scholarly journals The Role of MIF in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuriko I. Sánchez-Zamora ◽  
Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Autoimmunity and chronic low-grade inflammation are hallmarks of diabetes mellitus type one (T1DM) and type two (T2DM), respectively. Both processes are orchestrated by inflammatory cytokines, including the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). To date, MIF has been implicated in both types of diabetes; therefore, understanding the role of MIF could affect our understanding of the autoimmune or inflammatory responses that influence diabetic pathology. This review highlights our current knowledge about the involvement of MIF in both types of diabetes in the clinical environment and in experimental disease models.

scholarly journals The Role of Markers of Low-Grade Inflammation for the Early Time Course of Glycemic Control, Glucose Disappearance Rate, and β-Cell Function in Recently Diagnosed Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes Care ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1758-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina S. Weber ◽  
Bettina Nowotny ◽  
Klaus Strassburger ◽  
Giovanni Pacini ◽  
Karsten Müssig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Β Cell Function ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

scholarly journals Autoantibodies in Diabetes Mellitus

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Eka Herawati ◽  
Ardian Susanto ◽  
Christina Noventy Sihombing
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Autoimmune Diabetes ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Tissue Destruction ◽  
Islet Antigen ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Based on American Diabetes Association (ADA), diabetes can be classified into the following general categories: type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and specific types of diabetes due to other cause. Obesity is by far the main underlying factor causing T2D and its pathological potential lies in obesity-associated insulin resistance, activation of innate immunity and chronic low-grade inflammation. When tissue inflammation induced, tissue destruction occurs, 'self' antigens, which are generally not accessible to T cells, can be released from the affected tissues and promote autoimmune activation. The 4 major autoantibodies are islet-cell cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ICA), glutamid acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA), islet antigen-2 antibody (IA-2A) and insulin autoantibodies (IAA). In addition, ZnT8A has recently been found to predict T1D. ZnT8 is contained in the islets of Langerhans, with the highest expression is in β cells of the pancreas. ZnT8A measurements simultaneously with GADA, IA-2A and IAA achieve rates of 98% detection for onset level of autoimmune diabetes. Presence of antibodies in T2D also shows the potential serious complications compared with T2D without antibodies. The combination of GADA, IA-2A and ZnT8A can be suggested as the most powerful and cost-effective diagnostic approach in patients with T1D.Keywords: autoantibody, autoimmune, diabetes mellitus, ICA, GADA, IA-2A, IAA, ZnT8A

scholarly journals The role of adipose tissue immune cells in obesity and low-grade inflammation

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. R113-R127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milos Mraz ◽  
Martin Haluzik
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
Cellular Component ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Adipose tissue (AT) lies at the crossroad of nutrition, metabolism, and immunity; AT inflammation was proposed as a central mechanism connecting obesity with its metabolic and vascular complications. Resident immune cells constitute the second largest AT cellular component after adipocytes and as such play important roles in the maintenance of AT homeostasis. Obesity-induced changes in their number and activity result in the activation of local and later systemic inflammatory response, marking the transition from simple adiposity to diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and ischemic heart disease. This review has focused on the various subsets of immune cells in AT and their role in the development of AT inflammation and obesity-induced insulin resistance.

Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes and the Brain

2019 ◽  
pp. 116-136
Author(s):  
Olga Neyman ◽  
Tamara Hershey
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Peripheral Neuropathy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The World ◽  
The Brain

This chapter focuses on the neurocognitive effects of diabetes mellitus, particularly type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Although many of the side effects of diabetes—such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy—are well known, the consequences on cognition have received comparatively little attention. These consequences will become more important as the rate of diabetes continues to rise at a staggering rate and millions of people are affected throughout the world. This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge on how diabetes mellitus affects cognitive function, emphasizing the role of hypo- and hyperglycemia, while placing it in the context of diabetes as a whole.

The role of bariatric surgery in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 524-528
Author(s):  
Dita Pichlerová
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Retrospective Studies ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Case Reports

Bariatric surgery procedures are recognized as the most successful method of treating diabetes in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite the fact that the number of obese type 1 diabetics has been constantly increasing in the last decade, bariatric surgery in these patients is still waiting to be widely used and standardized. Bariatric surgery has been proposed as an effective treatment for these patients, although data are scarce, based on case reports and retrospective studies. The article summarizes the current knowledge about the use of bariatric surgery in type 1 diabetics with obesity an cites some of the previous studies. Bariatric surgery is not yet routinely recommended in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Crosstalk between Macrophages and Pancreatic β-Cells in Islet Development, Homeostasis and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1765
Author(s):  
Cristina Cosentino ◽  
Romano Regazzi
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Inflammatory Profile

Macrophages are highly heterogeneous and plastic immune cells with peculiar characteristics dependent on their origin and microenvironment. Following pathogen infection or damage, circulating monocytes can be recruited in different tissues where they differentiate into macrophages. Stimuli present in the surrounding milieu induce the polarisation of macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory profile, mediating inflammatory or homeostatic responses, respectively. However, macrophages can also derive from embryonic hematopoietic precursors and reside in specific tissues, actively participating in the development and the homeostasis in physiological conditions. Pancreatic islet resident macrophages are present from the prenatal stages onwards and show specific surface markers and functions. They localise in close proximity to β-cells, being exquisite sensors of their secretory ability and viability. Over the years, the crucial role of macrophages in β-cell differentiation and homeostasis has been highlighted. In addition, macrophages are emerging as central players in the initiation of autoimmune insulitis in type 1 diabetes and in the low-grade chronic inflammation characteristic of obesity and type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. The present work reviews the current knowledge in the field, with a particular focus on the mechanisms of communication between β-cells and macrophages that have been described so far.

scholarly journals Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction: a clinical perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine S. Tam ◽  
Leanne M. Redman
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Adipose Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

AbstractObesity is characterized by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation due to increased immune cells, specifically infiltrated macrophages into adipose tissue, which in turn secrete a range of proinflammatory mediators. This nonselective low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue is systemic in nature and can impair insulin signaling pathways, thus, increasing the risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this review is to provide an update on clinical studies examining the role of adipose tissue in the development of obesity-associated complications in humans. We will discuss adipose tissue inflammation during different scenarios of energy imbalance and metabolic dysfunction including obesity and overfeeding, weight loss by calorie restriction or bariatric surgery, and conditions of insulin resistance (diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome).

scholarly journals The role of selected mechanisms of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 544-549
Author(s):  
Paulina Trojanowska ◽  
Magdalena Chrościńska-Krawczyk ◽  
Alina Trojanowska ◽  
Ewa Tywanek ◽  
Jakub Wronecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Cytoplasmic Proteins

Understanding the important role of the non-specific immune response in protecting the body against the development of numerous diseases has become partially possible after the discovery of several classes of pattern recognition receptors (PRR), such as Toll-like or NOD-like receptors. A group of cytoplasmic proteins called the inflammasome, which detect PAMP and DAMP through the PRR receptors, is able to activate pro-inflammatory cytokines and trigger an acute inflammatory reaction both in the extracellular and intracellular space. Low-grade systemic and local inflammation contributes to the development and progression of various conditions, including autoimmune and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis, which until recently were not even considered inflammatory diseases. This review will discuss the role of innate immunity in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, focusing on the role of specific innate immunity receptors and insulin resistance involved in these diseases pathogenesis.

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