scholarly journals On Developments in the Mean Joint Lifetimes of Three- and Four-Generation Families in Western and Eastern Germany – A model Calculation

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn Grünheid ◽  
Manfred Georg Scharein
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Eastern Germany ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
A Value ◽  
Born Child ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Western Germany ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One

This article tackles the question of how, on the one hand, the high life expectancy and, on the other, the increasing age of mothers at childbirth will impact the joint lifetime of three and four generations and will develop in future. To this end, indicators are derived from the official data on mortality and fertility for the mean joint lifetimes of three- and four-generation families. Because of the complicated data available, the investigation will be restricted to the female succession of generations, and here to an observation of the first-born child in each case. The indicators act as model calculations, which is why they serve above all to indicate (future) developments in mean joint lifetimes. The indicators are calculated for the average jointly-spent lifetime of three-generation families for the period from 1990 to 2060, and of four-generation families for the period from 2010 to 2060. The result of the calculations for Western Germany show an increase in the jointly-spent lifetime of three generations of up to roughly 35 years in 2000, after which that the figure falls continually to a value of roughly 30 years. A similarly developing trend emerges for four generations, but this is delayed by roughly 30 years towards the future, and reaches the highest value around 2030 to 2040, at roughly seven to ten years. For Eastern Germany, with its even younger age of women at childbirth in both the past and in the present, the maximum jointly-spent life years of three generations at the beginning of the observation period (roughly around 1990) is almost 40 years, after which this indicator falls continuously. The indicator of the average jointly-spent years of four-generation families, by contrast, probably reaches a maximum around 2020, with a value of 12 to 14 years. Also after this, one may anticipate a reduction in the joint lifetimes of four-generation families in Eastern Germany. All in all, the trends of the indicators denote that one may not necessarily conclude from the longer life expectancy that the generations will have a longer joint lifetime, nor that the number of four-generation families will increase. Rather, the three-generation family also appears to remain the decisive generational composition of families in this century.

Fertility investigations on the black earth wheatlands of the Darling Downs, Queensland. III. Mineral nitrogen in the soil and its relation to the wheat crop

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Waring ◽  
LJH Teakle
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Growing Crop

The level of mineral nitrogen in the soil under fallow and crop was measured for the years 1951 to 1953. Relationships of mineral nitrogen at planting to yield and nitrogen content of wheat grain and straw were examined. Values for nitrate nitrogen at the end of the fallow period ranged most commonly from 10 to 20 µg/g in the surface 2 ft and from 0 to 10 µg/g at 2-4 ft. Approximately one-third of the sites showed an increase from the third to the fourth foot. One site showed extremely high values throughout the profile, particularly at 3-4 ft where a value of 127 µg/g was recorded. Values for ammonia nitrogen were most commonly in the range of 0-3 µg/g . Under the growing crop, mineral nitrogen declined for most depths in the period from planting up to September or October, after which there was little further change to harvest. Uptake of mineral nitrogen was normally greatest from the surface 2 ft of soil. Below 3 ft there were two groups of sites. One group showed moderate to high uptake and the second group low uptake. The low uptake in the latter group provides a reason for mineral nitrogen accumulation below 3 ft at some sites. Mineral nitrogen to 4 ft at planting averaged 126 lb/ac, excluding the one site with exceptionally high values. This was double the mean value of 63 lb/ac for nitrogen recovered in grain and straw, for crops planted in May-June. These figures, combined with trends in the soil under crop, suggest that most of the nitrogen used by the crop was derived from that in the soil at planting. Correlations between mineral nitrogen at planting and grain yield were mostly non-significant, suggesting that in general nitrogen was not an important factor limiting yield. Low grain yield and protein percentage were recorded at a number of sites which had been cultivated more than 50 years.

A cost-utility analysis of open A1 pulley release for the treatment of trigger finger

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1083-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul H. C. Stirling ◽  
Nicholas D. Clement ◽  
Paul J. Jenkins ◽  
Andrew D. Duckworth ◽  
Jane E. McEachan
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life ◽  
A1 Pulley

The United Kingdom National Institute for Health and Care Excellence considers a procedure to be cost-effective if the cost per quality-adjusted life year gained falls below a threshold of £20,000–£30,000 (€22,600–33,900; US$24,600–$36,900). This study used cost per quality-adjusted life year methodology to determine the cost-utility ratio of A1 pulley release. Pre- and postoperative EuroQol 5 Dimensions 5 Likert scores were collected prospectively over 6 years from 192 patients. The median pre- and postoperative indices derived from the EuroQol 5 Dimensions 5 Likert scores were significantly different at 0.77 and 0.80. The mean life expectancy was 21 years. The mean number of quality-adjusted life years gained was 1 per patient. The mean cost-utility ratio per patient was £32,308 (€36,508; US$39,730) and £16,154 (€18,254; US$19,869) at 1 and 2 years, respectively. Provided the benefit of surgery was maintained over the remaining life expectancy, the cost-utility ratio decreased to £1537 (€1737; US$1891) per patient. A1 pulley release is cost-effective provided the benefit is maintained for 2 years. The procedure is also associated with a statistically significant improvement in quality of life. Level of evidence: III

Static and energy dependent nucleus–nucleus potential for description of near and sub-barrier fusion data

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (11) ◽  
pp. 1343-1351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manjeet Singh Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Saxon Potential ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
A Value ◽  
Fusion Data ◽  
The One ◽  
Energy Dependent ◽  
Coupled Channel

This article analyzes the validity of static Woods–Saxon potential and the energy-dependent Woods–Saxon potential (EDWSP) to explore the specific features of fusion dynamics of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] systems. The intrinsic degrees of freedom, such as inelastic surface excitations, play a crucial role in the enhancement of sub-barrier fusion excitation functions over the expectations of the one-dimensional barrier penetration model. Role of dominant intrinsic degrees of freedom of collision partners are entertained within the context of coupled channel calculations. Furthermore, the one-dimensional Wong formula using static Woods–Saxon potential fails miserably to describe the fusion enhancement of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] systems. However, the Wong formula along with the EDWSP model accurately explains the observed fusion enhancement of [Formula: see text] reactions. In the fusion of [Formula: see text] reaction, the above-barrier fusion data are suppressed by a factor of 0.66 with reference to the EDWSP model calculations while the below-barrier fusion data are adequately addressed by the EDWSP model and the coupled channel calculations. Therefore, the coupled channel calculations and the EDWSP model calculations reasonably describe the observed fusion mechanism of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] reactions. This suggests that the energy dependence in the Woods–Saxon potential model introduces similar kinds of barrier modification effects (barrier height, barrier position, and barrier curvature) as reflected from the coupled channel calculations. In the EDWSP model calculations, significantly larger values of diffuseness ranging from a = 0.86 to 0.94 fm, which is much larger than a value extracted from the elastic scattering analysis, are needed to address the sub-barrier fusion data.

scholarly journals Decrease in Life Expectancy in Germany in 2020: Men from Eastern Germany Most Affected

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Luy ◽  
Markus Sauerberg ◽  
Magdalena Muszyńska-Spielauer ◽  
Vanessa Di Lego
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Eastern Germany ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The World ◽  
Western Germany

The COVID-19 pandemic caused an increase in mortality in 2020 with a resultant decrease in life expectancy in most countries around the world. In Germany, the reduction in life expectancy at birth between 2019 and 2020 was comparatively small, at -0.20 years. The decrease was stronger among men than among women (-0.24 vs. -0.13 years) and in eastern rather than in western Germany (-0.36 vs. -0.16 years). Men in eastern Germany experienced the biggest decline in life expectancy at birth (-0.41 years). For western German men, the decline was less pronounced (-0.19 years). Among women, the decline in life expectancy at birth was also greater in eastern (-0.25 years) than in western Germany (-0.10 years). As a result of these developments, the differences in life expectancy between the two parts of Germany, and between women and men, increased compared with the previous year. Life expectancy at age 65 decreased more strongly than life expectancy at birth for both sexes and in all regions. This reflects the fact that it was mainly older age groups that were affected by the increase in mortality in 2020. This paper provides further insights into mortality changes in 2020, based on age decomposition and an analysis of lifespan inequality. We conclude that the population in eastern Germany was hit harder by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 than the population in the western Germany.

ANALISIS VARIASI JUMLAH SUDU TURBIN BERPENAMPANG PELAT DATAR PADA TURBIN AIR ALIRAN VORTEX DENGAN TIPE SALURAN MASUK INVOLUTE

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Adnan Al Farisi ◽  
Yopi Handoyo ◽  
Taufiqur Rokhman
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Vortex Flow ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Turbine Efficiency ◽  
A Value ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Materials Research ◽  
The One ◽  
Flow Vortex

The One of alternative energy that is environmentally friendly is by untilize water energy and turn it into a Microhydro power plant. Microhydro power plant usually made from utilize the waterfall with the head fell. While utilization for streams with a head small drop is not optimal yet. This is a reference to doing research on harnessing the flow of a river that has a value of head low between 0.7 m – 1.4 m with turning it into a Vortex flow (vortex). The purpose of this research is to know  the effect variation number of blade on power and efficiency in the vortex turbine. This research uses experimental methods to find current, voltage, torque and rpm using a reading instrument. The materials research vortex turbine used 6 blade, 8 blade and 10 blade with flat plate. The result showed the highest efficiency is 29,93 % with produce turbine power is 19,58 W, generated on turbine with variation 10 blade with load 3,315 kg and the capacity of water 10,14 l/s. Followed with an efficiency 24,17% and produce turbine power is 15,81 W, generated on turbine with the variation 8 blade with load 3,315 kg and the capacity of water is 10,14 l/s. The the lowest turbine efficiency 22,32% with produce tuebine power 14,60 W, generated on turbine with the variation 6 blade with load 3,315 kg, the capacity of water is 10,14 l/s.

THE EFFECT OF ALTERATION OF THYROXINE BINDING CAPACITY ON THE DIALYZABLE AND ABSOLUTE FRACTIONS OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN CIRCULATION

1973 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Dussault ◽  
D. A. Fisher ◽  
J. T. Nicoloff ◽  
V. V. Row ◽  
R. Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Hormone Concentration ◽  
Thyroxine Binding Globulin ◽  
Serum Thyroxine ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Female Subjects

ABSTRACT In order to determine the effect of alterations in binding capacity of thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) on triiodothyronine (T3) metabolism, studies were conducted in 10 patients with idiopathically low (7 subjects) or elevated (3 subjects) TBG levels and 10 subjects given norethandrolone (7 male subjects) or oestrogen (3 female subjects). Measurements of serum thyroxine (T4) concentration, maximal T4 binding capacity, serum T3 concentration and per cent dialyzable T3 were conducted. Serum T3 was measured both by chemical and radioimmunoassay methods. In patients with idiopathically low TBG, the mean serum T4 concentration was low (2.4 μg/100 ml), the mean serum T3 level low (55 ng/100 ml), the mean per cent dialyzable T3 increased (0.52%), and the calculated free T3 concentration normal (186 pg/100 ml). In patients with idiopathically high TBG levels the mean T4 concentration was high (10.3 μg/100 ml), the mean T3 level slightly elevated (127 ng/100 ml), the% dialyzable T3 low (0.10%) and the calculated free T3 concentration low normal (123 pg/100 ml). The correlation coefficient between the per cent dialyzable T3 and maximal TBG binding capacity in the 20 subjects was 0.68, a value significant at the P < 0.01 level. Thus, alterations in binding capacity of TBG seem to influence T3 and T4 metabolism similarly; the inverse relationship between the % of dialyzable hormone and total hormone concentration tends to keep the absolue levels of free hormones stable.

Evaluation of the Properties of Humus Liquid of Earthworm Eisenia Foetida Obtained from Different Rachis

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramiro Remigio Gaibor Fernández ◽  
Abraham Adalberto Bayas Zamora ◽  
Galo Israel Muñoz Sánchez ◽  
Cristhian Adrián Rivas Santacruz
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Eisenia Foetida ◽  
Humic And Fulvic Acids ◽  
Livestock Manure ◽  
A Value ◽  
The One ◽  
Liquid Slurry

The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the physical characteristics of the vermicompost and the quality of the purine of the red Californian (Eisenia foetida) using different substrates of feed for these worms. For this purpose, nine treatments were studied: 75% African palm rachis + 25% cattle manure, 50% African palm rachis + 50% cattle manure, 25% African palm rachis + 75% livestock manure, 50% manure of cattle, 50% of manure of cattle, 25% of manure of cattle, 50% of manure of cattle, 50% of manure of cattle, 50% of rach of coconut + 50% of manure of Livestock, 25% coccus rachis + 75% livestock manure. The substrate made up of 50% of rachis of coconut and 50% of livestock manure can be used in nurseries or nurseries for being the one that registered a value of pH 7.3 plus the closest to the neutral compared to the others, besides this (75% of oil palm rachis and 25% of cattle manure) showed a higher content of humic and fulvic acids (0.87 and 0.45 p / p, respectively), compounds that are important for agriculture by stimulating plant growth, in addition to this reflection 0.06% sulfur content, 4.0 ppm boron, 7.0 ppm copper, 47.5 ppm iron, 6.0 ppm manganese, with a presence of microorganisms of the species Trichoderma, Penicillium, Cladosporium sp. in amounts of 1.91x105 UFC / ml, however in this substrate was obtained between 13.3 and 43.5% less liquid slurry in Comparison with other treatments.

Evaluation of Road Utilisation as Space For Holding Social Ceremonies in Indigenous Residential Area of Ogbomoso, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (March 2018) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A Okanlawon ◽  
O.O Odunjo ◽  
S.A Olaniyan
Keyword(s):  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Noisy Environment ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Core ◽  
Local Roads ◽  
Strict Enforcement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

This study examined Residents’ evaluation of turning transport infrastructure (road) to spaces for holding social ceremonies in the indigenous residential zone of Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. Upon stratifying the city into the three identifiable zones, the core, otherwise known as the indigenous residential zone was isolated for study. Of the twenty (20) political wards in the two local government areas of the town, fifteen (15) wards that were located in the indigenous zone constituted the study area. Respondents were selected along one out of every three (33.3%) of the Trunk — C (local) roads being the one mostly used for the purpose in the study area. The respondents were the residents, commercial motorists, commercial motorcyclists, and celebrants. Six hundred and forty-two (642) copies of questionnaire were administered and harvested on the spot. The Mean Analysis generated from the respondents’ rating of twelve perceived hazards listed in the questionnaire were then used to determine respondents’ most highly rated perceived consequences of the practice. These were noisy environment, Blockage of drainage by waste, and Endangering the life of the sick on the way to hospital; the most highly rated reasons why the practice came into being; and level of acceptability of the practice which was found to be very unacceptable in the study area. Policy makers should therefore focus their attention on strict enforcement of the law prohibiting the practice in order to ensure more cordial relationship among the citizenry, seeing citizens’ unacceptability of the practice in the study area.

PENGARUH PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI PADA PEER GROUP (TEMAN SEBAYA) TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN PERSEPSI REMAJA TENTANG PENDEWASAAN USIA PERKAWINAN DI SMA NEGERI 1 KECAMATAN NAMORAMBE KAB. DELI SERDANG 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
Irma Linda
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
A Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reproductive Health Education ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Adolescent Perceptions

Background: Early marriages are at high risk of marital failure, poor family quality, young pregnancies at risk of maternal death, and the risk of being mentally ill to foster marriage and be responsible parents. Objective: To determine the effect of reproductive health education on peer groups (peers) on the knowledge and perceptions of adolescents about marriage age maturity. Method: This research uses the Quasi experimental method with One group pre and post test design, conducted from May to September 2018. The statistical analysis used in this study is a paired T test with a confidence level of 95% (α = 0, 05). Results: There is an average difference in the mean value of adolescent knowledge between the first and second measurements is 0.50 with a standard deviation of 1.922. The mean difference in mean scores of adolescent perceptions between the first and second measurements was 4.42 with a standard deviation of 9.611. Conclusion: There is a significant difference between adolescent knowledge on the pretest and posttest measurements with a value of P = 0.002, and there is a significant difference between adolescent perceptions on the pretest and posttest measurements with a value of p = 0.001. Increasing the number of facilities and facilities related to reproductive health education by peer groups (peers) in adolescents is carried out on an ongoing basis at school, in collaboration with local health workers as prevention of risky pregnancy.

The Image of the Hasmoneans: A New Perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vered Noam
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
The Other ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
The Creation ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The One

In attempting to characterize Second Temple legends of the Hasmoneans, the concluding chapter identifies several distinct genres: fragments from Aramaic chronicles, priestly temple legends, Pharisaic legends, and theodicean legends explaining the fall of the Hasmonean dynasty. The chapter then examines, by generation, how Josephus on the one hand, and the rabbis on the other, reworked these embedded stories. The Josephan treatment aimed to reduce the hostility of the early traditions toward the Hasmoneans by imposing a contrasting accusatory framework that blames the Pharisees and justifies the Hasmonean ruler. The rabbinic treatment of the last three generations exemplifies the processes of rabbinization and the creation of archetypal figures. With respect to the first generation, the deliberate erasure of Judas Maccabeus’s name from the tradition of Nicanor’s defeat indicates that they chose to celebrate the Hasmonean victory but concealed its protagonists, the Maccabees, simply because no way was found to bring them into the rabbinic camp.

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