Stages of development of cardiology as an independent branch of medical science

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
A. Vol'nyagina
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Andreas Vesalius ◽  
Human Cardiovascular System ◽  
Specific Muscle ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Independent Branch

Cardiology (from the Greek. καρδία-heart and λογος-study) is an extensive branch of medicine that deals with the study of the human cardiovascular system. Cardiology is believed to have originated in Ancient Egypt around 3000 BC. Hippocrates first describes the structure of the heart as a muscular organ. Harvey was the first to experimentally prove the existence of blood circulation. Andreas Vesalius created the basic prerequisites for the subsequent discovery of pulmonary circulation. Malpighi published the results of observations on the structure of the lung, for the first time gave a description of capillary vessels. For the first time, the Italian researcher Gaspar Azeli reported on lymphatic vessels and their connection with blood vessels. Purkinje published research on specific muscle fibers that conduct arousal through the heart (Purkinje fibers), which initiated the study of its conducting system. Thanks to all these fundamental discoveries, by the beginning of the XIX century, cardiology had become an independent branch of medicine, which has its own methods of diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

The cradle of Western medicine

Nowa Medycyna ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Lluch
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Western Medicine ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Medical Terms ◽  
Andreas Vesalius ◽  
Medical Tradition ◽  
Roman Medicine ◽  
Greek Civilization

The origins of Western Medicine can be found through the Greeks and the Romans, originally with Mythological figures represented by the god Asclepius, and later by Greek doctors such as Hippocrates and Galen. Roman medicine was highly influenced by the Greek medical tradition, relying more on naturalistic observations rather than on spiritual rituals. The writings of Galen survived more than other medical scriptures in antiquity. His theories dominated and influenced Western medical science for more than 1,300 years. This acceptance led to the spread of Greek medical theories throughout the Roman Empire, and thus a large portion of the West. Most of the actual medical terms are of Greek origin, as they were the founders of rational medicine in the golden age of Greek civilization. The Hippocrates were the first to describe diseases based on observation, and the names given by them to many conditions are still used today. On the other hand, most anatomical terms are in Latin (Nomina Anatomica), explained by the printed descriptions and illustrations of human dissections published in 1543 in the seminal work “De humani corporis fabrica” (“The Fabric of the Human Body”) by Andreas Vesalius.

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Unification of Germany in 1871

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6 (104)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Khorosheva
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Economic Dependence ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Grand Duchy

Based on published sources, as well as documents from the Archive of the Foreign policy of the Russian Empire, introduced into scientific use for the first time, the article relates the place of Grand Duchy of Luxembourg during the Unification of Germany. The author analyses the attitude of European states — Prussia, France, Belgium and especially the attention of Russia — toward Luxembourg during the crises of 1867 and after the neutralization of Grand Duchy. Studying German policy over the XIX century in regard to Luxembourg, the author comes to the conclusion that economic dependence from Germany determined future foreign orientation of Grand Duchy.

scholarly journals Tradiтionalism in structure of stile paradigms in the artistic thinking of the XXth century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Іvаnоvа
Keyword(s):  
Da Vinci ◽  
Leonardo Da Vinci ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Theoretical Idea ◽  
The Past ◽  
World Outlook ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Hard Type

The purpose of the article is a realization of tradiтionalism as mеtаdirection of art in XX century that historically comparable with mеtаdirection of styles modern-vanguard, jointly forming artistic paradigm of the past century, then the last becomes firmly established in nеоrеnaissаnce world-outlook according to with "system of Leonardo da Vinci" P. Valéry. The methodology of the study is a historian-cомpаrаtive approach, as this demonstrates works of A.Losev, also culturology foreshortening of musicology analysis, as this is given in "Symphonic etude" and others beside B.Asafiev. The scientific novelty of the work is conditioned, first, that that for the first time in specified foreshortening is presented analysis composition of V.Vlasov, but, secondly, original is a theoretical idea about cultural intrusion in style-typology life length Neo-Gothic that impossible was in classicist of music creative activity to XIX-XX cent. Conclusions. Traditionalism forms mеtаdirection since in base this style unity prescribed expressiveness of romanticism-pоstromanticism and realism XIX century that forms analogies to mеtаstyle forming of the modernism (vеrism at the end XIX - at the beginning initially XX century, "hard" type of the neoclassicism I. Stravinsky and P. Hindemith, others), in which vanguard took place as focus of the symbiosis of the styles-directions expressionism, futurism, primitivism, having formed new unity of the vanguard of the second wave in the manner of nеоexpressionism.

scholarly journals Geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect of the Erzya-Mordovian language

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-367
Author(s):  
Nikolai V. Belenov
Keyword(s):  
Original Composition ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
The One ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Source Materials ◽  
Made In

Introduction. The article presents the results of research of the geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect, one of the Erzya-Mordovian dialects of the Samara region, common among Erzya population of Shilan village in Krasnoyarsk region. The dialect belongs to rare Mordovian dialects of the Samara Volga region that were formed in the region since the middle of the XIX century, and therefore its research is of extra interest. Materials and Methods. The research methods are determined by the purpose and objectives of the study. The analysis of the geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect is carried out with the involvement of relevant items made in other Mordovian dialects of Samara region, adjacent territories of neighboring regions, as well as other territories of settlement of the Mordovians. Data on geographical vocabulary of the dialect introduced into research for the first time. The main source materials for the article is based on field studies in Silane village during the field seasons in 2017 and 2020, as well as in other Erzya-Mordovian and Moksha-Mordovian villages of Samara region and adjacent territories in 2015 – 2020. Results and Discussion. The study showed that the geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect of the Erzya-Mordovian language is significantly different from the corresponding lexical clusters in other dialects of the Mordovian region, which can be explained by natural geographical conditions surrounding Shilan village and the original composition of this lexical cluster of Erzya immigrants who founded this village. Conclusion. The analysis of the geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect allowed, on the one hand, to identify specific features of this cluster that distinguish it from the corresponding materials of other Mordovian dialects of the region, and, on the other hand, to identify common isoglosses between it and a number of the Erzya-Mordovian dialects of the Samara Volga region.

scholarly journals Ethical and legal aspects of in vivo experimental biomedical research of the conduct. Part II

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav A. Lipatov ◽  
Aleksey A. Kryukov ◽  
Dmitry A. Severinov ◽  
Araik R. Saakyan
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Andreas Vesalius ◽  
History Of ◽  
Animal Care

History of experiments on animals began since the time of the anatomist Andreas Vesalius (XVII century) when experiments on animals (vivisection, from Latin vivus, meaning «alive» and sectio, meaning «cutting», literally «cutting the living tissue») were conducted without anesthesia and were extremely cruel. Nowadays use of laboratory animals considerably differs from that in the time of the first experiments and is regulated by certain legal enactments. The aim of the second part of our work is analysis of legal aspects of using animals in in vivo experiments, in particular, provision of them with adequate anesthesiological support. Normative acts regulating principles of work with laboratory animals in different stages of an experiment are considered: animal care, inclusion into experiment, implementation of experiment, withdrawal of animals from the experiment and determination of animals’ fate after the experiment. International and Russian regulatory framework on this issue, in particular, such documents as European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (March 18, 1986, Strasburg), Directive 2010/63/EU on Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes, etc., are considered. Conclusion. At present there exists a sufficient amount of normative enactments regulating implementation of in vivo experimental research. However, most of them require further finalization taking into account recent innovations in medical science and technology. The problem of control of execution of the normative enactments which are in most cases advisory rather than mandatory, remains actual.

IS ERROR FRAUD?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. A64-A64
Author(s):  
J. F. L.
Keyword(s):  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
Bad Faith ◽  
Real Science ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Government ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Witch Hunts ◽  
First Time ◽  
Published Research ◽  
The Way

Prof. David Baltimore of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is under attack by Representative John Dingell of Michigan. Why should anyone outside of the Government or basic biomedical research care? Dr. Baltimore's reputation is at stake, but the rest of us will be affected by the outcome of these investigations as well. What has come under a legislative cloud for the first time in a very long time, perhaps ever in this country, is the legitimacy of the scientific method itself. This is an immediate and serious threat to science and medicine. The N.I.H. will have the last word on Dr. Baltimore's published research. But as I understand the Congressman's case, it is that published science must be free of error, and that error itself indicates bad faith and fraudulent intent. This is wrong. Published error is at the heart of any real science. We scientists love to do experiments that show our colleagues to be wrong and, if they are any good, they love to show us to be wrong in turn. By this adversarial process, science reveals the way nature actually works. If we as a country make science a field for only those who enjoy a good lawsuit, we will have shut the door on our future as a technologically serious nation. Clearly Congress cannot wish to do this. I would welcome a Congressional initiative to deal with fraud as such, but I fear that the way Dr. Baltimore is being treated means that witch-hunts are in the offing.

Responsibility for offenses in the customary law ideas of the don Cossacks in the second half of the 19th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12-2) ◽  
pp. 233-251
Author(s):  
Sergey Krasnov
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Historical Reconstruction ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

In this publication, the author conducts a specific historical reconstruction of the customary law ideas of the Don Cossacks about the responsibility of the perpetrators of the offenses committed by them in the second half of the XIX century in order to establish what actually, despite the ethnic identity and features of bringing these persons to various types of punishment under customary law, was the basis for the occurrence of a particular type of responsibility and constituted its essence. For the first time, the author proposes to consider of thecustomary representations of the Don Cossacks about responsibility for offenses through the concept of abuse of their duties (obligations) to the Don Cossack communities by all, without exception, members of communities and in various spheres of their life.

scholarly journals YAP and TAZ maintain PROX1 expression in the developing lymphatic and lymphovenous valves in response to VEGF-C signaling

Development ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (23) ◽  
pp. dev195453
Author(s):  
Boksik Cha ◽  
Yen-Chun Ho ◽  
Xin Geng ◽  
Md. Riaj Mahamud ◽  
Lijuan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Valve Development ◽  
Prox1 Expression ◽  
Homeobox Transcription Factor ◽  
Lymphatic Vasculature ◽  
Factor C ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACTLymphatic vasculature is an integral part of digestive, immune and circulatory systems. The homeobox transcription factor PROX1 is necessary for the development of lymphatic vessels, lymphatic valves (LVs) and lymphovenous valves (LVVs). We and others previously reported a feedback loop between PROX1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) signaling. PROX1 promotes the expression of the VEGF-C receptor VEGFR3 in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). In turn, VEGF-C signaling maintains PROX1 expression in LECs. However, the mechanisms of PROX1/VEGF-C feedback loop remain poorly understood. Whether VEGF-C signaling is necessary for LV and LVV development is also unknown. Here, we report for the first time that VEGF-C signaling is necessary for valve morphogenesis. We have also discovered that the transcriptional co-activators YAP and TAZ are required to maintain PROX1 expression in LVs and LVVs in response to VEGF-C signaling. Deletion of Yap and Taz in the lymphatic vasculature of mouse embryos did not affect the formation of LVs or LVVs, but resulted in the degeneration of these structures. Our results have identified VEGF-C, YAP and TAZ as a crucial molecular pathway in valve development.

scholarly journals Cyclopropenium Nanoparticles and Gene Transfection in Cells

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 768
Author(s):  
Noam Y. Steinman ◽  
Luis M. Campos ◽  
Yakai Feng ◽  
Abraham J. Domb ◽  
Hossein Hosseinkhani
Keyword(s):  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Gene Transfection ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Mouse Fibroblast ◽  
Ethylene Imine ◽  
Efficient Gene ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
First Time

Non-viral vectors for the transfection of genetic material are at the frontier of medical science. In this article, we introduce for the first time, cyclopropenium-containing nanoparticles as a cationic carrier for gene transfection, as an alternative to the common quaternary ammonium transfection agents. Cyclopropenium-based cationic nanoparticles were prepared by crosslinking poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) with tetrachlorocyclopropene. These nanoparticles were electrostatically complexed with plasmid DNA into nanoparticles (~50 nm). Their cellular uptake into F929 mouse fibroblast cells, and their eventual expression in vitro have been described. Transfection is enhanced relative to PEI with minimal toxicity. These cyclopropenium nanoparticles possess efficient gene transfection capabilities with minimal cytotoxicity, which makes them novel and promising candidates for gene therapy.

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