The Role of Beliefs in Driving Gender Discrimination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine B. Coffman ◽  
Christine L. Exley ◽  
Muriel Niederle
Keyword(s):  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Women In The Workplace ◽  
Discriminatory Behavior ◽  
Average Group ◽  
Group Preferences ◽  
Key Driver

Although there is ample evidence of discrimination against women in the workplace, it can be difficult to understand what factors contribute to discriminatory behavior. We use an experiment to both document discrimination and unpack its sources. First, we show that, on average, employers prefer to hire male over female workers for male-typed tasks, even when the two workers have identical résumés. Second, and most critically, we use a control condition to identify that this discrimination is not specific to gender. Employers are simply less willing to hire a worker from a group that performs worse on average, even when this group is, instead, defined by a nonstereotypical characteristic. In this way, beliefs about average group differences are the key driver of discrimination against women in our setting. We also document some evidence for in-group preferences that contribute to the gender discrimination observed. Finally, our design allows us to understand and quantify the extent to which image concerns mitigate discriminatory behavior. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, decision analysis.

scholarly journals Invisibility of Social Privilege to Those Who Have It

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaidi Wu ◽  
David Alan Dunning
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Cognitive Representations ◽  
Male Privilege ◽  
Behavior Study ◽  
Discriminatory Behavior ◽  
And Gender

The U.S. faces deep social divides, with socially dominant and subordinate groups clashing in their views about how much privilege the former enjoys and hardship the latter endures. We suggest that these differences arise because privilege is invisible to those who have it. Compared to disadvantaged groups, socially dominant groups are hypocognitive of privilege, having only sparse cognitive representations of the concept. This deficit leads to poor cognitive performance when thinking about privilege and predicts group differences in privilege awareness and beliefs about the prevalence of discrimination. Across 8 studies, participants from advantaged groups showed cognitive signatures of hypocognition. Right-handers generated fewer handedness- related hassles than left-handers (Study 1). Men generated fewer instances of gender discrimination than women, recalled fewer previously presented items describing actions people take to defend themselves against violence, and showed poorer recall and recognition in memory of gender discrimination examples described in a TEDx talk (Studies 2a-2c). Whites generated fewer racial discrimination instances than Blacks and recalled fewer such instances from a presented list (Studies 3a-3b). Whites also generated fewer examples of racial discrimination than Asians and reacted more slowly when classifying examples as discriminatory behavior (Study 4). After watching a transgender woman describe her discrimination experience living as a woman, both men and women showed increased awareness of male privilege and gender discrimination (Study 5). Findings suggest that the invisibility of one’s privilege need not solely reflect identity-defensive motivations, but may also stem from cognitive deficits in conceptual knowledge about privilege and discrimination.

Examining the Role of Language in Play Among Children With and Without Developmental Disabilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 795-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Short ◽  
Rachael Cooper Schindler ◽  
Rita Obeid ◽  
Maia M. Noeder ◽  
Laura E. Hlavaty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Play Skills ◽  
Critical Aspect ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Better Than

Purpose Play is a critical aspect of children's development, and researchers have long argued that symbolic deficits in play may be diagnostic of developmental disabilities. This study examined whether deficits in play emerge as a function of developmental disabilities and whether our perceptions of play are colored by differences in language and behavioral presentations. Method Ninety-three children participated in this study (typically developing [TD]; n = 23, developmental language disorders [DLD]; n = 24, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]; n = 26, and autism spectrum disorder [ASD]; n = 20). Children were videotaped engaging in free-play. Children's symbolic play (imagination, organization, elaboration, and comfort) was scored under conditions of both audible language and no audible language to assess diagnostic group differences in play and whether audible language impacted raters' perception of play. Results Significant differences in play were evident across diagnostic groups. The presence of language did not alter play ratings for the TD group, but differences were found among the other diagnostic groups. When language was audible, children with DLD and ASD (but not ADHD) were scored poorly on play compared to their TD peers. When language was not audible, children with DLD were perceived to play better than when language was audible. Conversely, children with ADHD showed organizational deficits when language was not available to support their play. Finally, children with ASD demonstrated poor play performance regardless of whether language was audible or not. Conclusions Language affects our understanding of play skills in some young children. Parents, researchers, and clinicians must be careful not to underestimate or overestimate play based on language presentation. Differential skills in language have the potential to unduly influence our perceptions of play for children with developmental disabilities.

scholarly journals GPER-Deficient Rats Exhibit Lower Serum Corticosterone Level and Increased Anxiety-Like Behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zheng ◽  
Meimei Wu ◽  
Ting Gao ◽  
Li Meng ◽  
Xiaowei Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Corticosterone Level ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Genetic Ablation ◽  
Serum Corticosterone ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Prolonged Stress

Ample evidence suggests that estrogens have strong influences on the occurrence of stress-related mood disorders, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Through multiple approaches, we demonstrate that the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is widely distributed along the HPA axis and in brain structures critically involved in mood control. Genetic ablation of GPER in the rat resulted in significantly lower basal serum corticosterone level but enhanced ACTH release in response to acute restraint stress, especially in the female. GPER-/- rats of either sex displayed increased anxiety-like behaviors and deficits in learning and memory. Additionally, GPER deficiency led to aggravation of anxiety-like behaviors following single-prolonged stress (SPS). SPS caused significant decreases in serum corticosterone in WT but not in GPER-deficient rats. The results highlight an important role of GPER at multiple sites in regulation of the HPA axis and mood.

Living with Barren Truths: A Tale of Triumphalism and Tribulations of a Technology

2021 ◽  
pp. 097168582110159
Author(s):  
Sital Mohanty ◽  
Subhasis Sahoo ◽  
Pranay Kumar Swain
Keyword(s):  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Social Fact ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Science, technology and human values have been the subject of enquiry in the last few years for social scientists and eventually the relationship between science and gender is the subject of an ongoing debate. This is due to the event of globalization which led to the exponential growth of new technologies like assisted reproductive technology (ART). ART, one of the most iconic technological innovations of the twentieth century, has become increasingly a normal social fact of life. Since ART invades multiple human discourses—thereby transforming culture, society and politics—it is important what is sociological about ART as well as what is biological. This article argues in commendation of sociology of technology, which is alert to its democratic potential but does not concurrently conceal the historical and continuing role of technology in legitimizing gender discrimination. The article draws the empirical insights from local articulations (i.e., Odisha state in eastern India) for the understandings of motherhood, freedom and choice, reproductive right and rights over the body to which ART has contributed. Sociologically, the article has been supplemented within the broader perspectives of determinism, compatibilism alongside feminism.

Eukaryotic transcription termination factor La mediates transcript release and facilitates reinitiation by RNA polymerase III

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 2147-2158
Author(s):  
R J Maraia ◽  
D J Kenan ◽  
J D Keene
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Transcription Termination ◽  
Rna Polymerase Iii ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Polymerase Iii ◽  
Transcription Complexes ◽  
Pol Iii

Ample evidence indicates that Alu family interspersed elements retrotranspose via primary transcripts synthesized by RNA polymerase III (pol III) and that this transposition sometimes results in genetic disorders in humans. However, Alu primary transcripts can be processed posttranscriptionally, diverting them away from the transposition pathway. The pol III termination signal of a well-characterized murine B1 (Alu-equivalent) element inhibits RNA 3' processing, thereby stabilizing the putative transposition intermediary. We used an immobilized template-based assay to examine transcription termination by VA1, 7SL, and Alu class III templates and the role of transcript release in the pol III terminator-dependent inhibition of processing of B1-Alu transcripts. We found that the RNA-binding protein La confers this terminator-dependent 3' processing inhibition on transcripts released from the B1-Alu template. Using pure recombinant La protein and affinity-purified transcription complexes, we also demonstrate that La facilitates multiple rounds of transcription reinitiation by pol III. These results illustrate an important role for La in RNA production by demonstrating its ability to clear the termination sites of class III templates, thereby promoting efficient use of transcription complexes by pol III. The role of La as a potential regulatory factor in transcript maturation and how this might apply to Alu interspersed elements is discussed.

scholarly journals Gender discrimination, victimisation and women's mental health

2018 ◽  
Vol 213 (6) ◽  
pp. 682-684
Author(s):  
Georgina M. Hosang ◽  
Kamaldeep Bhui
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
British Journal ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Women’S Mental Health ◽  
Women's Mental Health ◽  
The Impact

SummaryGender inequality and discrimination, as well as violence and victimisation towards women, have recently hit the headlines creating a media furore. We provide a timely discussion surrounding the impact of these issues on women's mental health and a discussion of the role of psychiatry in this context.Declaration of interestK.B. is the editor for the British Journal of Psychiatry but has not played a role in the decision to accept this editorial for publication in this journal. G.H. has no conflict of interest to declare.

Phonological awareness in young second language learners

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maggie Bruck ◽  
Fred Genesee
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Phoneme Awareness ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Bilingual Group ◽  
English Speaking

ABSTRACTEnglish-speaking children (N = 91) who were attending French schools (bilingual group) were given a battery of phonological awareness tests in kindergarten and in grade 1. At the time of kindergarten testing the mean age of the children was 5:9. Their performance was compared to age-matched English-speaking children (N = 72) attending English schools (monolingual group). The bilingual children showed heightened levels of phonological awareness skills in kindergarten in the area of onset-rime awareness. By grade 1, the pattern of group differences was more complex. The monolingual and bilingual children performed similarly on onset-rime segmentation tasks. The monolingual children had higher phoneme awareness scores than their French-schooled peers; this result is interpreted to reflect the role of literacy instruction on phoneme awareness development. In comparison, the bilingual children had higher syllable segmentation scores than their monolingual peers. This result is interpreted to reflect the role of second language input on phonological awareness.

scholarly journals Capital Structure-Firm Value Nexus: Moderating Role of Profitability

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-386
Author(s):  
Hamed Ahmad Almahadin ◽  
Yazan Salameh Oroud
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Firm Value ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Functional Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

This study aims to investigate the moderating role of profitability in the relationship between capital structure and firm value in Jordan, as an example of an emerging economy. For this purpose, two functional models were formulated to capture the direct relationship as well as the interaction impact of capital structure on firm value. The robust empirical findings of panel data analysis provide strong evidence of an adverse relationship between capital structure and firm value. The findings confirm that the impact of capital structure appears to be complicated in nature and difficult to examine without controlling for the interaction of profitability as one of the major determinants. Therefore, studying the interaction effect provides ample evidence and enhances the understanding of the link between firm value and capital structure. The empirical results of the study may provide important insights and policy implications to decision-makers.

scholarly journals Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Anak Diluar Perkawinan bagi Tenaga Kerja Wanita di Kabupaten Cianjur

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
Hazar Kusmayanti ◽  
Agus Mulya Karsona
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Illegitimate Child ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

Protection of female workers  in Cianjur District is indeed necessary, especially when working abroad. One of the problems is when there are many migrant workers who give birth to children out of wedlock and return to Indonesia without their husband. The purpose of this study was to determine the legal protection illegitimate child born by Women Workers in Cianjur Regency and to know the role of the government to cope with unmarried children born by Women Workers in Cianjur District. The study was analytical descriptive with the method of this research approach through normative juridical. The results of the study found that legal protection for illegitimate child  born by Indonesian Female Workers in Cianjur has a regulation protecting it, namely Article 28 of the 1945 Constitution, Law No. 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection, Article 43 paragraph (1) of the Marriage Law and Constitutional Court Decision No. 46 / PUU-VIII / 2010. The role of the government in protecting extramarital children born by Indonesian Workers in Cianjur, West Java is not optimal. The role of the village government is very helpful for women migrant workers, namely finding companies that will send their citizens. Whereas illegitimate child born by migrant workers can be protected one of them by smoothing all administrative processes for these children such as issuing a free birth certificate.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document