet clinically important, complication of total laryngectomy performed in conjunction with chemoradiotherapy or radiation therapy. This complication is likely underdiagnosed and can have a high mortality rate. It is very important that clinicians are aware of this complication as early diagnosis and management may improve patient outcomes.

scholarly journals A case report of an incidental finding of congenital oesophageal diverticulum in a patient presenting with stridor

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raju Limbu ◽  
Sabrina Brar ◽  
Prince Modayil
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Paediatric Patient ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Incidental Finding ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Atypical Presentation ◽  
Chest Discomfort ◽  
Multidisciplinary Team Approach ◽  
Improve Patient

Abstract Congenital oesophageal diverticulum is incredibly rare and has not commonly been published in the literature. Oesophageal diverticulum can be asymptomatic; however, symptoms such as dysphagia, regurgitation and chest discomfort may be present. We describe the case of a paediatric patient presenting with biphasic stridor, respiratory distress and cyanosis at birth, who was found to have a supraglottic cyst and later the presence of an oesophageal diverticulum shown on ultrasound imaging. There has been one other case reported in the literature of an oesophageal diverticulum presenting with stridor, and we therefore believe this is one of only two cases to illustrate this atypical presentation of congenital oesophageal diverticulum. It highlights the importance of a meticulous multidisciplinary team approach to patient care, as well as conducting appropriate investigations to aid early diagnosis to improve patient outcomes.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Targeting of Ovarian Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Yegane Mirahmadi ◽  
Reza Nabavi ◽  
Fourough Taheri ◽  
Mohammad Mahdi Samadian ◽  
Zari Naderi Ghale-Noie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Gynecologic Cancer ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Human Cancers ◽  
Mrna Targets ◽  
Interesting Approach ◽  
New Biomarkers

Ovarian cancer is the major cause of gynecologic cancer-related mortality. Regardless of outstanding advances, which have been made for improving the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of ovarian cancer, the majority of the patients will die of the disease. Late-stage diagnosis and the occurrence of recurrent cancer after treatment are the most important causes of the high mortality rate observed in ovarian cancer patients. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer may help find new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression, mostly at the posttranscriptional stage, through binding to mRNA targets and inducing translational repression or degradation of target via the RNA-induced silencing complex. Over the last two decades, the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of various human cancers, including ovarian cancer, has been documented in multiple studies. Consequently, these small RNAs could be considered as reliable markers for prognosis and early diagnosis. Furthermore, given the function of miRNAs in various cellular pathways, including cell survival and differentiation, targeting miRNAs could be an interesting approach for the treatment of human cancers. Here, we review our current understanding of the most updated role of the important dysregulation of miRNAs and their roles in the progression and metastasis of ovarian cancer. Furthermore, we meticulously discuss the significance of miRNAs as prognostic and diagnostic markers. Lastly, we mention the opportunities and the efforts made for targeting ovarian cancer through inhibition and/or stimulation of the miRNAs.

scholarly journals Liquid biopsy in ovarian cancer: recent advances in circulating extracellular vesicle detection for early diagnosis and monitoring progression

Theranostics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 4130-4140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Chang ◽  
Jie Ni ◽  
Ying Zhu ◽  
Bairen Pang ◽  
Peter Graham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Liquid Biopsy ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Recent Advances

scholarly journals Evaluation of the ventriculocholecystic shunt—an overview of present practice in adult and pediatric hydrocephalus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cezar Octavian Morosanu ◽  
Adelina Priscu ◽  
Ioan Stefan Florian
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Pediatric Hydrocephalus ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion ◽  
Main Target ◽  
The Status ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Improve Patient

AbstractIn the context of hydrocephalus, there are a multitude of therapeutic options that can be explored in order to improve patient outcomes. Although the peritoneum is the current elected clinical solution, various receptacles have been utilized when experiencing contraindications. Along with the ventriculoatrial or ventriculopleural, the ventriculocholecystic shunt was also described as an alternative. In order to make a decision on a place for drainage, the surgeon must be knowledgeable on details from modern literature. The main target of this review was to summarize the currently available information on this topic and assess the status of the gallbladder as a viable option for cerebrospinal fluid diversion.

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