Experimental Study on Connection Strength between Tobacco Stem and Leaf

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1055-1062
Author(s):  
Jie Yu ◽  
Jinkui Chu ◽  
Yang Li
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Results ◽  
List Type ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Connection Strength ◽  
Maturity Level ◽  
Leaf Base ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
Tobacco Stem

HighlightsThe connection strength between tobacco stem and leaf was obtained for ‘Zhongyan-100(CF965)’ variety.The connection strength between tobacco stem and leaf relates to the leaf growing location and maturity of the leaf.The tobacco leaf is easier to be separated from the stem with an oblique force than a vertical force.The distance between the harvesting tool and the leaf base was suggested to be less than 50 mm for the tested variety.Abstract. Harvesting of tobacco leaves is an important and basic tobacco production process. With the increase of labor costs and the development of agricultural mechanization, mechanical harvesting of tobacco leaves will inevitably replace manual harvesting. The connection strength between tobacco stem and leaf is a key mechanical parameter for tobacco harvester design. In this study, one tobacco cultivar, “Zhongyan-100(CF965)” was selected as an experimental plant. Experiments were designed and carried out by collecting mature and immature tobacco leaf samples to test the connection strength between the leaf and stem. The experimental results showed that the connection strength between tobacco stem and leaf was related to the position of the leaf on the stem and the maturity level of tobacco leaf. The connection strength obtained from the experiments was in the range of 0.64 to 2.76 MPa. The connection strength had a linear relationship with its water content. The connection strength was higher at higher moisture content or lower maturity level. Besides, experimental results indicated that the tobacco leaves were more easily detached from the stem when the oblique force was applied to the tobacco leaf. The maximum horizontal distance between the harvesting tool and the leaf base should be 50 mm to ensure the integrity of the tobacco leaf after harvesting. The results of this study could be applied to the design of tobacco harvesters. Keywords: Connection strength, Mechanization, Specialty crop, Tobacco harvesting.

Tobacco Leaf Grading Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Networks and Machine Vision

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
Mengyao Lu ◽  
Shuwen Jiang ◽  
Cong Wang ◽  
Dong Chen ◽  
Tian’en Chen
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Transfer Learning ◽  
Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
List Type ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
Grading Model

HighlightsA classification model for the front and back sides of tobacco leaves was developed for application in industry.A tobacco leaf grading method that combines a CNN with double-branch integration was proposed.The A-ResNet network was proposed and compared with other classic CNN networks.The grading accuracy of eight different grades was 91.30% and the testing time was 82.180 ms, showing a relatively high classification accuracy and efficiency.Abstract. Flue-cured tobacco leaf grading is a key step in the production and processing of Chinese-style cigarette raw materials, directly affecting cigarette blend and quality stability. At present, manual grading of tobacco leaves is dominant in China, resulting in unsatisfactory grading quality and consuming considerable material and financial resources. In this study, for fast, accurate, and non-destructive tobacco leaf grading, 2,791 flue-cured tobacco leaves of eight different grades in south Anhui Province, China, were chosen as the study sample, and a tobacco leaf grading method that combines convolutional neural networks and double-branch integration was proposed. First, a classification model for the front and back sides of tobacco leaves was trained by transfer learning. Second, two processing methods (equal-scaled resizing and cropping) were used to obtain global images and local patches from the front sides of tobacco leaves. A global image-based tobacco leaf grading model was then developed using the proposed A-ResNet-65 network, and a local patch-based tobacco leaf grading model was developed using the ResNet-34 network. These two networks were compared with classic deep learning networks, such as VGGNet, GoogLeNet-V3, and ResNet. Finally, the grading results of the two grading models were integrated to realize tobacco leaf grading. The tobacco leaf classification accuracy of the final model, for eight different grades, was 91.30%, and grading of a single tobacco leaf required 82.180 ms. The proposed method achieved a relatively high grading accuracy and efficiency. It provides a method for industrial implementation of the tobacco leaf grading and offers a new approach for the quality grading of other agricultural products. Keywords: Convolutional neural network, Deep learning, Image classification, Transfer learning, Tobacco leaf grading

scholarly journals Discrimination of Fresh Tobacco Leaves with Different Maturity Levels by Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy and Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yi Chen ◽  
Jun Bin ◽  
Congming Zou ◽  
Mengjiao Ding
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Maturity Level ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
Leaf Maturity

The maturity affects the yield, quality, and economic value of tobacco leaves. Leaf maturity level discrimination is an important step in manual harvesting. However, the maturity judgment of fresh tobacco leaves by grower visual evaluation is subjective, which may lead to quality loss and low prices. Therefore, an objective and reliable discriminant technique for tobacco leaf maturity level based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with a deep learning approach of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is proposed in this study. To assess the performance of the proposed maturity discriminant model, four conventional multiclass classification approaches—K-nearest neighbor (KNN), backpropagation neural network (BPNN), support vector machine (SVM), and extreme learning machine (ELM)—were employed for a comparative analysis of three categories (upper, middle, and lower position) of tobacco leaves. Experimental results showed that the CNN discriminant models were able to precisely classify the maturity level of tobacco leaves for the above three data sets with accuracies of 96.18%, 95.2%, and 97.31%, respectively. Moreover, the CNN models with strong feature extraction and learning ability were superior to the KNN, BPNN, SVM, and ELM models. Thus, NIR spectroscopy combined with CNN is a promising alternative to overcome the limitations of sensory assessment for tobacco leaf maturity level recognition. The development of a maturity-distinguishing model can provide an accurate, reliable, and scientific auxiliary means for tobacco leaf harvesting.

scholarly journals Cold stress in the harvest period: effects on tobacco leaf quality and curing characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Ke Ren ◽  
Mengyang Hu ◽  
Xian He ◽  
Kaiyuan Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Weather Forecast ◽  
Production Quality ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme System

Abstract Background Weather change in high-altitude areas subjects mature tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) to cold stress, which damages tobacco leaf yield and quality. A brupt diurnal temperature differences (the daily temperature dropping more than 20 °C) along with rainfall in tobacco-growing areas at an altitude above 2450 m, caused cold stress to field-grown tobacco. Results After the flue-cured tobacco suffered cold stress in the field, the surface color of tobacco leaves changed and obvious large browning areas were appeared, and the curing availability was extremely poor. Further research found the quality of fresh tobacco leaves, the content of key chemical components, and the production quality were greatly reduced by cold stress. We hypothesize that cold stress in high altitude environments destroyed the antioxidant enzyme system of mature flue-cured tobacco. Therefore, the quality of fresh tobacco leaves, the content of key chemical components, and the production quality were greatly reduced by cold stress. Conclusion This study confirmed that cold stress in high-altitude tobacco areas was the main reason for the browning of tobacco leaves during the tobacco curing process. This adverse environment seriously damaged the quality of tobacco leaves, but can be mitigated by pay attention to the weather forecast and pick tobacco leaves in advance.

Growth abnormalities in microorganisms exposed to tobacco leaf extracts

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1619-1621 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Ghabrial
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Extract Medium ◽  
Tobacco Extract ◽  
Growth Abnormalities

Unusual cultural changes were observed when several bacterial and yeast strains were grown on a medium containing aqueous extracts of tobacco leaves. In 24–48 h incubation on such a medium, several dark-brown papilla-like structures developed on the surface of normally smooth colonies. Moreover, smaller dark-brown refractile globular bodies were observed in the medium in areas beneath and surrounding the microbial colonies with papilla-like structures. Attempts to demonstrate the viability of these globular bodies failed. The cultural abnormalities observed on tobacco extract medium were unique to this medium since they were not detected in a wide variety of culture media tested. The lowest concentration of tobacco extract (dry wt. basis), which is required for the development of this phenomenon, was determined to be 0.5 mg/ml of medium.

Influence of the parameters of the gradient impact of a constant magnetic field on the intensification of the tobacco wilting process

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.И. Виневский ◽  
А.В. Чернов
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Constant Magnetic Field ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Linear Gradient ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
Gradient Effect ◽  
The Impact

Исследовано влияние параметров градиентного воздействия постоянного магнитного поля (ПМП) на интенсификацию процесса томления табачных листьев. Выдвинута рабочая гипотеза о том, что для стимулирования процесса томления листьев табака необходимо градиентное воздействие на них ПМП, возникающее в результате перемещения листьев относительно системы постоянных магнитов. Введено понятие приведенного коэффициента убыли влаги, равное отношению влажности обработанных листьев к влажности контрольных образцов – необработанных листьев. Установлено, что при использовании точечного градиентного воздействия ПМП на среднюю жилку табачных листьев частотой 0,3 Гц и продолжительности обработки в течение 115–125 с при высоте расположения магнитов 25 мм процесс томления листьев ускоряется на 28,8% в сравнении с контролем. При линейном градиентном воздействии ПМП на табачный лист с частотой 0,3 Гц процесс томления ускоряется на 4,7–15,5% в зависимости от продолжительности обработки (10–40 с). При увеличении продолжительности обработки до 80 с процесс томления листьев табака замедлился. Установлено максимальное ускорение процесса томления листьев табака: при точечном градиентном воздействии ПМП на среднюю жилку табачного листа частотой 0,3 Гц и продолжительности обработки в течение 115–125 с; при линейном градиентном воздействии ПМП на табачный лист частотой 0,3 Гц и продолжительности обработки в течение 55–65 с. The influence of the parameters of the gradient effect of a constant magnetic field (CMF) on the intensification of the process of languishing tobacco leaves is studied. A working hypothesis is put forward that to stimulate the process of tobacco languor, it is necessary to have a gradient effect on them of CMF, which occurs as a result of the movement of leaves relative to the system of permanent magnets. The concept of the reduced coefficient of moisture loss is introduced, which is equal to the ratio of the humidity of treated leaves to the humidity of control samples-untreated leaves. It was found that when using a point gradient effect of CMF on the middle vein of tobacco leaves with a frequency of 0,3 Hz and a duration of processing for 115–125 s at the height of the magnets of 25 mm, the process of leaf languor is accelerated by 28,8% in comparison with the control. When the linear gradient effect of CMF on the tobacco leaf with a frequency of 0,3 Hz, the languor process is accelerated by 4,7–15,5%, depending on the duration of treatment (10–40 s). In the future, with an increase in the processing time to 80 s, the process of languishing tobacco leaves slowed down. The maximum acceleration of the process of languishing tobacco leaves is established: for spot gradient effect of CMF on the mid-veins of tobacco leaf frequency of 0,3 Hz and duration of treatment for 115–125 s; a linear gradient in the impact of CMF on the tobacco sheet with a treatment frequency of 0,3 Hz and duration of treatment for 55–65 s.

OPTIMIZATION OF DRYING OF TOBACCO LEAF WITH A SLIT OF THE MIDDLE VEIN ACCORDING TO THE QUALITY INDICATORS OF TOBACCO RAW MATERIALS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.Е. УЛЬЯНЧЕНКО
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Tobacco Leaf

При производстве табачного сырья важную роль играет сокращение продолжительности сушки табачных листьев. Одним из способов интенсификации сушки свежеубранных табачных листьев является прием прорезания средней жилки (ПСЖ) листьев вдоль волокон. По результатам исследований 2019–2020 гг. была создана база данных табачного сырья, полученного при естественном способе сушки с применением приема ПСЖ, которая может служить информационным материалом для производителей табака. Проведена оптимизация процесса сушки табачного листа ПСЖ по показателям качества табачного сырья для расширенного диапазона сортотипов табака. Объектом исследований были сорта отечественной селекции, включенные в Государственный реестр селекционных достижений, допущенные к использованию: Самсун 85, Вирджиния 202, Юбилейный новый 142, Трапезонд 92, Трапезонд 204, Дюбек 33, Американ 287 и Крупнолистный Ильский (находится в стадии государственных испытаний). Критерием оценки эффективности применения приема ПСЖ на исследованных сортах табака являлся совокупный сравнительный анализ следующих показателей контрольных (без ПСЖ листа) и опытных образцов: уровень интенсификации сушки, показатели товарного качества, технологических свойств и химического состава полученного сырья. Установлено, что ПСЖ позволяет интенсифицировать процесс сушки в 1,3–2,46 раза в зависимости от сорта табака и положительно влияет на технологические свойства сырья, у большинства сортов увеличивается выход волокна и сохраняются объемно-упругие свойства. Динамика сушки оказывает влияние на изменение химического состава сырья. В процессе сушки за счет гидролизации солей никотина и его освобождения путем окисления кислородом воздуха уровень никотина в ряде образцов снижается в пределах 10–30%. Чем выше содержание никотина, тем выше крепость табака, грубее его вкус. Изменения углеводно-белкового соотношения в сторону повышения углеводов улучшают вкусовые характеристики сырья. По каждому исследованному сорту не удалось выявить закономерной зависимости его структуры и характера процесса сушки при ПСЖ с преобразованиями химического состава сырья. На основе анализа технологических и качественных показателей табачного сырья, представленных в разработанной базе данных по интенсификации сушки различных сортов табака с применением приема ПСЖ табачных листьев, можно планировать выбор оптимального способа сушки для каждого сорта табака, позволяющего повысить эффективность использования сырья и улучшить его качественные характеристики. In the production of tobacco raw materials, reducing the drying time of tobacco leaves plays an important role. One of the ways to intensify the drying of freshly harvested tobacco leaves is the method of cutting the middle vein (CMV) of the leaves along the fibers. Based on the results of research in 2019–2020, a database of tobacco raw materials obtained by a natural drying method using CMV reception was created, which can serve as information material for tobacco producers. The optimization of the process of drying the CMV tobacco leaf according to the quality indicators of tobacco raw materials for an expanded range of tobacco variety types was carried out. The object of research was the varieties of domestic selection included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements, approved for use: Samsun 85, Virginia 202, Yubileyny novy 142, Trapezond 92, Trapezond 204, Dubek 33, American 287 and Krupnolistnyy Ilskiy (under state testing). The criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of the use of CMV intake on the studied tobacco varieties was a cumulative comparative analysis of the following indicators of control (without CMV sheet) and experimental samples: the level of drying intensification, indicators of commercial quality, technological properties and chemical composition of the obtained raw materials. It is established that CMV allows to intensify the drying process by 1,3–2,46 times, depending on the tobacco variety and has a positive effect on the technological properties of raw materials, most varieties increase the yield of fiber and retain volume-elastic properties. The dynamics of drying affects the change in the chemical composition of raw materials. During the drying process, due to the hydrolysis of nicotine salts and its release by oxidation with air oxygen, the nicotine level in a number of samples decreases within 10–30%. The higher the nicotine content, the higher the strength of tobacco, it is coarser in taste. Changes in the carbohydrate-protein ratio in the direction of increasing carbohydrates improve the taste characteristics of raw materials. For each studied variety, it was not possible to identify a regular dependence of its structure and the nature of the drying process at CMV with transformations of the chemical composition of raw materials. Based on the analysis of technological and qualitative indicators of tobacco raw materials presented in the developed database on the intensification of drying of various varieties of tobacco using the use of CMV of tobacco leaves, it is possible to plan the choice of the optimal drying method for each variety of tobacco, which allows to increase the efficiency of using raw materials and improve its quality characteristics.

scholarly journals Behavior of wood beam connection using staples subjected to in-plane moment

2019 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 05008
Author(s):  
Farida Lenggani ◽  
Bambang Suryoatmono
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mode ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Elastic Analysis ◽  
Connection Strength ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Lateral Resistance ◽  
Wood Beams ◽  
Mechanical Fasteners

It is very frequent that solid wood beams need to be connected one to another to obtain a longer beam. In this study, the behavior of solid wood beams connections using plywood sheets as connecting elements and staples as mechanical fasteners were studied experimentally. The experimental results were compared with elastic analyses. Both beam and plywood were made of meranti (shorea). The staple type was MAX 1022J. This study was conducted on two specimens. The first specimen had two rows of staples on the front and back sides of the specimen. Each row consisted of ten staples making a total of 40 staples. The second one had three rows of staples on the front and back sides of the specimen. Each row consisted of ten staples making a total of 60 staples. From the tests, it can be concluded that each material in the connection, namely wood beam, plywood, and staples, failed. Failure mode of the wood beam was in the form of crack and tear. Failure mode of the plywood was the damage of the plywood directly contacted with the crown of the staples. Failure modes of the staples were flexural yielding. The differences between connection strength obtained from tests and elastic analyses were 8.18% for the first specimen and 0.65% for the second specimen, with the test results were higher than the elastic analyses results. It can be concluded that elastic analysis is quite accurate and conservative to estimate the strength of this type of connection, provided that the lateral resistance of connection with a staple is known.

THE PRODUCTS OF STARCH HYDROLYSIS AND THEIR METABOLISM

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Vittorio ◽  
G. Krotkov ◽  
C. D. Nelson ◽  
R. G. S. Bidwell
Keyword(s):  
Water Bath ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Starch Hydrolysis ◽  
Partition Chromatography ◽  
Boiling Water Bath ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
Water Solvent

C14 labelled tobacco leaf starch digested with 1 N H2SO4 in a boiling water bath was not completely hydrolyzed to glucose even after 24 hr. After three hours' hydrolysis, paper partition, chromatography with butanol–ethanol–water solvent revealed that besides glucose there were four C14 labelled products with RF values lower than glucose. When these bands were fed individually to tobacco leaves in light they were incorporated into sucrose, glucose, fructose, and starch, and were better starch formers than glucose, glucose-1-phosphate, or maltose.

scholarly journals GRADING WARNA DAUN TEMBAKAU BAWAH NAUNGAN MENGGUNAKAN JARINGAN SARAF TIRUAN. (Color Grading of Shaded Tobacco Leaves Using Artificial Neural Network)

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Aneke Rintiasti ◽  
Ikhwan Krisnadi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
Leaf Analysis ◽  
Color Grading ◽  
Leaf Image ◽  
Rgb Model

Various cigars, which are present in the community among the elite and prestigious venues, the raw material is a Java Tabak cigars, tobacco from Java, especially Klaten and Jember. Recent years, the availability of labor more difficult with increasing costs skyrocketing, so it must start leading to mechanization. The purpose of this research was to Generate Design of Tobacco Leaf Analysis Applications, Getting Segmentation Model for pixel readout from tobacco leaves, Generate classification models that can be used for the separation of tobacco leaves which is expected to ease the process of evaluation and classification of color in the first sorting Tobacco leaves. Tobacco Leaf used is The Under Shade Tobacco leaf (TBN) consisted of five classes, namely the color Blue / Green (B), Yellow (K), Yellow Sprayed (KV), Red (M), Red Sprayed (MV). Before analyzed the leaves image photographed using a cabinet that unaffected the outside light. TBN leaf image is then analyzed using the RGB model and models HSV, RGB image of the model  is  analyzed using the characteristic leaf color values, The image of leaf TBN that meets the characteristics become an input of Bakcpropagation Neural Networks with the target are 5 color grade which converted into a binary form. The research resulted Segmentation Model for pixel readout TBN tobacco leaves using RGB models, classification model that can be used for the classification of TBN leaves use Neural Network Back Training RGB with an error value = 8.7%.”keywords : besuki tobacco, shaded tobacco, image processingABSTRAK Aneka cerutu, yang hadir di kalangan komunitas elit dan tempat-tempat yang prestisius, bahan bakunya adalah Java Tabak Cerutu, tembakau asal Jawa, khususnya Klaten dan Jember. Beberapa tahun belakangan ini, ketersediaan tenaga kerja semakin sulit den gan biaya yang semakin meroket, sehingga harus mulai mengarah ke mekanisasi. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah menghasilkan Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Analisa Daun Tembakau, mendapatkan Model Segmentasi untuk pembacaan piksel daun tembakau, menghasilkan Model Klasifikasi yang dapat digunakan untuk Pemisahan daun tembakau,sehingga diharapkan dapat mempermudah proses evaluasi dan klasifikasi warna pada Sortasi I daun Tembakau. Daun Tembakau yang digunakan adalah Daun Tembakau Bawah Naungan (TBN) jenis besuki terdiri dari 5 kelas warna yaitu Biru / Hijau (B), Kuning (K), Kuning Tidak Merata (KV), Merah (M), Merah Tidak Merata (MV). Sebelum dianalisa citra daun difoto menggunakan cabinet yang tidak terpengaruh cahaya luar. Citra daun TBN tersebut kemudian dianalisa menggunakan model RGB, dari model RGB citra daun dianalisa menggunakan karakteristik nilai warna, citra daun TBN yang memenuhi karakteristik menjadi masukan Jaringan Saraf Tiruan Bakcpropagation dengan target 5 kelas warna yang sudah diubah menjadi bentuk biner. Penelitian menghasilkan Model Segmentasi untuk pembacaan piksel daun tembakau TBN menggunakan model RGB, Model Klasifikasi yang dapat digunakan untuk klasifikasi daun TBN menggunakan Neural Network Back PropagationTraining RGB dengan nilai error = 8.7%.Kata Kunci : tembakau besuki, tembakau bawah naungan, pengolahan citra 

scholarly journals Alkyl gallates display elicitor activities in tobacco plants

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Goupil ◽  
Razik Benouaret ◽  
Claire Richard
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
List Type ◽  
Ethyl Gallate ◽  
Tobacco Plants ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Alkyl Gallates

AbstractAlkyl gallates showed elicitor activities on tobacco in both whole plants and cell suspensions. Methyl gallate (MG), ethyl gallate (EG) and n-propyl gallate (PG) infiltration into tobacco leaves induced hypersensitive reaction-like lesions and topical production of autofluorescent compounds revealed under UV light. When sprayed on tobacco plants at 5 mM, EG promoted upregulation of defence-related genes such as the antimicrobial PR1, β-1,3-glucanase PR2, chitinase PR3 and osmotin PR5 target genes. Tobacco BY-2 cells challenged with EG underwent cell death in 48 h, significantly reduced in the presence of the protease inhibitor aprotinin. The three alkyl gallates all caused alkalinisation of the BY-2 extracellular medium, whereas gallic acid did not trigger any pH variation. Using EGTA or LaCl3, we showed that Ca2+ mobilisation occurred in BY-2 cells elicited with EG. Overall, our findings are the first evidence of alkyl gallate elicitor properties with early perception events on plasma membrane, potential hypersensitive reactions and PR-related downstream defence responses in tobacco.Highlights–Alkyl gallates elicited defence reactions in tobacco–Alkyl gallates induced local biochemical changes in tobacco leaves–Alkyl gallates caused modification of plasma membrane properties–Ethyl gallate led to defence transcript accumulation and dose-dependent cell death associated with hypersensitive response–Alkyl gallates are novel elicitor agents well-suited to crop protection schemes.

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