scholarly journals The efficiency of the respiratory system of men at risk of social exclusion

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 327-336
Author(s):  
Ryszard Pujszo ◽  
Magdalena Zając ◽  
Grzegorz Przybylski
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Access To Medical Care ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Some part of the Polish society, after 1989, especially that coming from the remote farming areas – on the bankrupt State Agriculatural Farm could not cope in the new reality. Unemployment and the associated bad financial situation, poor housing conditions, and even homelessness, difficult access to medical care often generated the beginnings of social exclusion. Did those aspects also generate the impairment of the respiratory system or do the socio-demographic conditions demonstrate the relationship with the efficiency of the respiratory system? Material and Methods: 210 people from Tuchola County at risk of social exclusion underwent spirometry testing. The spirometry results were demonstrated against a background of the same measurements carried out on the group of 95 people – physical labourers and white-collar workers of Kazimierz Wielki University. Basic socio-demographic conditions of people at risk of social exclusion were surveyed. Results: Low efficiency of the respiratory system is a characteristic feature of people at risk of social exclusion. Social and living conditions (including housing conditions and unemployment period) demonstrate vital relations with the efficiency of the respiratory system. Conclusions: Poor social and living conditions and smoking of the examined people significantly change their chances of the standard spirometry results. However, good social and living conditions suggest that there is a possibility of the compensation of bad effects of smoking.

Legal and Axiological Basis for Social Reintegration of Persons Sentenced to Imprisonment and Public Participation in the Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
Przemysław Tarwacki
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Social Reintegration ◽  
The Social ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Polish Society

The article discusses the problem of social reintegration of prisoners, which — despite being raised many a time in the relevant literaturę — remains to be a point of issue. In the light of a recent survey conducted by the Polish Public Opinion Research Centre (hereinafter: CBOS), former convicts are considered by the Polish society as one of the groups of people most at risk of social exclusion. In turn, a report of the Ministry of Justice of 2020, regarding convicted adults, shows that a very large number of people leaving prison return to crime as early as in the first year after being released, which, for obvious reasons, has a negative impact on the internal security of our country. These circumstances encourage one to take a fresh glance at the problem of social reintegration of convicts and to search for additional arguments in favor of extending special support to this group of people. A review of the existing legislation indicates that it allows the principle of individualisation of assistance for the sake of social readaptation of individual convicts to be applied to an unlimited extent. What is strictly limited, however, is the circle of persons who can undertake activities for the social readaptation of prisoners during their imprisonment. The exclusion from the above-mentioned circle of all persons validly convicted of intentional offences is unjustified, and with regard to those members of society who, outside the structures of non-governmental organisations, wish to engage in activities for the social readaptation of convicted persons is downright unlawful, as it is contrary to higher-order legal acts. An in-depth analysis of the law in force leads to the conclusion that argumentation for not treating this social group differently from other individuals most at risk of social exclusion can be found in the constitution itself. On the other hand, a review of lower-order legal acts leads to the observation that since our country's accession to the European Union there have appeared both new measures and additional reasons, different from those traditionally identified in the doctrine of executive criminal law, for investing in any human capital in need of support, including persons sentenced to imprisonment.

scholarly journals POVERTY AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM NORTH MACEDONIA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitar Nikoloski
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Work Intensity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Poverty Status

Poverty and social exclusion are often associated with unemployment, but being employed is not always sufficient to provide decent living conditions for workers and their families. The ‘low-wage’ workers similarly as unemployed are often associated with an image of men and women struggling to support their families and living at risk of poverty and social exclusion. Dealing with the social stratification engendered from the employment status of workers in the post-transition countries represents a challenging task for the academics and policymakers. The aim of the paper is to assess the determinants of poverty in North Macedonia from the point of view of employment status, particularly the differences between low-paid and unemployed workers. We assess the factors affecting the probability of at-risk-of poverty status by estimating a logit model on cross-section data separately for employed and unemployed persons in 2015. The analysis draws from an examination of micro data from the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) whose main scope is to enable the compilation of statistics on income distribution, as well as indicators of monetary poverty. Besides other personal and household characteristics, being low-paid appears as the most important factor for at-risk-of poverty status among employed persons, while the low work intensity is the most responsible factor for at-risk-of poverty status among unemployed persons. In addition, our analysis reveals that the social transfers do not satisfactorily cover these categories, which assumes that we need a much broader arsenal of respective policy measures aiming to reduce poverty among the vulnerable labour market segments. The proposed policy recommendations cover the following areas: education and training, active labour market policies, unionisation and collective bargaining, wage subsidies and taxation and statutory minimum wage.

scholarly journals Quality of life and prosocial or antisocial coping with resource deprivation: The study of people at risk of social exclusion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Chwaszcz ◽  
Rafał Piotr Bartczuk ◽  
Iwona Niewiadomska ◽  
Patrycja Sławska-Jaroszewska
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Conservation Of Resources ◽  
Life Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship

Background and Objectives. This paper presents a study based on Hobfoll’s conservation of resources theory on resources and coping as predictors of the quality of life of those at risk of social exclusion. They are deprived of access to the public pool of psychosocial resources, the acquisition and accumulation of which are closely linked to the perceived quality of life.Design. A cross-sectional self-reported questionnaire study.Method. The sample of 1,074 individuals from various groups at risk of exclusion was surveyed using the Conservation of Resources–Evaluation questionnaire, the Strategic Approach to Coping Scale, and the WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to test mediational hypotheses in the analysis. Results. The significant variables that determined the relationship between resource gains and losses and the quality of life included active-passive and prosocial-antisocial coping strategies. The results were generally robust, but the level of education moderated the relationship between active antisocial coping and quality of life.Conclusion. The obtained dependencies are consistent with Hobfoll’s approach, confirming its usefulness. Prosocial coping boosts the positive prominence of the relationship between resource gains and the quality of life and reduces the effect of resource losses, causing the quality of life to decline.

NEET- social group of young people, who is at risk of social and professional exclusion

2019 ◽  
Vol X (2 (27)) ◽  
pp. 105-125
Author(s):  
Patryk Barszcz
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Young People ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
Employment Education

In this article was presented casus of NEET in youth in current Polish society. This term is used when we say about Youth at the age of 15 to 29, who is not active in labour market. NEETs are not in employment, education or training. The main aim of this work was to present the phenomenon of NEET in reference to social exlusion. It was made an analysis of NEET in Europe in last dacade 2007-2017. This article also presented the causes and effects of this style of live in Youth people. The main bibliography was reports from Eurostat, which informed about situation of Youth in labour market and periodical of social exclusion.

Housing and regeneration: the problem or the solution

1999 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 78-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Kleinman ◽  
Christine Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Housing Market ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Housing Policy ◽  
Housing Quality ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Urban Renaissance ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Neighbourhood Regeneration ◽  
The Relationship

Housing policy has traditionally been highly specific, concentrating on providing decent affordable homes. Now, however, housing is being seen more as a major factor in locating wider problems of deprivation and social exclusion, as well as an important part in solutions, not only by increasing housing quality, but more widely through its impact on the neighbourhood, regeneration and even urban renaissance. The article reviews a range of research findings on the role that housing plays in concentrating problems of deprivation and decay, on the relationship between deprivation and housing conditions, on how the housing market operates in relation to successful area-based employment and regeneration policies, and the implications that these results have on how area-based policies should be evaluated.

Perceived uniqueness: Locus of control, social exclusion, and choice

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Shichang Liang ◽  
Yaping Chang ◽  
XueBing Dong ◽  
Jinshan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
Central China ◽  
External Locus ◽  
Internal Locus Of Control ◽  
Uniqueness Results ◽  
The Relationship

We examined the influence of locus of control on the relationship between social exclusion and preference for distinctive choices. Participants were 212 undergraduate students at a university in Central China, who completed measures of social exclusion, locus of control, choice, and perceived uniqueness. Results showed that participants who believed that the environment controlled their fate (external locus of control) preferred more distinctive choices in a social exclusion context than in a social inclusion context, whereas participants who believed that they could control the environment (internal locus of control) preferred less distinctive choices. Further, perceived uniqueness mediated the effect of social exclusion and locus of control on choice. These results add to the literature on social exclusion and personal control.

Bridging the Gap between Political and Penal Legitimacy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Henham
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Value ◽  
The Political ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Social Morality ◽  
Penal Policy ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Sentencing Policy ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter argues that the relationship between penal policy and the political economy provides important insights into the political and institutional reforms required to minimize harsh and discriminatory penal policies. However, the capacity of sentencing policy to engage with this social reality in a meaningful way necessitates a recasting of penal ideology. To realize this objective requires a profound understanding of sentencing’s social value and significance for citizens. The greatest challenge then lies in establishing coherent links between penal ideology and practice to encourage forms of sentencing that are sensitive to changes in social value. The chapter concludes by explaining how the present approach taken by the courts of England and Wales to the sentencing of women exacerbates social exclusion and reinforces existing divisions in social morality. It urges fundamental changes in ideology and practice so that policy reflects a socially valued rationale for the criminalization and punishment of women.

The Democratic Costs of Constitutionalization— The European Case

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Grimm
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
European Law ◽  
European Court ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the democratic costs of constitutionalization by focusing on the European case. It first considers the interdependence of democracy and constitutionalism before discussing how constitutionalization can put democracy at risk. It then explores the tension between democracy and fundamental rights, the constitutionalization of the European treaties, and the European Court of Justice’s (ECJ) two separate judgments regarding the relationship between European law and national law. It also assesses the impact of the ECJ’s jurisprudence on democracy, especially in the area of economic integration. The chapter argues that the legitimacy problem the EU faces is caused in part by over-constitutionalization and that the remedy to this problem is re-politicization of decisions with significant political implications.

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