Wearing ability of soils and its effect on the durability of the working bodies of tillage machines

10.12737/1774 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Поздняков ◽  
Evgeniy Pozdnyakov
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Working Bodies ◽  
Main Factor

Wearing the soil´s capacity is the main factor affecting the durability of parts and compo-nents of tillage machines and the life of the machinery and tools in general. The article shows the influence of the different soil types on the degree of wear of the working bodies and it was found that the wear rate depends on the texture, moisture content, density and uniformity of the soil, the speed and shape of working bodies, the properties of the materials of which they are made. An analysis of the nature of plowshares wear, ripping tines, disc of harrows, seeders openers and knives of cutters was done.

scholarly journals Study on the Moisture Absorption and Thermal Properties of Hygroscopic Exothermic Fibers and Related Interactions with Water Molecules

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Cui ◽  
Shuyi Gao ◽  
Ruiyun Zhang ◽  
Longdi Cheng ◽  
Jianyong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Water Sorption ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Absorption Process ◽  
Heating Performance ◽  
Hygroscopic Behavior ◽  
Water Sorption Capacity ◽  
Main Factor

The aim of this paper is to study the hygroscopic behavior of hygroscopic exothermic fiber-based materials and to obtain a better understanding of the thermal performance of these fibers during the moisture absorption process. The temperature distribution of different kinds of hygroscopic exothermic fibers in the process of moisture absorption, observed by infrared camera, demonstrated two types of heating performance of these fibers, which might be related to its hygroscopic behavior. Based on the sorption isotherms, a Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) multi-layer adsorption model was selected as the optimal moisture absorption fitting model to describe the moisture absorption process of these fibers, which illustrated that water sorption capacity and the water–fiber/water–water interaction had a significant influence on its heating performance. The net isosteric heats of sorption decreased with an increase of moisture content, which further explained the main factor affecting the heat dissipation of fibers under different moisture contents. The state of adsorbed water and water vapor interaction on the fiber surface were studied by simultaneous thermal analysis (TGA-DSC) measurement. The percentage of bound and unbound water formation at low and high humidity had a profound effect on the thermal performance of fibers. It can therefore be concluded that the content of tightly bound water a strong water–fiber interaction was the main factor affecting the heating performance of fibers at low moisture content, and the content of loosely bound water reflected that water sorption capacity was the main factor affecting the heating performance of fibers at high moisture content. This was further proven by the heat of desorption.

scholarly journals Wear of disc mill hammer in wet grinding processes on groundnut cake for fish feed production

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 162-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.B. Oduntan ◽  
B.O. Omitoyin
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Screen Size ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Absolute Mass ◽  
Wear Damage

There is need to determine the wear rates of disc mill hammer used for grinding groundnut cake, a major plant protein in fish feed. This surface wear damage characterised by scoring, cutting, deep grooving and gouging on a metal surface leads to high costs of production. The hammer wear rate was carried out using disc mill for different combinations of processing conditions: disc speed of 2,175, 3,900 and 4,350 rpm; screen size of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mm; moisture contents of 12, 14 and 16% w.b. at 300 operating hours. Response Surface Method was used to optimize the operating variables. The wear rate was found to increase as the moisture content of the groundnut cake decreased. Quadratic models developed for the four responses (tip length loss, width loss, thickness loss and absolute mass) studied indicated the optimum conditions at disc speed 3,262.50 rpm, screen size 2.0 mm and moisture content 14% w.b. The study established that experimental data and model predictions agreed well.

Evaluation of Various Soil Moisture Sensors in Four Different Soil Types

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 963-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonny José Araújo da Silva ◽  
Edna Maria Bonfim-Silva ◽  
Adriano Bicioni Pacheco ◽  
Thiago Franco Duarte ◽  
Helon Hébano de Freitas Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors ◽  
Calibration Equations

Abstract.Accurate measurements of soil moisture content can contribute to resource conservation in irrigated systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate various soil moisture sensors (a porous cup tensiometer, Diviner 2000, PR2, XH300, PM100, and ML3; the mention of model names does not constitute an implied endorsement) used in four different soil types. The experiment was conducted inside a greenhouse using a specially constructed box that contained the soil samples. The soil samples were first saturated and subsequently drained before starting the measurements. The soil moisture content was determined by the oven-drying method. Using the standard deviation of the sensor readings, regression analyses were performed, resulting in calibration equations and coefficient of determination (R2) values for each sensor and soil type combination. The porous cup tensiometer, Diviner 2000, PR2, and ML3 measurements resulted in excellent R2 values that exceeded 0.95 for the four soils. However, measurements with the XH300 and PM100 sensors resulted in R2 values of 0.37 to 0.86 and 0.61 to 0.94, respectively, limiting their scientific applicability for the studied soils. Therefore, the porous cup tensiometer, Diviner 2000, PR2, and ML3 estimated the soil moisture content with greater confidence than did the other sensors and with an error of less than 5%. Keywords: Calibration, Tensiometer, Volumetric water content.

scholarly journals The influence of direct sowing methods on the growth and productivity of spring barley in the conditions of the north-eastern part of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-304
Author(s):  
Yu. N. Syromyatnikov
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
The North ◽  
Soil Hardness ◽  
Working Bodies ◽  
Direct Sowing

The article presents the results of studies to determine the efficiency of growing spring barley depending on the methods of direct sowing in technology, which is based on the use of combined machines. It is proved that due to the use of a direct sowing seeder, the sections of which consist of modules for local loosening of the soil, in front of the openers of which wavy discs are installed, the grain yield increases on average by 20 % compared to the control. Moving at high speed, the wavy discs loosen relatively narrow soil strips into which the seeds are laid by the openers, this makes it possible to more efficiently retain moisture, which subsequently significantly affects the dynamics of seedlings and the yield level of spring barley grain. The smallest weed infestation of crops was in the case of sowing with a seeder with combined cutting-type working bodies and disc coulter systems with support-press wheels. Weeds were counted after the emergence of barley seedlings. The greatest soil hardness was observed when using a seeder with disc working bodies, the sections of which consist of modules for local loosening of the soil. Statistical processing of the data indicates that depth has the greatest effect on soil hardness, its influence accounted for 96 %. The force of impact on soil hardness of sowing methods was 0.76 %. The density of the soil in the zone of development of the root system of plants in all variants of the experiment did not go beyond the optimum. Before harvesting, the moisture content of the upper soil layers in variants with direct sowing was 3–5 % higher, and the moisture content of the lower layers was less by 1–2 % than in the control (the reliability of the data was determined using Fisher's criterion and was 95 %, and the difference between experimental options was significant). Key words: yield of barley, sowing, method, technologies, seeders, quality, local loosening.

Performance Evaluation of Surface Overlaid EN-42 Steel for Tillage Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagseer Singh ◽  
Sukhpal Singh Chatha ◽  
Buta Singh Sidhu
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Actual Field ◽  
Loam Soil

Abstract Wear of tools is a key problem in the farming sector. The objective of this study was to evaluate the wear performance of untreated steel (EN-42) and two hardfacings, namely H1 and VB. Hardfacing H1 (0.86Cr0.22C) fall in the basic buildup iron–carbide alloy category and hardfacing VB (3.19Cr2.51C2.7Si) is categorized as martensitic alloy steel. Abrasive wear performance of untreated, as well as hardfaced steel specimens, was evaluated in the laboratory and actual field conditions. The tests were conducted in the laboratory, and actual field trials were conducted in sandy loam and sandy clay-loam soil. The performance of the untreated and hardfaced steel was analyzed using various techniques such as weight loss, microhardness, microstructure and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that H1 and VB overlaid steel exhibited better wear performance than the untreated steel, and the least wear-rate was found in sandy clay-loam soil. VB overlaid steel experienced lesser cumulative weight loss (g) and wear-rate (g/km) and thus displayed better abrasive wear behavior under all the conditions of the study. Further, it has been observed that the moisture content in soil exerts a stronger effect on ploughshare wear than soil type. For actual field conditions, untreated and overlaid ploughshares tested in sandy loam soil with low moisture content (0–3%) experienced almost three times higher wear-rate (4.078 g/km, 3.699 g/km, and 3.055 g/km for untreated, H1, and VB overlaid steel, respectively) than the same ploughshares tested in soil having high (14–17%) moisture content (1.296 g/km, 1.178 g/km, and 0.913 g/km for untreated, H1, and VB overlaid steel, respectively).

Effect of Organic Matter and Moisture Level on Extractable Soil Manganese

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-125
Author(s):  
A. Vélez-Ramos ◽  
L. Standifer
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Flooded Soils ◽  
Extractable Soil

Studies on the optimum amounts of plant residue additives, incubation time, and moisture level for maximum release of extractable Mn were performed with four soil types using greenhouse and controlled environment facilities. Addition of decomposing ryegrass or alfalfa residues to flooded soils significantly increased extractable Mn in three of the four soil types, but no effect was obtained with any soil having a low moisture content. Organic matter decomposition and flooding tended to shift soil pH toward neutrality, lessening the effect of pH on the release of extractable Mn.

Soil moisture content estimation using water absorption bands

GEOMATICA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Mobasheri ◽  
Meisam Amani ◽  
Mahin Beikpour ◽  
Sahel Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
New Models

Soil moisture content (SMC) is a crucial component in various environmental studies. Although many models have been proposed for SMC estimation, developing new models for accurate estimation of SMC is still an interesting subject. This study aimed to develop new models for SMC estimation using the water absorption bands in the spectral signatures of three different soil types: loam, silty loam, and sandy loam. Based on the three absorption bands (i.e., 1400, 1900, and 2200 nm) and regression analyses, six approaches were considered. These scenarios were generally based on the reflectance value and its logarithm, as well as the difference between the wet and dry reflectance values for the absorption bands. Finally, 24 models were developed for SMC estimation from the three different soil types, as well as the entire soil samples. The most accurate SMC, as indicated by the lowest root mean squared error (RMSE) and the highest correlation coefficient (r), was obtained from the model developed using the logarithm of the average values reflectance in the three water absorption bands for sandy loam (RMSE = 0.31 g/kg, r = 0.99). Overall, using the spectrometry data derived in the lab, the results of the proposed models were promising and demonstrate great potential for SMC estimation using spectral data collected by satellites in the future studies.

A 3-Dimensional Body Fitted Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer in Rice Kernel during Hot Air Drying Process

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijuan Zhao ◽  
Junhong Yang ◽  
Tengfei Du ◽  
Zhonghua Wu
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Maximum Deviation ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Geometry Model ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Main Factor

AbstractA precise geometry model of the rice kernel is necessary to predict the moisture content and temperature distribution, or even drying stress in the kernel. In this study, a three-dimensional body fitted model of brown rice (Chunyou 84) kernel was developed by using image processing method, and the COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to simulate the drying process of the brown rice and compared with the experimental results. The maximum deviation between the simulated and experimental results was about 8%. During the drying process, the temperature gradient in the rice kernel only occurred a few minutes at the initial drying period (0–6.5 min, at 45 °C), while the moisture content gradient lasted in the whole drying process. Simulation and experimental results showed that the hot air temperature was one main factor governing the drying process of the brown rice.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN KOLOM PASIR, LAYER PASIR, DAN TERUCUK BAMBU PADA TANAH LEMPUNG JENUH AIR TERHADAP PENURUNAN TANAH LEMPUNG MENGGUNAKAN UJI LABORATORIUM

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-73
Author(s):  
Dian Eksana Wibowo ◽  
Satriarda Dirgantara S. ◽  
Ridwan Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Consolidation Process ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Effective Use

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui klasifikasi jenis tanah, properti tanah pengujian dan pengaruh penggunaan metode penambahan variasi tanah lempung jenuh air dengan menggunakan pasir dan cerucuk bambu, terhadap penurunan tanah lempung, kadar air, dan analisis T90. Penelitian eksperimen dengan menggunakan model boks baja, berukuran 100 cm x 100 cm x 40 cm sebagai media penempatan tanah lempung. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu: (1) Jenis tanah termasuk CH (Clay High Plasticity) menurut klasifikasi USCS dan kelompok 4-7-6(40) menurut klasifikasi AASTHO. (2) Properti tanah adalah G=2,63, LL=74,71%, PL=29,76%, IP=44,95%, SL=19,06%, C=0,75 kg/cm2, OMC=39,2%. (3)  Penambahan TPV sangat efektif memperkecil penurunan. Pada pemberian tekanan 0,0125 kg/cm2, 0,025 kg/cm2, 0,05 kg/cm2, dan 0,01 kg/cm2 memperkecil penurunan, berturut-turut: 75,93%; 56,32%; 59,44% dan 42,32%. Pada kedalaman -10 cm penggunaan TPH paling efektif mengurangi kadar air tanah lempung  yaitu sebesar 53,30%, berarti mengurangi kadar air sebesar 3,62% dari kondisi tanah asli (TTD). Pada kedalaman 20 cm, penggunaan TCB paling efektif mengurangi kadar air sebesar 3,55% dari kadar air tanah lempung asli (TTD). Penggunaan CTPVH pada beban 0,1 kg/cm2 paling efektif dalam proses konsolidasi yaitu sebesar 94,10% dari tanah asli (TTD) dimana mempunyai nilai sebesar nilai t90 untuk CTPVH yaitu sebesar 15,21 menit. Kata Kunci: air, perkuatan, tanah lempung, T90  ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the classification of soil types, soil properties tested and the effect of using the method of adding variations in the water-saturated clay, using sand and bamboo piles, to clay settlement, moisture content, and T90 analysis. The experimental study used a steel box model, measuring 100 cm x 100 cm x 40 cm as a medium for clay placement. The results of this study are: (1) Soil types including CH (Clay High Plasticity) according to USCS classification and groups 4-7-6 (40) according to AASTHO classification. (2) Soil properties is G=2,63, LL=74,71%, PL=29,76%, IP=44,95%, SL=19,06%, C=0,75 kg/cm2, OMC=39,2%. (3) Addition of TPV is very effective in reducing the settlement. At a pressure of 0,0125 kg/cm2, 0,025 kg/cm2, 0,05 kg/cm2, and 0.01 kg/cm2 minimizing the settlement,  respectively: 75,93%; 56,32%; 59,44% and 42,32%. At depths of -10 cm the most effective use of TPH reduces clay soil moisture content by 53,30%, which means reducing water content by 3,62% from the original soil conditions (TTD). At a depth of 20 cm, using TCB is most effective at reducing water content by 3,55% from the original clay soil content (TTD). The use of CTPVH at a load of 0,1 kg/cm2 is most effective in the consolidation process which is 94.10% of the original soil (TTD) which has a value of T90 for CTPVH which is 15,21 minutes. Keywors: water, strainthening, clay, T90

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