scholarly journals COLOR CHANGE — MASS LOSS CORRELATION FOR HEAT-TREATED WOOD

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 345-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Marinela Olarescu ◽  
Mihaela Campean
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Mathematical Correlation ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Two Parameters

Heat treatment is renowned as the most environmentally friendly process of dimensional stabilization that can be applied to wood, in order to make it suitable for outdoor uses. It also darkens wood color and improves wood durability. The intensity of heat treatment can be appreciated by means of two parameters: the color change occured in wood due to the high temperature, and the mass loss, which is a measure of the degree of thermal degradation. In order to find a mathematical correlation between these two parameters, an experimental study was conducted with four European wood species, which were heat-treated at 180°C and 200ºC, for 1-3 hours, under atmosheric pressure.The paper presents the results concerning the color changes and mass losses recorded for the heat-treated wood samples compared to untreated wood.  For all four species, the dependency between the color change and the mass loss was found to be best described by a logarithmic regression equation with R2 of 0.93 to 0.99 for the soft species (spruce, pine and lime), and R2 of 0.77 for beech. The results of this study envisage to simplify the assessment procedure of the heat treatment efficiency, by only measuring the color – a feature that is both convenient and cost-effective. 

Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Wärmebehandlung auf die Beständigkeit von Fichtenholz gegenüber holzzerstörenden Pilzen | Examination of the influence of heat treatment on the resistance of spruce timber to wood decaying fungi

2004 ◽  
Vol 155 (12) ◽  
pp. 548-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz Bächle ◽  
Peter Niemz ◽  
Markus Heeb
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Blue Stain

Spruce wood that was heat treated in rape oil (laboratory scale) and in an autoclave with a nitrogen atmosphere (industrial scale), respectively, was tested according to EN 113 for its resistance to basidiomycetes (4 brown and 1 white rot). In addition,resistance to blue-stain fungi was tested according to EN 152 and pH-values were measured in an outdoor ageing process. Influenced by the thermal treatment a clear decrease of mass loss induced by brown rot can be seen. There is an obvious influence of the kind of fungi and the level of treatment. Inoculated with Trametes versicolor (simultaneous white rot) a higher mass loss can be seen in the heat-treated specimens than in the untreated specimens. The big differences in the results between the fungi show that the type of fungi plays a role in the degree of influence. It would therefore seem that tests using only one fungus are insufficient. Similar results were achieved by testing previously weathered samples. The tendencies are not always similar. Blue-stain was occasionally detected near the surface of heat-treated wood. The pH-value of wood treated in an autoclave is clearly lower than that of untreated wood. The colour of the heat-treated wood is not UV stable. However, the colour achieved by the oil-heat-treatment is more stable than that achieved by a treatment in an autoclave.

Comparison of the color and weight change in Paulownia tomentosa and Pinus koraiensis wood heat-treated in hot oil and hot air

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 5574-5585
Author(s):  
Intan Fajar Suri ◽  
Jong Ho Kim ◽  
Byantara Darsan Purusatama ◽  
Go Un Yang ◽  
Denni Prasetia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Paulownia Tomentosa ◽  
Wood Color ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Heat Treated

Color changes were tested and compared for heat-treated Paulownia tomentosa and Pinus koraiensis wood treated with hot oil or hot air for further utilization of these species. Hot oil and hot air treatments were conducted at 180, 200, and 220 °C for 1, 2, and 3 h. Heat-treated wood color changes were determined using the CIE-Lab color system. Weight changes of the wood before and after heat treatment were also determined. The weight of the oil heat-treated wood increased considerably but it decreased in air heat-treated wood. The oil heat-treated samples showed a greater decrease in lightness (L*) than air heat-treated samples. A significant change in L* was observed in Paulownia tomentosa. The red/green chromaticity (a*) of both wood samples increased at 180 and 200 °C and slightly decreased at 220 °C. The yellow/blue chromaticity (b*) in both wood samples increased at 180 °C, but it rapidly decreased with increasing treatment durations at 200 and 220 °C. The overall color change (ΔE*) in both heat treatments increased with increasing temperature, being higher in Paulownia tomentosa than in Pinus koraiensis. In conclusion, oil heat treatment reduced treatment duration and was a more effective method than air heat treatment in improving wood color.

scholarly journals Calorific Power Improvement of Wood by Heat Treatment and Its Relation to Chemical Composition

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5322
Author(s):  
Idalina Domingos ◽  
Umit Ayata ◽  
José Ferreira ◽  
Luisa Cruz-Lopes ◽  
Ali Sen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation ◽  
Total Extractives ◽  
Calorific Power

Chemical composition influences the calorific power of wood, mainly due to the calorific power of structural compounds and extractives. Heat treatment changes the chemical composition of treated wood. This work studies the relationship between chemical composition and calorific power improvement by heat treatment. Samples were heat-treated by the ThermoWood process ® for 1 h and 2 h. High heating value (HHV) and chemical composition; lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses and extractives in dichloromethane, ethanol, and water were determined. The HHV of untreated wood ranged between 18.54–19.92 MJ/kg and increased with heat treatment for all the tested species. A positive linear correlation was found between HHV and Klason lignin (R2 = 0.60). A negative trend was observed for holocellulose, cellulose, and hemicelluloses content against HHV, but with low determination coefficients for linear regression. The best adjust for polysaccharides was found for hemicelluloses content. A positive correlation could be found for dichloromethane extractives (R2 = 0.04). The same was obtained in relation to ethanol extractives with R2 = 0.20. For water and total extractives, no clear positive or negative trends could be achieved. The results showed that the HHV of wood increased with heat treatment and that this increase was mainly due to the increase in lignin content.

Wettability of Heat-Treated Wood

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pétrissans ◽  
P. Gérardin ◽  
I. El bakali ◽  
M. Serraj
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Chemical Change ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Adsorbed Water ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Before And After

Summary The aim of this work was to study the wettability and chemical composition of heat-treated wood. Heat treatment was performed at 240°C under inert atmosphere on four European wood species (pine, spruce, beech and poplar). Contact angle measurements before and after treatment indicated a significant increase in wood hydrophobicity. Advancing contact angles of a water drop were in all cases systematically higher for heat-treated than for untreated wood. Chemical modifications of wood after heat treatment were investigated using FTIR and 13C NMR analysis. FTIR spectra indicated little structural change which could be attributed either to carbon-carbon double bond formation or to adsorbed water. NMR spectra also revealed little chemical change except for the degree of cellulose crystallinity which was considerably higher in heat-treated wood and could explain the higher contact angles.

scholarly journals Coating Performance on Exterior Oil-Heat Treated Wood

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojgan Nejad ◽  
Mahdi Dadbin ◽  
Paul Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Average Moisture Content ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Coating Performance ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Heat Treated

Thermal modification and the degree of improved properties from the treatment depend on wood species and treatment parameters. Southern yellow pine and spruce are two wood species commonly used for decking, fences, and siding in North America. This study evaluated coating performance when applied on oil-heat-treated Southern pine and spruce wood samples. Moisture content, color, and gloss changes of samples were analyzed before weathering and then after each month for the first three months and then every six months during 18 months of natural weathering exposure in Toronto, Canada. The results showed that coated heat-treated woods had lower moisture uptake, lower color change, and overall better appearance ranking than coated-untreated wood samples. Coated-spruce wood samples had lower checking and splitting, and in general, much better performance than coated-Southern pine treated samples. Notably, the average moisture content of treated spruce wood samples was significantly lower than that of Southern pine, which explains lower checking and improved coatings’ appearance.

scholarly journals Heat Treatment of Pine Wood: Possible Effect of Impregnation with Silver Nanosuspension

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid R. Taghiyari ◽  
Siavash Bayani ◽  
Holger Militz ◽  
Antonios N. Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
High Mass Loss ◽  
The Impact

The scope of the present work was to study the effects of heat treatment (at different mild temperatures) on the physicomechanical properties of pine wood, and to find out if impregnation with nanosilver may have any potential influence on the impact of heat treatment. Impregnation of wood with a 400-ppm silver nanosuspension was carried out under an initial vacuum pressure of 0.07 MPa, followed by a pressure of 0.25 MPa for thirty minutes, before heat treatment. Heat treatment was carried out under hot air at three relatively mild temperatures, 145, 165, and 185 °C. Results showed improvement of some properties in heat-treated wood at 145 °C. This was indicative of the improving impact caused by hornification and irreversible hydrogen bonding in the course of water movements due to heat treatment; significant fluctuations in the intensities of FTIR spectra bands at 1750–1500 cm−1 were corroborating evidence of chemical alterations in hemicellulose polymer. The high mass loss at temperature 185 °C, and the extreme thermal degradation thereof, overcame the improving effects of hornification and formation of irreversible hydrogen bonds, consequently mechanical properties decreased significantly. Interaction of different elements involved made it hard to predict properties in specimens modified at 165 °C. Impregnation of specimens with nanosilver suspension resulted in significant increase of mass loss in specimens heat-treated at 185 °C, and significant fluctuations in properties of specimens heat-treated at 145 °C.

Water absorption behavior of heat-treated and untreated red balau saw dust/LDPE composites: Its kinetics and effects on mechanical properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1408-1426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth A Lafia-Araga ◽  
Aziz Hassan ◽  
R Yahya ◽  
N Abd Rahman ◽  
Fauzani Md Salleh
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Thermoplastic Composites ◽  
Wood Composites ◽  
Saw Dust ◽  
Heat Treated

The hygroscopic nature of wood limits the use of wood thermoplastic composites (WTC) in outdoor industrial and domestic applications. To reduce this tendency, red balau saw dust was heat treated at 180 and 200°C for 1 h and compounded with Low Density Poly(ethylene) (LDPE) into 20 and 37 wt% and then molded into test specimens by injection molding. Samples were immersed in distilled water at room temperature for 4 months. Heat-treated wood composites showed remarkable water resistance relative to untreated ones. Wood composites made from wood treated at 180 and 200°C exhibited almost similar water absorption pattern. Reduced water absorption of heat-treated wood composites relative to untreated ones indicates that heat treatment has resulted in a degree of modification of the wood. Most of the composites displayed the Fickian mode of water absorption with n values close to 0.5. Also, the diffusion coefficient reduced with wood content in untreated wood composites due to interaction of water with the polar groups in wood through hydrogen bonding. Untreated wood composites exhibited poorer mechanical properties with water immersion as a result of degradation due to moisture. The mechanical properties of the heat-treated wood composites were not adversely affected with water absorption. Therefore, heat treatment can reduce the proneness to water absorption in WTCs and alleviate the detrimental effects on mechanical properties.

scholarly journals The effect of heat treatment on the moisture absorption characteristics of Cu-impregnated Masson’s pine wood

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 8459-8471
Author(s):  
Lamei Li ◽  
Guijun Xie ◽  
Wanju Li ◽  
Yixin Li ◽  
Xingwei Li
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Water Adsorption ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Heat Treated

The accumulation of water inside wood creates a favorable environment not only for molds, but also for wood-decaying fungi and insects. Therefore, the ability to limit water adsorption and retention is key to the longevity and performance of wood. In this study, the effect of heat-treatment and Cu nanoparticle (CuNP) impregnation on surface contact angle, specific surface area, and hygroscopicity of Masson’s pine wood was examined. Heat-treatment caused thermal degradation of hydroxyl-rich biopolymers, leading to an increase in hydrophobicity; while the resulting breakdown and blockage of the interior cell cavity network caused a decrease in effective surface area. In turn, the hygroscopicity of the heat-treated wood was considerably lower than the untreated wood. Analysis of water adsorption isotherms enabled the differentiation between bound water and free water, where the latter was a prerequisite for mold growth. The research showed that the amount of free water was reduced by both impregnation with CuNP and heat-treatment, but the previously observed antimicrobial activity was shown to rely on the presence of CuNPs as opposed to the reduced free water content. This study presented a detailed methodology for the preparation and analysis of heat-treated, CuNP-impregnated wood, and provided further insight into the mechanism of antimicrobial action of treated woods.

scholarly journals The effect of heat treatment and impact angle on the erosion behavior of nickel-tungsten carbide cold spray coating using response surface methodology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marios Kazasidis ◽  
Elisa Verna ◽  
Shuo Yin ◽  
Rocco Lupoi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Tungsten Carbide ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Impact Angle ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis study elucidates the performance of cold-sprayed tungsten carbide-nickel coating against solid particle impingement erosion using alumina (corundum) particles. After the coating fabrication, part of the specimens followed two different annealing heat treatment cycles with peak temperatures of 600 °C and 800 °C. The coatings were examined in terms of microstructure in the as-sprayed (AS) and the two heat-treated conditions (HT1, HT2). Subsequently, the erosion tests were carried out using design of experiments with two control factors and two replicate measurements in each case. The effect of the heat treatment on the mass loss of the coatings was investigated at the three levels (AS, HT1, HT2), as well as the impact angle of the erodents (30°, 60°, 90°). Finally, the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to analyze and optimize the results, building the mathematical models that relate the significant variables and their interactions to the output response (mass loss) for each coating condition. The obtained results demonstrated that erosion minimization was achieved when the coating was heat treated at 600 °C and the angle was 90°.

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