A Hydraulic Testing Procedure for Polypropylene Pipes Wall Rupture

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-63
Author(s):  
K. Osincev ◽  
N. Kuznecov
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Hydraulic Testing ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Basic Part ◽  
Reliability Indicators ◽  
Reliability Characteristics ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Operation Cycle

Polypropylene pipes have a significant drawback – high values of the heat-stretch factor. Material properties are changing as the temperature rises, and material is exposed to increased pressure in the pipeline. In such a case, operation of polypropylene pipes is becoming unsafe. One of the known methods for heat-stretch reducing is reinforcement. Reinforcement is performed with aluminum foil or fiberglass. The properties of reinforced polypropylene pipes have not been fully investigating. Such pipes must go through a long operation cycle in order to enterprises could evaluate their properties, primarily such reliability characteristics as infallibility, maintainability, lifetime, and storability. There are no separate Russian National Standards for the properties and characteristics of polypropylene pipes, and for their types in Russia, as well as standard methods for hydraulic tests on destructive inspection at manufacturers. In industry, as well as in housing and utilities sector, are used pipeline valves of different purpose. Reliable and safe enterprise operation depends on the smooth running of equipment, pipelines and valves. In this regard, authors propose to consider valves and pipeline together at determining of reliability indicators. A method of destructive inspection is proposed, whereby the valves and the pipeline are tested together, that are corresponding to the most probable scenarios for the emergency development. The concept basic part includes the definition of a mandatory algorithm for destructive inspection actions during hydraulic testing of polypropylene pipes on a test load. Strength test methods for ball valves, pipelines and their joints have been described in the relevant Interstate, Federal or Industry Standards and Regulations. However, it is advisable to introduce additional standards for static strength testing of polypropylene pipes. The new standard will allow single out reinforced polypropylene pipes in a separate category, provide a definition for such pipes, and also take into account the influence of external factors on the condition of pipelines, their connections and valves.

Expedited Testing Program for Performance Characterization of Asphalt Mixtures

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (12) ◽  
pp. 225-233
Author(s):  
Intikhab Haidar ◽  
Charles W. Schwartz ◽  
Sadaf Khosravifar
Keyword(s):  
Permanent Deformation ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Test Specifications ◽  
Research Grade ◽  
Repeated Load ◽  
Lengthy Process

The past two decades have seen significant efforts to standardize a series of simplified test methods to characterize the dynamic modulus (DM) and repeated load permanent deformation (RLPD) performance characteristics of asphalt mixtures using the asphalt mixtures performance tester (AMPT). While the current AASHTO T 79 test specifications for the AMPT are faster and easier to perform than their preceding research grade test protocols, there is still reluctance among highway agencies and industry to conduct performance testing using the AMPT. One significant reason is the lengthy process of sample preparation and testing for the DM and RLPD tests. Two studies to expedite this process are reported here. First, the potential for abbreviating the DM testing procedure was examined. It provides the option to fully exclude testing at 40°C by adding an additional frequency of 0.01 Hz at 20°C. This approach reduces time for testing as well as for sample conditioning at high temperature. Second, the possibility of reducing the total number of required specimens was evaluated. The variation of the DM under repetitive testing and the appropriateness of performing the RLPD test on samples already tested for DM were evaluated. The results showed that specimen damage or densification because of DM testing is insignificant. As a consequence, DM test specimens can be re-used for RLPD testing, reducing the required number of samples from 12 to 9.

scholarly journals Biodegradability standards for carrier bags and plastic films in aquatic environments: a critical review

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 171792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse P. Harrison ◽  
Carl Boardman ◽  
Kenneth O'Callaghan ◽  
Anne-Marie Delort ◽  
Jim Song
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Products ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Chemical Conditions

Plastic litter is encountered in aquatic ecosystems across the globe, including polar environments and the deep sea. To mitigate the adverse societal and ecological impacts of this waste, there has been debate on whether ‘biodegradable' materials should be granted exemptions from plastic bag bans and levies. However, great care must be exercised when attempting to define this term, due to the broad and complex range of physical and chemical conditions encountered within natural ecosystems. Here, we review existing international industry standards and regional test methods for evaluating the biodegradability of plastics within aquatic environments (wastewater, unmanaged freshwater and marine habitats). We argue that current standards and test methods are insufficient in their ability to realistically predict the biodegradability of carrier bags in these environments, due to several shortcomings in experimental procedures and a paucity of information in the scientific literature. Moreover, existing biodegradability standards and test methods for aquatic environments do not involve toxicity testing or account for the potentially adverse ecological impacts of carrier bags, plastic additives, polymer degradation products or small (microscopic) plastic particles that can arise via fragmentation. Successfully addressing these knowledge gaps is a key requirement for developing new biodegradability standard(s) for lightweight carrier bags.

Performance Evaluation of SHY-99 Coating for Carbon Steel Water-Cooler

2011 ◽  
Vol 399-401 ◽  
pp. 1886-1889
Author(s):  
Bing Chen ◽  
Xiao Li ◽  
Yu Guang Fan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Properties Of Coatings ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Immersion Testing ◽  
Curve Method ◽  
Water Cooler ◽  
Water Cooling System

Special SHY-99 anti-corrosion coatings are used for newly developed heat exchange equipment, to resist corrosion and leakage problem of carbon steel water-cooler. The anti-corrosion properties of coatings were examined with routine test methods, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), electro kinetic potential polarization curve method and immersion testing method. The results show that physical properties of coatings are in accordance with national standards, the microstructures of coatings are uniform and tight, the coatings are combined tightly with base metal, and the coatings show excellent corrosion resistance in water of water cooling system.

scholarly journals Analyzing the reliability of rolling stock units based on operational data

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-260
Author(s):  
Aleksey E. TSAPLIN ◽  
◽  
Zh. O. Kuvondikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Failure Rate ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Reliability Theory ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Reliability Indicators ◽  
Equipment Reliability ◽  
Reliability Characteristics ◽  
Operational Data

Objective: To determine the most failure-prone rolling stock components and assemblies by processing statistical data obtained during operation using the classical reliability theory; to develop recommendations for maintaining the operational state of individual rolling stock components. Methods: Methods for calculating the quantitative reliability characteristics are used based on the rolling stock operational statistical data. Results: The 5-year operational data have been used to provide tabulated statistics on the failure rate of various rolling stock equipment. Reliability indicators have been calculated for various types of rolling stock equipment and the corresponding graphs have been plotted. Based on the calculations, the recommendations for the rolling stock maintenance have been developed. Practical importance: The calculations and the recommendations described determine the types of rolling stock equipment requiring more attention during maintenance

Evolution of the American Petroleum Institute ANSI standard for fatigue risk management systems in the refining and petrochemical industry

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 698
Author(s):  
Angela Baker
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Petrochemical Industry ◽  
American Petroleum Institute ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Chemical Safety ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Sleep Physiology ◽  
Industry Associations

During the past five years, a broad international consensus has emerged in many 24/7 industries regarding the optimal way to manage and reduce employee fatigue risk: via a process called a fatigue risk management system (FRMS). Government regulatory agencies, industry associations and many businesses with 24/7 operations have recently incorporated an FRMS into their regulations, industry standards, and their corporate policies. The development of the American Petroleum Institute (API) and American National Standards Institute's (ANSI) standard for FRMSs in the refining and petrochemical industries began after the US Chemical Safety Board (CSB) released its report on the 2005 Texas City Refinery explosion. The CSB report highlighted concerns about some of the operators on duty being on their 30th consecutive 12-hour shift. API decided to take a proactive approach and develop an industry standard by forming a committee of industry managers from many of the oil companies, union representatives, industry associations and scientific experts in circadian sleep physiology and fatigue in shiftwork operations. During the course of extensive consultations during a two year period, a clear consensus emerged that hours of service rules would be inadequate by themselves. A clear consensus emerged that a comprehensive scientifically-based, data driven FRMS was a superior and feasible tool for effectively managing fatigue risk. API developed a standards document published in April 2010 as API/ANSI RP-755 that makes FRMS the operating standard for managing employee fatigue risk in the refining and petrochemical industry. The extended abstract reviews the considerations that went into developing the ANSI standard, issues that were resolved and progress and hurdles faced by the many petrochemical companies as they are now progressively implementing ANSI RP-755 as a continuously-improving FRMS process.

Status of ASTM and Other National Standards for the Use of Fly Ash Pozzolans in Concrete

1986 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Majko
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Hydrated Lime ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Heat Of Hydration ◽  
Pozzolanic Activity ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Sulfate Resistance

ABSTRACTThe Subcommittee of ASTM that is responsible for pozzolan specifications, (C09.03.10) is currently revising C 618, the standard specification, and C 311, the standard test methods. It is no small task. It is generally considered that dividing fly ashes into two classifications (Class F and Class C) is no longer acceptable. The Subcommittee has reached the tentative conclusion that one class of fly ash pozzolan is more appropriate and less ambiguous, provided it is accompanied by an optional table outlining the appropriate limits for sulfate resistance, heat of hydration, hydraulic properties, etc. That is, the engineer need specify only a fly ash pozzolan. If the engineer needs more than a “general purpose” fly ash he calls for special characteristics from the optional requirement table. Any major revision in the C 618 specification challenges the Subcommittee to look for better and more useful test methods in C 311. The committee is looking at C 1012 for a sulfate resistance procedure, conduction calorimetry as a heat of hydration method, and better methods to evaluate pozzolanic activity. The committee is aware of the limited usefulness of hydrated lime or sodium hydroxide in evaluating pozzolanic activity. Perhaps a more suitable term, i.e. the activity index with cement, is more appropriate. Fly ash properties that need to be evaluated include water reduction, activation by lime and alkalies, hydraulic or self-cementing properties and pozzolanic activity. Any test that tends to compensate for a fly ash's lower reactivity (i.e., accelerated thermal curing at 35°C or 65°C) probably leads to misleading results. A critical look at the national standards of other countries might allow the committee to take a visionary yet practical approach toward a new fly ash specification.

Vibration-Induced Failures in Automotive Electronics: Knowledge-Based Qualification Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karumbu Meyyappan ◽  
Milena Vujosevic ◽  
Qifeng Wu ◽  
Pramod Malatkar ◽  
Charles Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Automotive Electronics ◽  
Automotive Market ◽  
Damage Models ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Solder Joint Fatigue ◽  
Test Requirements

This paper intends to address an important gap between reliability standards and the physics of how components respond to real use conditions using a knowledge-based qualification (KBQ) process. Bridging the gap is essential to developing test methods that better reflect field performance. With the growth in importance of automotive market and the wide usage of electronics in this market, vibration-induced failures was chosen for this study. MIL-STD-810G and ISTA4AB are couple of industry standards that address the risk of shipping finished goods to a customer. For automotive electronic products that are exposed to vibration conditions all through their life, USCAR-2 and GMW3172 are more relevant. Even though the usage models and transportation duration for shipping fully packaged systems is different from automotive electronics, the source of energy (road conditions), driving the risks, are similar. The industry standards-based damage models appear to be generic, covering a wide variety of products and failure modes. Whereas, the KBQ framework, used in this paper, maps use conditions to accelerated test requirements for only two failure modes: solder joint fatigue and socket contact fretting. The mechanisms were chosen to be distinct with different damage metric and drivers. The process is intended to explain how industry standards reflect field risks for two of the risks relevant for automotive electronics.

scholarly journals AI-Enabled Underwriting Brings New Challenges for Life Insurance: Policy and Regulatory Considerations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azish Filabi ◽  
Sophia Duffy
Keyword(s):  
Life Insurance ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Regulatory Enforcement ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Industry Standards

Insurers are increasingly using novel data sources and automated systems for risk classification and underwriting. Automation has improved operational efficiencies in the accuracy and speed of underwriting, but it also raises new considerations relating to unfair discrimination. In this paper, we review the current regulatory structures relating to unfair discrimination and suggest they are insufficient to police the myriad new big data sources available. Moreover, AI-enabled systems increase the risk of unfair discrimination if a facially neutral factor is utilized by an automated system as a proxy for a prohibited characteristic. Furthermore, many insurers rely on unregulated third-party algorithm developers, and therefore do not own and may not have access to the logic embedded in the system, which raises unique ethical implications, particularly with respect to accountability among AI actors. To address these issues, we propose a framework that consists of three parts: (a) the establishment of national standards to serve as guardrails for acceptable design and behavior of AI-enabled systems; (b) a certification system that attests that an AI-enabled system was developed in accordance with those standards; and (c) periodic audits of the systems’ output to ensure it operated consistent with those standards. The framework rests on the existing state-based regulatory infrastructure and envisions a self-regulatory organization who can work with the NAIC to develop standards and oversee certification and audit processes. Regulatory enforcement remains with the states. Part I describes the use of technology in life insurance underwriting. Part II discusses the unfair discrimination that can occur due to factors that reflect societal biases, and the unfair discrimination that could occur in artificially intelligent systems if facially neutral factors are substituted by the system for prohibited factors. The current industry standards and regulatory scheme for unfair discrimination in underwriting is also discussed in Part II. Part III describes the ethical concerns regarding accountability when third-party data inputs and underwriting systems are utilized. In Part IV, we propose a governance approach and framework to address these concerns.

scholarly journals Metrology at Philip Morris Europe

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 171-175
Author(s):  
R Gualandris ◽  
H Buclin ◽  
M Rotach ◽  
E Kaelin ◽  
JM Jeanneret-Gris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Testing Laboratory ◽  
Calibration Standards ◽  
Comparison Of Results ◽  
Philip Morris ◽  
Development Department

AbstractThe importance of the metrology function at Philip Morris Europe (PME), a multinational organisation producing at over 40 sites in the European, Middle Eastern and African Regions is presented. Standardisation of test methods and equipment as well as the traceability of calibration gauges to the same reference gauge are essential in order to obtain comparable results among the various production centers. The metrology function as well as the qualification of instruments and the drafting of test and calibration operating procedures for this region are conducted or co-ordinated by the Research and Development Department in Neuchatel, Switzerland. In this paper the metrology function within PME is presented based on the measurement of the resistance to draw for which the PME R&D laboratory is accredited (ISO/CEI 17025), as both a calibration and a testing laboratory. The following topics are addressed in this paper: traceability of calibration standards to national standards; comparison of results among manufacturing centres; the choice, the budget as well as the computation of uncertainties. Furthermore, some practical aspects related to the calibration and use of the glass multicapillary gauges are discussed.

scholarly journals PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT FOR THE PERSONNEL OF RADIATION HAZARDOUS FACILITIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 874-878
Author(s):  
V. I. Rubtsov ◽  
Vladimir N. Klochkov ◽  
A. B. Trebukhin ◽  
A. Yu. Nefedov ◽  
L. I. Tyuneeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Personal Protection ◽  
Personal Protection Equipment ◽  
Certification System ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Practice Methods ◽  
In The Beginning

The article covers issues related to the specifics of requirements for the personal protection equipment (PPE) in the field of the nuclear power usage, and briefly describes the history of the PPE evolvement. This work was performed by the employees of the A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Centre (former Institute of biophysics) which has been creating and enhancing PPE for the personnel of radiation hazardous facilities for more than 60 years. Successes of the PPE developers include the creation of the light respirator “ShB-1 Lepestok” which has been in use since 1950s till now in almost all industries, energy engineering, agriculture, medicine, etc., as well as the development of materials, structures, technology of manufacturing and practical application of reusable, decontaminable, physiologically acceptable insulating suits, fresh-air horse respiratory PPE, decontaminable basic and supplementary overalls and safety footwear for the personnel of nuclear industry and energetics. The system of the personal protection from radiation exposure has been proved during rectification of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP. The article examines interim results of major transformation of the personal protection system for the personnel of radiation hazardous facilities in the beginning of 21st century. At the present time efforts on the creation of the PPE standardization and certification system in nuclear industry become regular again. Interstate and national standards regulating requirements and test methods for PPE and materials for its manufacturing, as well as the Technical Regulations “Safety of the personal protection equipment” have been both developed and put in practice. Methods of testing PPE with substances specific to the nuclear industry are being developed, and the Rosatom’s PPE certification system is being formed.

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