scholarly journals Funktsionaalsemantiline väli kui modaaltähenduste liigitamise ja keelte võrdlemise alus

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-47
Author(s):  
Pille Eslon
Keyword(s):  
Object Classification ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Systematic Description ◽  
Semantic Hierarchy ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Value Judgement

Kokkuvõte. Funktsionaalsemantiline väli on objektide klassifitseerimise ja võrdlemise universaalne vahend, mida saab kasutada nii ühe keele piires kui ka tüpoloogilises plaanis. Et välja konstrueerimise aluseks on loomulikud mõisteseosed, mitte grammati lised kategooriad ja lausesüntaks, siis sobib väli liigituste loomiseks, sh artiklis kirjel datud modaaltähenduste semantiline hierarhia, võimaldades täpsustada ja seletada ka mõningaid traditsioonilise keelekäsitluse raskuspunkte, näiteks tõeväärtushinnangu ambivalentsust. Modaalsuse välja konstrueerimiseks olen valinud tautoloogiliste ehk suletud ringide meetodi (ld idem per idem) ja semantilised hierarhiad. Semantilistes määrangutes võimaldab tähenduskomponentide lähedus-kaugus kombata leksikaalsemantilis(t)e rühma(de) piire, konstrueerida leksikaalsemantilisi mikrovälju ning neid omavahel siduda. Mõisteseoste üldistamisel olen modaalsuse funktsionaalsemantilise välja puhul kasutanud dialektilise loogika seadusi, mis aitavad leida objekti olulisi tunnuseid. Paigutatuna süntagmaatilisele ja paradigmaatilisele teljele, saab tunnuste ristumisest struktuur, mis on sobiv modaalliigituste loomiseks ja objekti süsteemseks kirjeldamiseks. Artiklis toon näiteid, mille põhjal saab järeldada, et ühe või teise modaaltähenduse väljendamisel on vene ja eesti keeles kasutusel lekseemide, vormide ning süntaktiliste struktuuride kindlad kooskasutusmallid, mille leksikaalsemantiline ja morfosüntaktiline varieerumine on piiratud. Keeliti esineb siin osalist või täielikku lahknevust, analoogiat ja kokkulangevusi.Abstract. Pille Eslon: The functional-semantic field as the basis for classifying modal meanings and comparing languages. The functionalsemantic field is a universal means for object classification and comparison that can be used both within a single language and typologically. Because the field is constructed using natural links between concepts, and not grammatical categories or sentence syntax, it lends itself to establishing classifications, including a semantic hierarchy of modal meanings discussed in the article. It allows us to clarify and elaborate on certain complexities of the construct of language, e.g. the ambivalence of the value judgement of truth. In order to establish and describe the links between concepts within a functional-semantic field, current research has resorted to lexicographical sources, corpuses and grammars of the Estonian and Russian languages. For the construction of the field of modality, the method of tautologic or closed circles (in Latin: idem per idem) was used. The proximity or distance of the components of meaning allows for the description of the bounds of lexicosemantic groups, for construction of lexicosemantic micro-fields and for their integration. Generalisation of conceptual links is based on the laws of dialectic logic that helps to identify the significant features of the object. Placed on syntagmatic and paradigmatic axes, intersection of such features produces a structure that is suitable for creating modal classifications and for a systematic description of the object. The article highlights the fact that while expressing modal meaning, the Estonian and Russian languages make use of particular adjaceny patterns of lexemes, structures and syntactic structures that have limited lexicosemantic and morphosyntactic variability.Keywords: functional-semantic field; modality; Russian; Estonian

Sinclair, pattern grammar and the question of hatred

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Teubert
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Dependency Grammar ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Local Grammar

The view of pattern grammar is that syntactic structures and lexical items are co-selected and that grammatical categories begin to align very closely with semantic distinctions. While this is certainly a valid position when analysing the phenomenon of collocation, it does not really solve the problem for open choice issues. Not all language use can be subsumed under the idiom principle. The noun hatred, for instance, can co-occur with any discourse object for which hatred can be expressed. It can also co-occur with other lexical items standing for various circumstantial aspects. The grammatical structure itself often does not tell us whether we find expressed the object of hatred or some circumstantial aspect, as these structures tend to have more than one reading. Lexicogrammar, or local grammar, is more than equating a syntactic structure with a semantic pattern. We have to be aware of the different functions or readings a given grammatical structure can have. The framework of valency/dependency grammar can help us to make the necessary distinctions.

Cherchez Les Valences

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 145-157
Author(s):  
Wim Honselaar
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
East European ◽  
Systematic Description ◽  
Russian Verb ◽  
Specific Meaning ◽  
Definition Of

One of the aims of every linguistic theory is to provide an exact and systematic description of the meaning of any sentence. The notion of "valence" is widely used in West- and East-European linguistics (Tesnière, Helbig/Schenkel, Apresjan, Mel'cuk, etc.) in order to account for the connection between syntactic structures and word meanings. So, in John saw the children it is due to the inherent valences of SEE that John is under-stood as 'seeing' and the children as 'seen': the referents of these two sentence elements carry specific meaning aspects of the verb. They only function in this way if they meet the formal characteristics set by the verb. In this paper I furnish a definition of "valence" and a corresponding discovery procedure. This procedure yields an explicit set of valences of any particular word. Valences are considered aspects of the meaning of a (set of) word(s) X, carried by the referent of a (set of) word(s) Y; as a corrolary, the meaning of this Y cannot be completely understood without taking into account the functioning of its referent as the carrier of the valence meaning. The discovery procedure does not assign a specific valence meaning to a verb if the functioning of the corresponding sentence element can be (completely) accounted for on the grounds of its own form. To illustrate this point, a valence labelled "price" which is claimed by Apresjan for the Russian verb ARENDOVAT' (='to lease'), would be rejected by the procedure because the corresponding sentence element has a form and a meaning which are not in function of its being dependent to ARENDOVAT', but would have the same form and meaning in other contexts. An analysis of the syntax and semantics of the Dutch verb WACHTEN (='to wait') illustrates the procedure. A short contrastive analysis of Russian and Dutch 'wait' shows some interesting differences in their comparable valences and in the syntactic peculiarities of adjuncts to these verbs.

scholarly journals Nouns of Religion Semantic Field with Suffix -stv/о/ in the Russian of 18th Century (Examplified by Lexicographic Works of the Civil Press)

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-74
Author(s):  
Sergey Feliksov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Russian Language

The article deals with the history of religious style formation in the Russian language. The research considers nouns of religion semantic field with a suffix -stv/о/, recorded in the 18 th century Russian lexicographic works of civil press, which provide detailed representationof confessional vocabulary – The Church Dictionaryby archpriest Peter Alekseev (1773–1794), The Short Slavic Dictionary by abbot Evgeny (Romanov) (1784) and The Dictionary of the Russian Academy (1789–1794). The paper features peculiarities in word-formation and semantic structure of nouns with a suffix -stv/о/ belonging to religion semantic field.Their lexical and grammatical categories as well as thematic groups are described.The neologisms that appeared in the 18 th century within these groups are revealed. Active development of word-formation models, arising in Russian in that period, has contributed to emerging word-formation patternsfor the nouns of religion semantic field with a suffix -stv/о/, which have been established and analyzed. It is shown that despite the notable competition caused by existence of synonymous derivatives, nouns of religion semantic field with a suffix -stv/о/ have sufficient representation in the dictionary system of the Russian language of the 18 th century, forming a special layer of confessional vocabulary. It should be noted, that the abovementioned word class, as well as Russian religious style as a whole, was going through the process of active formationin the 18 th century.

scholarly journals Syntactic Markedness as a Stylistic Feature in the Great Gatsby

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Longxing Wei
Keyword(s):  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Story Line ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Stylistic Feature ◽  
Great Gatsby ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
The Great Gatsby ◽  
Do So

<em>This study investigates the linguistic code choices of Francis Stott Fitzgerald for one of his masterpieces: The Great Gatsby. It hypothesizes that as a linguistic virtuoso, Fitzgerald exploits marked linguistic choices to convey his intentional meaning throughout the novel. “Marked” linguistic choices are defined as departures from the expected or the norm to negotiate a change during a discourse. This study assumes that the writer who is a linguistic virtuoso will “mark” the crucial passages (i.e., the passages which carry the author’s most important messages) by using marked syntactic structures and certain grammatical categories to set them off from the rest of the work. The study aims to find whether Fitzgerald marks the crucial narrative passages in The Great Gatsby by using particular syntactic structures which are demonstratively different from the typical narrative passages in the novel as a whole. To do so, it analyzes five passages which are crucial in carrying the “authorial message”, and these passages differ syntactically from five matched passages which largely function only to carry the story line forward. The stylistic analysis rests on a frequency count of the major components of the phrase structure and the most important grammatical categories in the paired paragraphs. Based on the analytical results, this study reaches the conclusion that the syntactic markedness stands out as a stylistic feature in The Great Gatsby, and such a stylistic feature can only become salient beyond surface-level considerations of phrase structure and grammatical categories in any stylistic analysis of literary works.</em>

scholarly journals O Kakekotobanos poemas clássicos japoneses: analise da morfossintaxe e do campo semântico

1969 ◽  
pp. 143-160
Author(s):  
Olivia Yumi Nakaema
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Field ◽  
Syntactic Structures

Since kakekotoba uses homophony，this device opérâtes in différent syntactic structures, creating overlaps and complexity in the text. From the analysis of morphosyntax and semantic field of this device, it is possible to understand its function. Using the concepts of isotopy and connector of isotopies by French Semiotics，kakekotoba can be understood as a connector that links the isotopy of human and the isotopy of nature.

scholarly journals Insights into Lexico-Semantic Fields of Romanian Editorial-Polygraphic Terms

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Svetlana Calaraş ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Field ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Semantic Fields ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Lexical Field ◽  
Structural Semantics ◽  
Constituent Elements

Due to the dynamic nature of the vocabulary, we can argue that any lexico-semantic field can be unlimited, has no rigid boundaries, which leads to difficulties in establishing semantic relationships between the constituent units of a semantic field, and the second problem arising from this phenomenon would be the establishment of the inventory of a semantic field. Thus, the system that is the objective of our research consists of the units of "inventory" (terms) and the relationships between its constituent elements, and the fluctuation of the boundaries of a semantic field that leads to difficulties in the limiting it and in the rigorous composition of the inventory semantically. Not all words in the vocabulary can be grouped into lexico-semantic fields, only those that are organized and stable. A semantic field also corresponds to a certain grammatical category - gender, number, time, aspect, mode, etc., and the oppositions between the members of a lexical-semantic field correspond to the oppositions of their grammatical categories. Therefore, in order to practically approach the structuring of a lexico-semantic field, a theoretical and methodological incursion in structural semantics is absolutely necessary. We consider that the reflections regarding the concept of lexical field are absolutely fundamental in order to be able to try to structure such linguistic fields in a certain field, in our case - in the editorial-polygraphic field.

Acquiring Syntactic Structures

1984 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 551-551
Author(s):  
Rosemary J. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structures
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