Design and Evaluation of the Key Units in a Rapeseed Direct Seeder Integrated with Plowing-Rotating Combined Tillage

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1005-1014
Author(s):  
Guoliang Wei ◽  
Qingsong Zhang ◽  
Biao Wang ◽  
QingXi Liao
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Optimal Parameter ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
List Type ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Heavy Soil ◽  
Tillage Depth ◽  
Working Parameters ◽  
Orthogonal Field

HighlightsThe seeder combined the plowing and rotating tillage to overcome the heavy soil and a large amount of straws.The plow could lift and turn the soil and straw before rotary tillage.The optimal working parameters of the seeder were obtained by orthogonal field experiments.Abstract. Rapeseed, one of the most important oil crops in China, is mainly planted in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. However, limited by the special long-term rice-rapeseed rotation, rotary tillage is applied in most of the planted areas apply instead of plow tillage, leading to a shallow arable layer. On the other hand, maintaining a high-quality seedbed for rapeseed becomes a challenge because a large amount of straw remains buried in the soil. As a solution, a rapeseed direct seeder that combines plow tillage and rotary tillage was designed. The structure of the plowing unit, whose key components were a lifting-turning plow and symmetrical plow, was analyzed based on the forming principle of the plow. Furthermore, a mechanical soil throwing model of the rotary tillage blade was built to determine the structural parameters. Then, the interaction between the rotary tillage unit and the lift-turning plow was analyzed. Finally, the performance and optimal parameters were evaluated by orthogonal field experiments. The seedbed after the operations indicated that the seeder could achieve the function of turning the soil and straw first and then rotating the soil with good passability, mixing the straw and the soil, flattening the surface of the seed bed, and stabilizing the tillage depth. Orthogonal experiments showed that the optimal working parameters of the seeder were as follows: the tillage depth was 180 mm, the equipment forward speed was 2.1 km/h, and the speed of the rotary tillage blade was 250 r/min. Under the optimal parameter combination, the power consumption of the seeder, the thickness of the tillage layer, the crop residue burial efficiency, the soil breakage efficiency, and the flatness of the seed bed surface were 30.48 kW, 231 mm, 90.88%, 93.26%, and 21.15 mm, respectively. The working performance of the seeder could meet the tillage requirements of rapeseed planting. Keywords: Direct seeder, Evaluation, Plow, Plowing-rotating combined tillage, Rapeseed.

Optimization of Basecutter Structural Parameters for Under-the-Ground Sugarcane Basecutting

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-242
Author(s):  
Fenglei Wang ◽  
Shaochun Ma ◽  
Wenli Ke ◽  
Haonan Xing ◽  
Jing Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
List Type ◽  
Multi Objective Optimization ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
High Efficient ◽  
Sugarcane Harvester ◽  
Breaking Index

HighlightsAn under-the-ground basecutting mode was employed, which is different from the typical above-the-ground basecutting mode.A series of field experiments were carried out using the response surface methodology (RSM).The complicated effect of critical parameters on three indicators (stubble breaking index, stubble uprooting index, and power consumption) was explored.The optimal values of critical parameters were determined using a multi-objective optimization method.Abstract. Basecutting is an important process in mechanical sugarcane harvesting, thus, it’s necessary to develop a high-efficient basecutter. The previous research about basecutting has mainly focused on the above-the-ground basecutting instead of under-the-ground basecutting. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze how the critical structural parameters, such as blade number (BN), oblique angle and bevel angle of blades (OA, BA), affect the cutting performance of a sugarcane harvester with an under-the-ground basecutting mode. A series of field tests were carried out using Liugong sugarcane harvester. The experimental indexes were determined as stubble breaking index (BI), stubble uprooting index (UI), and power consumption (PC). The ANOVA results indicated that three regression models of indicators were significant, and were in agreement with the test data. Additionally, it was concluded that OA and BN were the two most important factors when optimizing BI, UI, and PC. BA was the last factor to be considered although it had significant effect on BI and UI. The multi-objective optimization results showed that the optimal parameter combination was 3 of BN, 10° of OA, and 20° of BA, and the corresponding BI, UI, and PC reached the minimum. For sugarcane growers, reduced stubble damage and power consumption could increase the sugarcane germination and decrease the harvesting cost, respectively. For sugarcane mills, this cutting mode might cause potential decrease in sugar quality, specifically sediment levels. However, this disadvantage could be overcome by optimizing basecutter parameters. Keywords: Basecutter, Cutting mode, Power consumption, Stubble breaking, Stubble uprooting, Under-the-ground basecutting.

Prediction of root damaging during mechanical shaking of fruit trees

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Z. Láng
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
List Type ◽  
Structure Model ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Simple Tree ◽  
The Given ◽  
Cherry Trees

The possible effect of shaker harvest on root damage of 10-year-old cherry trees was studied on a simple tree structure model. The model was composed of elastic trunk and rigid main roots, the ends of which were connected to the surrounding soil via springs and dumping elements. Equations were set up to be able to calculate the relation between shaking height on the trunk and strain in the roots. To get the data for root break and their elongation at different shaking heights on the trunk, laboratory and field experiments were carried out on cherry trees and on their roots. Having evaluated the measured and calculated data it could be concluded that root damage is to be expected even at 3.6% strain and the risk of it increases with increased trunk amplitudes, i.e.with the decrease of shaking heightat smaller stem diameters (i.e. in younger plantation), andif the unbalanced mass of the shaker machine is too large for the given tree size.

Simulation on Extrusion Comminution Model of Roller Press

2010 ◽  
Vol 156-157 ◽  
pp. 1702-1707
Author(s):  
Xiang Wen Cheng ◽  
Jinchao Liu ◽  
Qi Zhi Ding ◽  
Li Ming Song ◽  
Zhan Lin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Size Ratio ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Extrusion Force ◽  
Particle Size Ratio ◽  
Small Constant ◽  
Working Parameters ◽  
The Relationship

How to predict the relationship among particle size and among product size, to establish the relationship between the granularity and working parameters in the process of grinding and to determine the optimum operating parameters. With proposing BS squeeze crush model by L. Bass and the idea of roll surface division as the material uneven extrusion force are adopted. Based on field experiments the experimental data is analyzed, the select function and the breakage functions are fitted with MATLAB software, and obtaining their model. The comminution model is determined by the roller division. We obtain the model parameter through the experimental data. Through model analysis shows: the relationship between particle breakage and energy absorption, namely the smaller size of the same power, the lower broken; the breakage diminishes with the decrease of particle size ratio and it will be tending to a small constant when the smaller particle size ratio. The breakage functions rapidly decrease within ratio of between 0.2-0.7. This shows: the energy consumption will rapidly increase when the particle size of less than 0.2 in broken; the selection diminish with the decrease of particle size. Pressure (8-9MPa) should be the most appropriate value.

scholarly journals The effect of a crown shape on the activity of the processes of growth and the complexity of apple tree (Borkh) pruning in the conditions of the Piedmont zone of Crimea

2020 ◽  
pp. 242-245
Author(s):  
Виктория Сергеевна Кириченко ◽  
Нина Александровна Бабинцева ◽  
Надежда Александровна Тихомирова
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Dense Distribution

Основным направлением повышения продуктивности насаждений плодовых культур будет смена технологических подходов по эксплуатации садовых экосистем, основой которых является загущенное размещение плодовых деревьев, изменение формы кроны с ограничением их размеров, подбор сортов, подвоев, отвечающих требованиям плотного размещения деревьев с высокой продуктивностью, хорошим качеством плодов. Цель исследований - изучение влияния формы кроны на структурные параметры, степень облиственности и трудоемкость затрат труда при обрезке для создания интенсивных садов на слаборослых подвоях. Были проведены трехлетние полевые опыты по схеме: 1 вариант - стройное веретено (контроль); 2 вариант - безлидерная уплощенная крона; 3 вариант - трёхлидерная крона; 4 вариант - французская ось при плотности посадки 2500 дер./га (4 х 1 м). Объектом исследований являлись сорта яблони Бреберн, Джалита, Ренет Симиренко на подвое ЕМ IX в саду с капельным поливом. Работа проводилась по методикам полевых опытов с плодовыми культурами. Установлено, что высокая ростовая активность наблюдалась у сорта Ренет Симиренко независимо от формы кроны, где параметры варьировали от 0,71 м до 1,06 м. Структура плодообразующей древесины дерева зависит от биологических особенностей сорта и формы кроны. На третий год после посадки сада в кронах деревьев свободного веретена и французской оси сформировано наибольшее количество генеративных образований от 20,3 и 24,7% (Джалита, Бреберн) до 23,3 и 25,6% (Ренет Симиренко). Трудоемкость обрезки зависит от сорта, формы кроны и структуры обрастающей древесины. Максимальные затраты труда применяет один человек на обрезку деревьев сорта Джалита с трехлидерной кроной (25,6 чел.-час./га) и безлидерной уплощенной кроной (22,9 чел.-час./га). На обрезку сада деревьев с кроной по типу французской оси требуется 1,0 и 1,4 дня одному человеку или 7,2 (Джалита) и 9,5чел.- час./га (Ренет Симиренко), что в 1,9 и 2,2 раза меньше, чем на обрезку деревьев по типу стройного веретена (контроль). Область применения - садоводческие с.-х. предприятия всех форм собственности, садоводы - любители, специалисты The main direction of improving the productivity of plantations of fruit crops will be a change of technological approaches to the use of garden ecosystems, based on dense placement of fruit trees, changing the shape of the crown cap size, selection of varieties, rootstocks, meeting the requirements of a dense distribution of trees with high productivity, good fruit quality. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of crown shape on structural parameters, the degree of foliage and labor coefficient of pruning for the creation of intensive gardens on dwarf rootstocks. We carried out three-year field experiments according to the scheme: option 1 - slender spindle (control); option 2 - leaderless flattened crown; option 3 - triple leaders crown; option 4 - French axe, when planting density was 2500 trees/ha (4 х 1 м). The varieties ‘Braeburn’, ‘Dzhalita’, ‘Renet Simirenko’ on the rootstock EM IX in the garden with drip irrigation were the object of research. The study was performed according to the techniques of field experiments with fruit crops. It was found that high growth activity was observed for the variety ‘Renet Simirenko’, regardless the form of the crown, with parameters ranged from 0.71 m to 1,06 м. The structure of carpogenous wood depended on the biological characteristics of variety and crown shape. In the third year after planting the garden in the trees of control and French axe the greatest number of generative formations from 20.3 and 24.7% (‘Dzhalita’, ‘Braeburn’) to 23.3 and 25.6% (‘Renet Simirenko’) were developed. The complexity of pruning depended on the variety, the crown shape and the structure of the overgrown wood. Maximum labor cost one person spends for pruning the variety ‘Dzhalita’ with triple leader crown (25.6 man-hour/ha) and leaderless flattened crown (22.9 man-hour/ha). Pruning trees with French axe type of crown required 1.0 and 1.4 days per one person or 7.2 (‘Dzhalita’) and 9.5 man-hour/ha (‘Renet Simirenko’), which was 1.9 and 2.2 times less than the pruning according to the control. The scopes of the research are horticultural agricultural enterprises of all forms of ownership, gardener amateurs and experts.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF FIELD CROP ROTATION IN OPTIMIZATION OF OF SOWING AREAS STRUCTURE

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Валерий Чибис ◽  
Valeriy Chibis ◽  
Светлана Чибис ◽  
Svetlana Chibis ◽  
Илья Кутышев ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Field Crop ◽  
Oil Crops

In a long-term places, located on the experimental fields of Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture (Omsk), the schemes of field crop rotations were modernized by introducing oil crops (rapeseed, soybean) into rotation and replacing the repeated wheat crops with barley and oats. Accounting of grain crops productivity and accompanying observations were carried out in three field rotations of different lengths of rotation (four- and five-field) and on permanent sowing. The repetition of the experiments is fourfold. The system of agrotechnical measures recommended for the zone of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia was applied. The study of predecessors in the cultivation of crops for various purposes was carried out in field experiments using conventional methods. The humus content for rotation in the soil layer of 0-40 cm increased by 0.19% in the crop rotation “rapeseed - wheat spring wheat - barley - soybean - spring wheat”. The largest accumulation of humus (0.83%) was in the rotation “soybean - spring wheat - barley – oats”. During the years of research wheat productivity varied from 0.82 to 2.22 tons per hectare. Wheat was the first crop in all its predecessors to form grains, on average, by 0.3-0.5 tons per hectare, than the second crop. The yield of soybeans in the crop rotation was 1.23-1.78 tons per hectare. The productivity of rapeseed was low, its productivity over the years was 1.31 tons per hectare. Grain-fodder crops (barley, oats) averaged 0.4-0.6 tons per hectare, higher than the spring wheat productivity in the alternating rotation. The maximum yield of grain from a hectare of arable land was noted in the crop-steam rotation and amounted to 1.7 tons. An increase in the yield of feed-protein units was observed in crop rotations saturated with oil crops (rapeseed and soybean) and amounted to 3.4-4.0 tons per hectare. The economic calculation showed that the cultivation of field crops in the rotational crop rotation of “soybean - wheat - barley – oats” increased profitability by 44%, net income - by half, in comparison with the control variant. The obtained materials can be used to develop schemes of field crop rotations for the zone of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia.

Vacuum Forming Refrigerator Inner Liner Structural Optimization

2011 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 1069-1073
Author(s):  
Wen Bin Su ◽  
Xiang Bing Sun ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
Bao Jian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Structural Optimization ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Combination Scheme ◽  
Vacuum Forming ◽  
Validation Experiment

Thickness thinning is the principal quality problem in the vacuum forming process of the refrigerator inner liner. In this paper, the structural parameters of refrigerator inner liner were analyzed based on orthogonal experiments and numerical simulation. Optimized structural parameters combination scheme and the significance level of structural parameters to thickness were obtained by analyzing the results of orthogonal experiments. Validation experiment results shown that the quality of refrigerator inner liner based on the optimized structural parameters combination scheme improved effectively.

scholarly journals Practical Credibility Theory with Emphasis on Optimal Parameter Estimation

1981 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. De Vylder
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Parameter ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Minimum Variance ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Credibility Theory ◽  
Successive Approximations ◽  
Method Of Successive Approximations ◽  
Real Problem ◽  
Estimation Problems ◽  
Optimal Estimators

We develop Hachemeister's regression model in credibility theory (without proofs) and indicate how the involved structural parameters can be estimated from the observable variables (with proofs for the simple results and those not yet published).Large families of unbiased estimators are available. From the practical viewpoint this is rather a handicap because it creates the problem to decide what estimators actually to use. In order to fix optimal estimators, we adopt the small-sample criterion of minimum-variance. But in the research for general solutions three kinds of difficulties arise.(i) The calculations become too lengthy.(ii) The optimal estimators depend on some of the parameters to be estimated. (Then we call them pseudo-estimators).(iii) The optimal estimators depend on new structural parameters defined in terms of fourth-order moments.Only a compromise allows to cope with this reality. Situation (iii) creates new estimation problems. They can only be avoided at the cost of the introduction of special assumptions or approximations. Then problem (i) is more or less automatically solved. By an obvious method of successive approximations pseudo-estimators can serve as true estimators. Thus (ii) is no real problem.

scholarly journals Experimental Validation of Optimal Parameter and Uncertainty Estimation for Structural Systems Using a Shuffled Complex Evolution Metropolis Algorithm

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (22) ◽  
pp. 4959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hesheng Tang ◽  
Xueyuan Guo ◽  
Liyu Xie ◽  
Songtao Xue
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Parameter ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Metropolis Algorithm ◽  
Shaking Table ◽  
Parameter Distribution ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Structural Systems ◽  
Model Errors ◽  
Nonlinear Structural ◽  
Shuffled Complex Evolution

The uncertainty in parameter estimation arises from structural systems’ input and output measured errors and from structural model errors. An experimental verification of the shuffled complex evolution metropolis algorithm (SCEM-UA) for identifying the optimal parameters of structural systems and estimating their uncertainty is presented. First, the estimation framework is theoretically developed. The SCEM-UA algorithm is employed to search through feasible parameters’ space and to infer the posterior distribution of the parameters automatically. The resulting posterior parameter distribution then provides the most likely estimation of parameter sets that produces the best model performance. The algorithm is subsequently validated through both numerical simulation and shaking table experiment for estimating the parameters of structural systems considering the uncertainty of available information. Finally, the proposed algorithm is extended to identify the uncertain physical parameters of a nonlinear structural system with a particle mass tuned damper (PTMD). The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can effectively estimate parameters with uncertainty for nonlinear structural systems, and it has a stronger anti-noise capability. Notably, the SCEM-UA method not only shows better global optimization capability compared with other heuristic optimization methods, but it also has the ability to simultaneously estimate the uncertainties associated with the posterior distributions of the structural parameters within a single optimization run.

scholarly journals Astrometric Plate Reduction with Orthogonal Functions and Milliarcseconds Accuracy in Deep Proper Motion Surveys

1995 ◽  
Vol 166 ◽  
pp. 368-368
Author(s):  
Devendra Ojha ◽  
Olivier Bienaymé
Keyword(s):  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Thin Disk ◽  
Scale Height ◽  
Thick Disk ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Time Base ◽  
List Type ◽  
Proper Motions ◽  
Velocity Dispersions

We have been doing a sample survey in UBV photometry and proper motions as part of an investigation of galactic structure and evolution. The 3 fields in the direction of galactic anticentre (l = 167°, b = 47°), centre (l = 3°, b = 47°) and antirotation (l = 278°, b = 47°) have been surveyed. The high astrometric quality of the MAMA machine (CAI, Paris) gives access to micronic accuracy (leading to < 2 mas per year) on proper motions with a 35 years time base. The kinematical distribution of F and G–type stars have been probed to distances up to 2.5 kpc above the galactic plane. We have derived the constrain on the structural parameters of the thin and thick disk components of the Galaxy (Ojha et al. 1994abc): • The scale lengths of the thin and thick disks are found to be 2.6±0.1 and 3.3±0.5 kpc, respectively. The density laws for stars with 3.5≤MV≤5 as a function of distance above the plane follow a single exponential with scale height of ∼ 260 pc (thin disk) and a second exponential with scale height of ∼ 800 pc (thick disk) with a local normalization of 5–6% of the disk.• The thin disk population was found with (〈 U+W〉, 〈V〉) = (1±4, −14±2) km/s and velocity dispersions (σU+W, σV) = (35±2, 30±1) km/s. The thick disk population was found to have a rotational velocity of Vrot = 177 km/s and velocity dispersions (σU, σV, σW) = (67,51,42) km/s. No dependence with r and z distances was found in the asymmetric drift measurements of the thick disk population.

scholarly journals Optimal design for outer rings of self-lubricating spherical plain bearings based on virtual orthogonal experiments

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 168781401878340
Author(s):  
Lingzhu Gong ◽  
Xiaoxiang Yang ◽  
Kaibin Kong ◽  
Shuncong Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Equivalent Plastic Strain ◽  
Outer Ring ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Balance Analysis ◽  
New Type ◽  
End Wall

To improve the product quality of self-lubricating spherical plain bearing, a new shape of the outer rings for spherical plain bearings was optimally designed based on virtual orthogonal experiments using finite element software ABAQUS. The depth inclined end wall, together with the length of annular wall, the depth of annular concavity, the outer ring thickness, and the edge radius were taken as the main structural parameters in the analysis. For the evaluation parameters, the maximum bearing clearance, the maximum contact pressure, the maximum extrusion load, and the maximum equivalent plastic strain were considered. The optimal structure parameter combination was identified based on the intuitive comprehensive balance analysis method. The simulation results demonstrated much improvement for the forming quality by using a new type of the outer ring, which was optimized by the virtual orthogonal experiments. The new type of the outer ring could be used to the forming process in assembling the spherical plain bearings.

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