The Indigenous endomycorrhizal fungi at salak (Salacca zalacca) plantations in Bali, Indonesia and their colonization of the roots

Abstract. Rai IN, Suada IK, Proborini M, Wiraatmaja IW, Semenov M, Krasnov G. 2019. Indigenous endomycorrhizal fungi at salak (Salacca zalacca) plantations in Bali, Indonesia and their colonization of the roots. Biodiversitas 20: 2410-2416. Cultivation of snake fruit, commonly known as salak usually done organically on dry land with limited fertilizer in Bali. This research aimed to observe and to identify the indigenous endomycorrhizal fungi on salak roots. The exploration was carried out by collecting soil and root samples in salak producing areas in Bali, i.e. Bebandem and Selat of Karangasem Regency, Payangan of Gianyar, and Pupuan of Tabanan Regency. At each location, 9 random samples were taken, resulting in a total of 36 samples. Spore extraction was carried out using a wet filtration technique followed by centrifugation according to the method by Brunndrett et al. (2009). Morphological identification was carried out at the genus and species level using the Manual for Identification of Mycorrhiza Fungi for identifying Vesicular-Arbuscular-Mycorrhiza (VAM) fungi (Schenk and Perez, 1990), while molecular identification was carried out according to Tedersoo et al. (2014). The percentage of root infections was carried out using the coloring method with trypan blue. The results showed there were only two genera of endomycorrhizae (Glomus and Entrophospora) identified at the locations of study sites. The results also showed that samples from Bebandem and Selat regions had 3 Glomus species, Payangan had 3 Glomus species and 1 Entrophospora species, while in Pupuan had only 2 Glomus species. Identification results based on morphological characters showed that all species in the genus Glomus consisted of 3 species, namely Glomus sp-1, Glomus sp-2, and Glomus sp-3, while one species in the genus Entrophospora was Entrophospora sp. Genetic identification results based on the nucleotide arrangement showed that Glomus sp-1 concluded as Glomus cubence, Glomus sp-2 concluded as Glomus custos, and Glomus sp-3 concluded as Glomus indicum, while Entrophospora species concluded as Entrophospora_sp_SH197095.06FU. The average of root colonization/ infection was very high, reaching 93.33% in Bebandem and Selat, 95.00% in Pupuan, and 100% in Payangan. The very high root infection rates indicated that the indigenous endomycorrhiza found in these areas was very adaptive in salak plantation, so there is an opportunity to be developed as biofertilizers.

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Susceptibility of barley cultivars to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps95-048 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 269-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

S. M. Boyetchko ◽

J. P. Tewari

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Vam Fungi ◽

University Of Alberta ◽

Barley Cultivars ◽

Vesicular Arbuscular ◽

Glomus Species ◽

The University

The relative susceptibility of selected barley cultivars produced in western Canada to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi under field and greenhouse conditions was evaluated in this study. Cultivars tested under field conditions at the University of Alberta and Lacombe research stations showed no significant differences in VAM colonization of barley roots; colonization was light. Greenhouse trials at the University of Alberta with eight cultivars inoculated with individual mycorrhizal species illustrated significant differences among the barley cultivars in their reactions to Glomus dimorphicum, G. intraradices, and G. mosseae. Distinct differences were observed in the ability of each Glomus species to colonize the barley cultivars. The VAM fungi increased growth and yield in some cultivars, depending on the Glomus species. This study indicates that a degree of host-specificity exists in VAM fungi and that the host-mycorrhizal fungus genotypes may influence the effectiveness of the symbiosis. Key words: Barley, cultivars, susceptibility, VA mycorrhizal fungi

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KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN KEKERABATAN LALAT BUAH (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) DI KALIMANTAN SELATAN BERDASARKAN KARAKTER MORFOLOGI DAN MOLEKULAR (RAPD-PCR DAN SEKUENSING DNA)

JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA ◽

10.23960/j.hptt.213192-202 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 192-202

Author(s):

M Indar Pramudi ◽

Retno Dyah Puspitarini ◽

Bambang Tri Rahardjo

Keyword(s):

Dna Sequencing ◽

Base Pair ◽

Morphological Analysis ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Morphological Identification ◽

Bactrocera Carambolae ◽

Rapd Pcr ◽

Study Sites ◽

Group B

Diversity and phylogeny of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South Kalimantan based on morphology and molecular (RAPD-PCR and DNA sequencing). Seven species of fruit fly was known by morphological identification. The fruit flies were found from trapping with methyl eugenol and fruit collecting at all study sites in South Kalimantan. The results showed that as much as 17 plants were infected by fruit fly. Dendrogram based on morphological identification analyzed by using UPGMA with MEGA 4 program consisted in a group consisting of 5 sub-groups. Bactrocera carambolae and Bactrocera papayae of morphology were still a closely related fruit fly at 0.935. Whereas, based on RAPD result analized by UPGMA using 20 character of DNA based, showed that out of seven species consisted 2 groups, 1st group were B. umbrosa, B. occipitalis and sub-group of B. latifrons. The second group consists of sub-groups B.carambolae, B. papaya, sub-group B. albistrigata and B. cucurbitae. The results of dendrogram from sequencing DNA fruit fly analysis comprised one of group and three sub-groups. The first sub-groups were B. papayae, B. carambolae, B. occipitalis, B.latifrons. The second subgroup were B. cucurbitae and B. umbrosa. While B. albistrigata separate but still one group with another fruit flies. The results of DNA sequencing showed that there were a homology of the seven species of the fruit fly i.e at 83 base pair / bp (C), 101 bp (T), 265 bp (G), 420 bp (A), 432 bp (T), 600 bp (A ). The length of the base pair for B. occipitalis, B. cucurbitae, B. albistrigata, B. carambolae, B. papayae, B. latifrons were respectively 615, 898, 570.969, 898 and 615 bp. The results of morphological analysis and RAPD methods showed difference in the distribution of groups and sub-groups. But based on morphologycal and DNA identification seven species of fruit flies found were all same as the genebank.

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Morphological and molecular characterization of adult worms of Leucochloridium paradoxum Carus, 1835 and L. perturbatum Pojmańska, 1969 (Digenea: Leucochloridiidae) from the great tit, Parus major L., 1758 and similarity with the sporocyst stages

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x13000291 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 88 (4) ◽

pp. 506-510 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

I. Rząd ◽

P. Hofsoe ◽

R. Panicz ◽

J.K. Nowakowski

Keyword(s):

Parus Major ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Great Tit ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Morphological Identification ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

The Baltic ◽

Morphological And Molecular Characterization ◽

Sea Coast

AbstractUnlike the sporocyst stages, adult leucochloridiid digeneans are difficult to differentiate. Sporocyst broodsacs can be identified on the basis of their colour and banding pattern, but in the absence of broodsacs and when experimental infection cannot be performed, tentative morphological identification needs to be verified, and molecular techniques offer a tool to do this. In this study, adult leucochloridiid digeneans were collected from the great tit (Parus major) found dead at three localities at or near the Baltic Sea coast (Hel, Bukowo-Kopań and Szczecin) in northern Poland. On the basis of differences in their morphological characters, Hel specimens were tentatively assigned to Leucochloridium perturbatum, Bukowo-Kopań and Szczecin specimens being identified tentatively as L. paradoxum. Subsequent ribosomal DNA sequence analysis confirmed the identification of these leucochloridiid flukes. Nucleotide sequences discriminating between the two species were identical to those used by earlier authors as characteristic of two distinctly different sporocyst broodsacs representing L. perturbatum and L. paradoxum.

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Paramyxo- and Coronaviruses in Rwandan Bats

Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease ◽

10.3390/tropicalmed4030099 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 99 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Wanda Markotter ◽

Marike Geldenhuys ◽

Petrus Jansen van Vuren ◽

Alan Kemp ◽

Marinda Mortlock ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Morphological Identification ◽

Related Sequence ◽

Genetic Database ◽

Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽

Fruit Bat ◽

Pcr Assays ◽

Study Sites ◽

Positive Results ◽

High Diversity ◽

Horseshoe Bats

A high diversity of corona- and paramyxoviruses have been detected in different bat species at study sites worldwide, including Africa, however no biosurveillance studies from Rwanda have been reported. In this study, samples from bats collected from caves in Ruhengeri, Rwanda, were tested for the presence of corona- and paramyxoviral RNA using reverse transcription PCR assays. Positive results were further characterized by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. In addition to morphological identification of bat species, we also did molecular confirmation of species identities, contributing to the known genetic database available for African bat species. We detected a novel Betacoronavirus in two Geoffroy’s horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus clivosus) bats. We also detected several different paramyxoviral species from various insectivorous bats. One of these viral species was found to be homologous to the genomes of viruses belonging to the Jeilongvirus genus. Additionally, a Henipavirus-related sequence was detected in an Egyptian rousette fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). These results expand on the known diversity of corona- and paramyxoviruses and their geographical distribution in Africa.

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Occurrence and isolation of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae in cropped field soils of Saskatchewan, Canada

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m93-082 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 567-575 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Narayan C. Talukdar ◽

James J. Germida

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Wheat Roots ◽

Wheat Field ◽

Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽

Vesicular Arbuscular ◽

Field Soils ◽

Vam Colonization ◽

Study Sites

Soil and root samples collected from fields cropped to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Katepwa) and lentil (Lens esculenta L. cv. Eston) at 11 sites across four soil zones of Saskatchewan were analyzed for spore numbers, level of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) colonization, and VAM species. The number of VAM spores detected in field soils ranged from 78 to 272 per 100 g soil. Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae colonized wheat and lentil at all the field study sites, but levels of colonization in the two crops varied from site to site and the differences were more pronounced in wheat than in lentil. Generally, lentil both exhibited a higher percentage of VAM colonized roots and contained more arbuscules and vesicles than wheat roots. However, wheat appeared to be colonized by different types of VAM depending on the field sites. Differences in VAM colonization were not related to the moisture and temperature gradient of the four soil zones or soil properties. Seven VAM species were isolated by enriching indigenous VAM mixtures (collected from wheat field soils of six field sites) on maize. The VAM isolated most closely resembled Acaulospora denticulata, Gigaspora decipiens, Glomus clarum, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus mosseae, and Glomus versiforme. The species composition of the VAM community varied at the different field sites.Key words: VAM, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus.

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The effect of soil pH on the formation of VA mycorrhizas by two species of Glomus

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9850253 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 253 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

LK Abbott ◽

AD Robson

Keyword(s):

Soil Ph ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Subterranean Clover ◽

Vesicular Arbuscular ◽

Va Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Four Levels ◽

Ph Level ◽

Ph Range ◽

Spread Of Infection ◽

Glomus Sp

Two species of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi differed in their ability to infect subterranean clover roots when soil pH was changed by liming. In a glasshouse experiment, Glomus fasciculatum infected extensively at each of four levels of soil pH (range 5.3-7.5). Glomus sp. (WUM 16) only infected extensively at the highest pH level. Liming the soil depressed plant growth, but this effect was almost entirely overcome by inoculation with G. fasciculatum. In the second experiment, Glomus sp. (WUM 16) failed to spread from existing infection within roots of subterranean clover when soil pH was 5.3 or lower. The lack of spread of infection was associated with an inability of hyphae of this fungus to grow in the soil used unless it was limed to give a pH at least greater than 5.3.

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Morphotaxonomic revision of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Oriental Region

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.3577.1.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3577 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

HIROYUKI TAKAOKA

Keyword(s):

Geographical Distribution ◽

Classification Scheme ◽

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Species Group ◽

Morphological Identification ◽

Oriental Region ◽

Preliminary Attempt ◽

The Third ◽

Species Groups

Simulium (Gomphostilbia) Enderlein, the third largest (206 named species included) in the genus Simulium Latreille s. l., is one of the two most abundant and diverse subgenera in the Oriental Region. To provide a classification scheme to facilitate morphological identification of the species within this subgenus, its diagnostic characters are redefined, and nine known species-groups within it are reviewed. Based on putative lineages explored by using certain adult morphological characters, seven more species-groups are proposed: asakoae, darjeelingense, epistum, gombakense, heldsbachense, hemicyclium and palauense species-groups, while the trirugosum species-group is merged in the varicorne species-group. Subgroups are also introduced to represent apparently different lineages within certain species-groups based on certain pupal morphological characters: two in the banauense species-group, seven in the batoense species-group redefined, four in the ceylonicum species-group redefined, four in the epistum species-group, two in the hemicyclium species-group, two in the sherwoodi species-group and four in the varicorne species-group redefined. A new checklist of species of the subgenus Gomphostilbia, and a key to all 15 species-groups within it are provided. The eastward expansion of the geographical distribution of the subgenus Gomphostilbia is inferred on the basis of the more frequent occurrence of apomorphic characters of certain adult and pupal morphological features in insular species-groups than in continental species-groups. A preliminary attempt using a cladistic analysis of morphological characters shows that among 10 subgenera examined, Gomphostilbia has a sister-taxon relationship with the Australasian subgenus Morops Enderlein, and this clade, together with the Central-Western Pacific subgenus Inseliellum Rubtsov, is positioned closest to the most derived clade formed by Daviesellum Takaoka & Adler and Simulium Latreille s. str.

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Development of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in bean roots

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b79-246 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 57 (19) ◽

pp. 1960-1978 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

J. D. Holley ◽

R. L. Peterson

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Cortical Cell ◽

Wall Layer ◽

Cell Plasma ◽

Mycorrhizal Association ◽

External Hyphae ◽

Vesicular Arbuscular ◽

Glomus Species ◽

Dense Band ◽

Extrahaustorial Matrix

The ontogeny of the mycorrhizal association of a Glomus species in bean roots was studied. Electron-dense particles adjacent to external hyphae bind iron, as shown by X-ray microprobe analysis, when roots are fixed with glutaraldehyde – ferric chloride. This material is thought to be phenolic in nature. External spores, each with a subtending hyphal stalk, ranged in colour from hyaline to black. Intercellular hyphae, which are initially densely cytoplasmic, become progressively more vacuolate, with some vacuoles containing electron-dense particles. These hyphae form peg-like projections which cause the cell wall to be stretched inwards. Penetration into the inner cortex is followed by the formation of a simple haustorial trunk which dichotomizes successively until fine hyphae fill the cell. The endophyte is at first enclosed by a wall layer but the finer branches are covered only with an extrahaustorial matrix and cortical cell plasma membrane. Cortical cell cytoplasm changes in response to the fungus. Most arbuscules show some evidence of collapse or degeneration in the fine branches. Degeneration within the endophyte follows a pattern; initially the cytoplasm loses its well-defined appearance and small vacuoles develop. These small vacuoles then fuse to form larger vacuoles until the cytoplasm is reduced to a thin dense band around the periphery. The hyphae then collapse and coagulate into successively larger clumps, until only a dense residual mass remains in the cell. A membrane encloses the developing hyphal clumps and the cortical cytoplasm degenerates as clumping advances. No cell wall matrix is seen around the clumped endophyte.

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Identifikasi Morfologi Tumbuhan Kantong Semar (Nepenthes Sp.) Sebagai Bahan Ajar Tumbuhan Tingkat Tinggi Di Kawasan Wisata Gunung Galunggung Kabupaten Tasikmalaya

Florea Jurnal Biologi dan Pembelajarannya ◽

10.25273/florea.v5i2.3450 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 85

Author(s):

Rinaldi Rizal Putra ◽

Rita Fitriani

Keyword(s):

Preliminary Data ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Visual Observation ◽

Carnivorous Plants ◽

Morphological Identification ◽

Extreme Conditions ◽

Tropical Plants ◽

High Level ◽

The University ◽

Stem Leaf

Mount Galunggung is one of the tourism icons in Tasikmalaya Regency which has highly potential of biodiversity, especially in various of plants. In addition to showing the natural tourism, Mount Galunggung is also a media for learning high-level plants for developing science in the university. One of the potential diversity of plants in Mount Galunggung is kantong semar, which is known with botanical name as Nepenthes sp. Nepenthes are known as tropical plants that can live and survive in extreme conditions with low nutrients. These plants are classified into carnivorous plants. This research was aimed to identify various species of Nepenthes in Tasikmalaya Regency based on morphological characters. This research was conducted in February until July 2018, located in Mount Galunggung Tasikmalaya Regency using descriptive and exploratory methods. Data collected were morphological identification of Nepenthes and environment conditions. Morphological identification was carried out by visual observation of organs in Nepenthes such as root, stem, leaf, pitcher, flower, fruit and seed that are expected to give preliminary data that can provide information to determine the classification. The result of this research concluded that only one species of Nepenthes was found in Mount Galunggung and that was included to Nepenthes gymnamphora.

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Morphology, palynology, and stipe anatomy of four common ferns from Pekanbaru, Riau Province, Indonesia

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d200138 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 327-336

Author(s):

NERY SOFIYANTI ◽

DYAH IRIANI ◽

FITMAWATI FITMAWATI ◽

AFNI ATIKA MARPAUNG

Keyword(s):

Vascular Bundle ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Similar Type ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Anatomical Data ◽

Digital Microscope ◽

Fern Species ◽

Study Sites ◽

Dicranopteris Linearis ◽

Paraffin Method

Sofiyanti N, Iriani D, Fitmawati, Marpaung AA. 2019. Morphology, palynology, and stipe anatomy of four common ferns from Pekanbaru, Riau Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 327-336. The fern explorations had been conducted in Pekanbaru, Riau Province from 2013 to 2017. The objectives of this study were to characterize the morphological characters, to examine the spore features and stipe anatomy characters of four common ferns from Pekanbaru. The specimens were collected from the fields using the exploration method from 21 study sites from 10 sub-districts. The spores were then observed using a digital microscope. A total of four fern species were known as the most common fern species in this region, i.e., Dicranopteris linearis, Stenochlaena palustris, Nephrolepis biserrata, and Davalia denticulata. This study examined the morphology, palynology and stipe anatomy of these four common ferns from Pekanbaru, Riau. The anatomical preparation was conducted using paraffin method while spore preparation using acetolysis method. We found dimorphic ferns (Stenochlaena palustris and Davallia denticulata) and monomorphic ferns (Dicranopteris linearis and Nephrolepis biserrata). The vascular bundle of stipes of four species examined is similar, i.e., amphicribral concentric, however, the vascular bundles within the species varies in size. We also observed similar type of stele, atactostele, among the species. The spore features found in this study were monolete and trilete with prolate and subprolate shape. The result of this study supports the anatomical data of the examined species.

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