Comparison of Droplet Size, Coverage, andDrift Potential from UAV Application Methods and Ground Application Methods on Row Crops

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 819-828
Author(s):  
Jenna L. Gibbs ◽  
Thomas M. Peters ◽  
Lindsay P. Heck
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
List Type ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Strong Potential ◽  
Drift Potential ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Pesticide Drift ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Application Methods

HighlightsDroplet size, coverage, and drift potential of pesticide spray in corn with UAV application methods were compared with ground methods.Measured droplets were smaller in UAV trials (102 to 182 µm geometric mean diameter) than in ground trials (265 to 432 µm geometric mean diameter).UAV methods (particularly those without a boom) achieved high coverage in the middle swath of the field (>60 droplets cm-2) compared to ground methods (10 to 40 droplets cm-2).Real-time particle monitors indicated potential for downwind spray drift during ground trials but not UAV trials.The findings indicate a strong potential for “spot” or “band” spray coverage using UAV methods.Abstract. Worldwide, the use of uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) for pesticide application has grown tremendously in the past decade. Their adoption has been slower for Midwestern row crops. This study compared droplet size, coverage, and drift potential of sprays from UAV application methods to those from ground (implement) sprayer methods on corn in the Midwest. Droplet sizes measured during UAV spray trials [geometric mean diameters of 179 and 112 µm for UAV (boom) and UAV (no boom), respectively] were substantially smaller than those deposited during implement spray trials [mean diameters of 303 and 423 µm for implement (regular) and implement (pulse)]. Droplet coverage was high and localized in the middle swath of the field for the UAV with boom (10 to 30 droplets cm-2) and with no boom (60 droplets cm-2). Droplet coverage was broader, covering the entire field width for the implement methods (10 to 40 droplets cm-2). Vertical coverage of droplets was more uniform for UAV methods than implement methods. Although the UAVs produced smaller droplets than the implement methods, we still observed greater potential for downwind pesticide drift during the implement spray trials. Because localized application may be beneficial for pest control and drift reduction, the findings indicate a strong potential for “spot” or “band” spray coverage using UAV methods. This is likely due to the smaller size, reduced spray volumes, and increased agility of UAVs as compared to more conventional methods. Keywords: Agriculture, Application, Corn, Coverage, Drift, Droplet, Implement, Particles, Pesticides, Pesticide drift, Precision agriculture, Row crops, Spray trial, Uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV), Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).

Fluvial architecture of the Burro Canyon Formation using unmanned aerial vehicle-based photogrammetry and outcrop-based modeling: Implications for reservoir performance, Escalante Canyon, southwestern Piceance Basin, Colorado

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. T1117-T1139
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Clark ◽  
Matthew J. Pranter ◽  
Rex D. Cole ◽  
Zulfiquar A. Reza
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Piceance Basin ◽  
Sweep Efficiency ◽  
Flow Simulations ◽  
Reservoir Performance ◽  
Reservoir Models ◽  
Sandstone Body ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

The Cretaceous Burro Canyon Formation in the southern Piceance Basin, Colorado, represents low sinuosity to sinuous braided fluvial deposits that consist of amalgamated channel complexes, amalgamated and isolated fluvial-bar channel fills, and floodplain deposits. Lithofacies primarily include granule-cobble conglomerates, conglomeratic sandstones, cross-stratified sandstones, upward-fining sandstones, and gray-green mudstones. To assess the effects of variable sandstone-body geometry and internal lithofacies and petrophysical heterogeneity on reservoir performance, conventional field methods are combined with unmanned aerial vehicle-based photogrammetry to create representative outcrop-based reservoir models. Outcrop reservoir models and fluid-flow simulations compare three reservoir scenarios of the Burro Canyon Formation based on stratigraphic variability, sandstone-body geometry, and lithofacies heterogeneity. Simulation results indicate that lithofacies variability can account for an almost 50% variation in breakthrough time (BTT). Internal channel-bounding surfaces reduce the BTT by 2%, volumetric sweep efficiency by 8%, and recovery efficiency by 10%. Three lateral grid resolutions and two permeability-upscaling methods for each reservoir scenario are explored in fluid-flow simulations to investigate how upscaling impacts reservoir performance. Our results indicate that coarsely resolved grids experience delayed breakthrough by as much as 40% and greater volumetric sweep efficiency by an average of 10%. Permeability models that are upscaled using a geometric mean preserve slightly higher values than those using a harmonic mean. For upscaling based on a geometric mean, BTTs are delayed by an average of 17% and the volumetric sweep efficiency is reduced by as much as 10%. Results of the study highlight the importance of properly incorporating stratigraphic details into 3D reservoir models and preserving those details through proper upscaling methods.

scholarly journals Overview of a prescribed burning experiment within a boreal forest in Finland

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 21703-21763 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Virkkula ◽  
J. Levula ◽  
T. Pohja ◽  
P. P. Aalto ◽  
P. Keronen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Sonic Anemometer ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Mean Diameter

Abstract. A prescribed burning of a boreal forest was conducted on 26 June 2009 in Hyytiälä, Finland, to study aerosol and trace gas emissions from wildfires and the effects of fire on soil properties in a controlled environment. A 0.8 ha forest near the SMEAR II was cut clear; some tree trunks, all tree tops and branches were left on the ground and burned. The amount of burned organic material was ~46.8 t (i.e., ~60 t ha−1). The flaming phase lasted 2 h 15 min, the smoldering phase 3 h. Measurements were conducted on the ground with both fixed and mobile instrumentation, and from a research aircraft. In the middle of the burning area, CO2 concentration peaks were around 2000–3000 ppm above the baseline and peak vertical flow velocities were 6 ± 3 m s−1, as measured a 10-Hz 3-D sonic anemometer placed within the burn area. Peak particle number concentrations were approximately 1–2 × 106 cm−3 in the plume at a distance of 100–200 m from the burn area. The geometric mean diameter of the mode with the highest concentration was at 80 ± 1 nm during the flaming phase and in the middle of the smoldering phase but at the end of the smoldering phase the largest mode was at 122 nm. In the volume size distributions geometric mean diameter of the largest volume mode was at 153 nm during the flaming phase and at 300 nm during the smoldering phase. The lowest single-scattering albedo of the ground-level measurents was 0.7 in the flaming-phase plume and ~0.9 in the smoldering phase. The radiative forcing efficiency was negative above dark surfaces, in other words, the particles cool the atmosphere. Elevated concentrations of several VOCs (including acetonitrile which is a biomass burning marker) were observed in the smoke plume at ground level. The forest floor (i.e., richly organic layer of soil and debris, characteristic of forested land) measurements showed that VOC fluxes were generally low and consisted mainly of monoterpenes, but a clear peak of VOC flux was observed after the burning. After one year, the fluxes were nearly stabilised close to the level before the burning. The clearcutting and burning of slash increased the total long-term CO2 release from the soil, altered the soil's physical, chemical and biological properties such as increased the available nitrogen contents of the soil, which in turn, affected the level of the long-term fluxes of greenhouse gases.

scholarly journals Assessment of Physical, Microstructural, Thermal, Techno-Functional, And Rheological Characteristics of Apple (Malus Domestica) Seeds of Northern Himalayas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehnaza Manzoor ◽  
Jagmohan Singh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Seed Flour ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Golden Delicious

Abstract The study examined the physical, morphological, thermal, techno-functional, and rheological properties of two apple seed cultivars viz: red delicious (RD) and golden delicious (GD). Physical properties showed that red delicious seeds were significantly (p≤0.05) different in width, geometric mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, volume, and surface area than golden delicious seeds. The proximate composition of RD seed flour showed a higher amount of crude protein and fat content than GD seed flour. RD seed flour was significantly different in L*, a*, b* values, bulk density, water/oil absorption capacity and the emulsifying ability than GD seed flour. From particle size analysis it was possible to found that GD was significantly (p≤0.05) lower than RD flour macromolecules. Scanning electron micrographs showed oval/spherical starch granules of small size embedded in a continuous protein matrix. Thermograph revealed exothermic transition enthalpy for both RD and GD seed flour, which indicates a high energy requirement for crystallite melting. The rheological assays revealed high elastic modulus (G′), of seed flours that will help in modifying the texture of foods. This study suggests the potential of apple seeds in the formulation of protein-enriched foods to combat malnutrition while contributing to the reduction in industrial wastage.

Long-Term Protective Immunity of Recipients of the OKA Strain of Live Varicella Vaccine

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshizo Asano ◽  
Takao Nagai ◽  
Takao Miyata ◽  
Takehiko Yazaki ◽  
Shigemitsu Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Skin Reaction ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Geometric Mean Titer ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Mean Diameter

In spite of close contacts with patients who had varicella, 101 of 106 (95%) healthy and sick children (142 of 147 (97%) exposures of these children) who had received the OKA strain of live varicella vaccine 7 to 10 years earlier were protected against the disease completely. Among them, 37 of 38 (97%) vaccine recipients who received immunologic testing had varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antibodies tested by fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen method with a geometric mean titer of 1:9.3, and 37 of the 38 (97%) showed positive skin reaction to varicella-zoster virus antigen with erythema (mean diameter 13.4 mm). These findings were compared with those for 29 children who had contracted typical varicella 7 to 10 years earlier, whose seropositive rate was 100% with a geometric mean titer of 1:10.5, and 97% of whom (28/29) had positive skin reaction with mean diameter of 12.9 mm. These results indicate that the vaccine-induced protective immunity persists for approximately one decade and is almost equal to the long-term immunity following natural infection.

DROPLET SIZE AND DRIFT POTENTIAL FROM MICRO-SPRAYER IRRIGATION EMITTERS

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 2453-2459
Author(s):  
L. A. Chaya ◽  
D. J. Hills
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Drift Potential

scholarly journals Atomization Quality of Twin Fluid Atomizers for Gas Turbines

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Elkotb ◽  
M. A. Elsayed Mahdy ◽  
M. E. Montaser
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Cone Angle ◽  
Droplet Size Distribution ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Sauter Mean Diameter ◽  
Flow Number ◽  
Mean Diameter

A detailed investigation of the effect of nozzle/needle diameter ratio, normal fuel area, swirler degree, air pressure, fuel pressure on flow number, cone angle and droplet size distribution of external mixing twin fluid atomizers is given in this paper. Forty atomizers have been constructed to prevent mutual effect of various parameters. Flow number and cone angle are found to increase with nozzle/diameter ratio, and to decrease with the increase of air pressure. Optimum fuel flow is obtained at swirler angle 30-deg, while cone angle increases with increase of swirler angle. Sauter mean diameter decreases with the increase of air pressure and decrease of fuel pressure. Suitable functions are derived for droplet size distribution, Sauter mean diameter, and flow number. They are suitable to predict the geometry of the atomizer and to be used also in a prediction model for the calculation of fuel concentration and heat release.

scholarly journals Mechanical behaviour under compression loading and some physical parameters of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) eggs

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 50-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Polat ◽  
S. Tarhan ◽  
M. Çetin ◽  
U. Atay
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Compressive Force ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Rupture Force ◽  
Mean Diameter

Technical information and data on the physical and mechanical properties of agricultural and animal products are necessary to design various equipments for agriculture and industry. In this study some physical properties such as mass, length, diameter, geometric mean diameter, surface area, sphericity, volume, coefficient of friction and packaging coefficient were determined for Japanese quail eggs. Furthermore, the mechanical behaviour of Japanese quail eggs was determined in terms of average rupture force, deformation and toughness (energy absorbed by the Japanese quail eggs per unit volume). Egg samples were compressed along their <i>X</i> and <i>Z</i>-axes. The average values of their mass, length, width, shell thickness, geometric mean diameter, surface area, sphericity, volume and packaging coefficient were measured to be 12.69 g, 34.87 mm, 26.20 mm, 0.27 mm, 28.82 mm, 2 608.5 mm<sup>2</sup>, 1.10, 359.17 mm<sup>3</sup>, 0.469, respectively. The values of the coefficient of friction for quail eggs on the surfaces of plywood, glass, galvanized steel and fibreglass were 0.301, 0.282, 0.274 and 0.266, respectively. The highest rupture force, deformation and toughness were obtained when Japanese quail eggs were loaded along their X-axis. Compression along the <i>Z</i>-axis required the least compressive force to break the eggs as compared to the other compression axes. Rupture force, deformation, absorbed energy and toughness for the <i>X</i>-front axis were determined to be 10.51 N, 1.5 mm, 7.88 Nmm and 0.219 Mj/mm<sup>2</sup>, respectively.

scholarly journals Estimation of the Weights of Almond Nuts Based on Physical Properties through Data Mining

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feyza GÜRBÜZ ◽  
Bünyamin DEMİR ◽  
İkbal ESKİ ◽  
Zeynel Abidin KUŞ ◽  
Kadir Uğurtan YILMAZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Market Values ◽  
Kernel Length ◽  
Mean Diameter

Quality attributes are the major parameters designating market values of the agricultural goods and commodities. Several practices are applied to improve quality parameters of the fruits and vegetables. Such quality attributes should also be estimated through various approaches before to design of equipment and tools used in handling and processing of these goods and to design storage facilities. Data mining is a novel approach used to estimate various attributes or quality parameters of the fruits from previously measured attributes. Different algorithms embedded into data mining operations may yield quite accurate and reliable equations for estimation of quality attributes. Almond is a significant cash crop for growers. Since almond is quite tolerant to droughts and salinity, it is preferred in various parts of the country by producers. Weight is the primary quality parameter designating market value of the almonds. This study was conducted to estimate nut weights of seven different almond varieties and to develop an equation for the estimation of nut weights. Data mining approach was used to estimate nut weights from physical fruit quality attributes (kernel length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, volume, shape index and aspect ratio). Present findings revealed quite significant, accurate and practicable rules to estimate the nut weights of different almond varieties. It was concluded that data mining could be used as a reliable tool to estimate the nut weights of different almond varieties from the physical attributes of the fruits.

Physical properties of kumquat fruit

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Jaliliantabar ◽  
A.N. Lorestani ◽  
R. Gholami
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Elasticity Modulus ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Rupture Force ◽  
Projected Area ◽  
Initial Rupture ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Mass Volume

Abstract Some physical properties of kumquat were investigated. Physical properties which were measured included fruit dimensions, mass, volume, projected area, density, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and surface area. Bulk density, porosity and also packaging coefficient were calculated. Mechanical properties such as the elasticity modulus, rupture force and energy required for initial rupture have been determined. The experiments were carried out at moisture content of 82.6% (w.b.). The results show that the kumquat fruit is one of the smallest fruit in the citrus family.

Spray Application Efficiency from a Multi-Rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Configured for Aerial Pesticide Application

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1447-1453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Richardson ◽  
Carol A. Rolando ◽  
Mark O. Kimberley ◽  
Tara M. Strand
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Fine Droplet ◽  
Application Efficiency ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

HighlightsThe swath pattern was measured from an Agras MG-1 UAV spraying fine and extra-coarse droplet spectra.The recommended lane separation of 3.6 m did not differ for the two droplet size classes tested in this study.The applied spray deposited within the swath was higher with extra-coarse (&gt;90%) than with fine (73%) droplets.There was potential for substantial downwind drift with fine droplets, even when flying close to the ground at low speed.Abstract. While there is increasing interest in the use of small, multi-rotor UAVs for application of agrichemicals, there is also uncertainty about their performance. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to quantify the performance of an Agras MG-1 with modified nozzle positions that, at the time of writing, was being used for commercial spraying in New Zealand. The approach was to release spray from the UAV along a single 50 m line. Spray deposits were measured using horizontal collectors placed on the ground in three 15 m transects centered on, and perpendicular to, the flight line. Airborne deposits were measured with a 10 m mast that supported spherical samplers at 1 m vertical intervals. Analysis of deposition data was undertaken to quantify factors influencing overall swath pattern variability, lane separation associated with a coefficient of variation (CV) of deposition of 30%, and spray application efficiency, which is the proportion of applied spray deposited within the swath. For two droplet size classes (extra-coarse and fine), the lane separation associated with a CV of 30% was about 3.6 m, with no significant effect of droplet size. This is a surprising result and may reflect the relatively small range of environmental conditions experienced during the field tests, including wind speed, which was relatively low for all tests. We speculate that this result may also be a consequence of the strong downwash. The swath width was positively correlated with wind speed. Spray efficiency was shown to be high (&gt;90%) for the extra-coarse droplets but dropped significantly (73%) with the fine droplet spectrum. Combining in-swath deposition with the amount of airborne spray sampled in a 10 m vertical profile close to the edge of the swath accounted for 98.0% of the spray released with the extra-coarse spectrum but only 88.6% of the spray with the fine droplet spectrum. These results highlight that even with UAVs flying relatively close to the ground at a low forward speed, there is potential for substantial drift downwind of the swath when using smaller droplet size classes. Overall, the swath pattern was reasonably consistent across the two droplet size classes and for the narrow range of operational and meteorological conditions tested. Keywords: Aerial spraying, Pesticides, Spray application efficiency, Spray deposition, Swath pattern, UAV, Unmanned aerial vehicle.

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