Variations in the Anatomical Characteristics of Bambusa pervariabilis Culms with Age and Height

Abstract The anatomical characteristics of culms in Bambusa pervariabilis bamboo at different ages and heights were investigated by microscopy and image analysis. Among the two vascular bundle types found in culms, the broken-waist type was considered typical, with the following measurements: average proportion of fibrous tissue, 41.53 percent; length, 1.75 mm; slenderness ratio, 117; and Runkel ratio, 4.00. These values were close to those of the moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), which is commercially relevant in China. Age and height significantly influenced the anatomical characteristics of B. pervariabilis: with an increase in age, both the length and double-wall thickness of the fiber gradually increased, whereas its lumen diameter decreased. The width of vascular bundles and the length, width, double-wall thickness, and lumen diameter of fiber markedly decreased from the bottom to the top. Therefore, B. pervariabilis is an ideal raw material for pulping and papermaking, and its performance is close to that of moso bamboo.

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A comparative fiber morphological analysis of major agricultural residues (used or investigated) as feedstock in the pulp and paper industry

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.4.7935-7952 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 7935-7952

Author(s):

Dimitrios Tsalagkas ◽

Zoltán Börcsök ◽

Zoltán Pásztory ◽

Vladimir Gryc ◽

Levente Csóka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Sugarcane Bagasse ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Fiber Length ◽

Slenderness Ratio ◽

Agricultural Residues ◽

Lumen Diameter ◽

Coconut Husk ◽

Flexibility Coefficient

The suitabilities of major agricultural residues were assessed as papermaking feedstocks. All the examined agricultural residues were assumed as potential candidates for substituting hardwood fibers in mixed pulp blends from a fiber morphological perspective. Wheat, barley, rice, rapeseed, maize, sunflower, sugarcane bagasse, coconut husk, and two genotypes of miscanthus grass underwent identical maceration. The fiber length, fiber width, cell wall thickness, and lumen diameter were measured to calculate the slenderness ratio, flexibility coefficient, and Runkel ratio. The average fiber length ranged from 0.50 mm ± 0.32 mm (MG-S-02-V) to 1.15 mm mm ± 0.58 mm (sugarcane bagasse). The fiber width ranged from 10.77 μm ± 3.28 μm (rice straw) to 22.99 mm ± 5.20 mm (sunflower stalk). The lumen diameter ranged from 4.52 μm ± 2.52 μm (rice straw) to 13.23 μm ± 4.87 μm (sunflower stalk). The cell wall thickness ranged from 3.02 μm ± 0.95 μm (rice straw) to 4.80 μm ± 1.48 μm (sunflower stalk). The slenderness ratio, flexibility coefficient, and Runkel ratio values ranged between 28.08 to 58.11, 37.97 to 60.8, and 0.62 to 1.68, respectively. Wheat, maize, rapeseed, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut husk were found to be appropriate residue sources for papermaking feedstocks.

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Correlation between Genetic Characteristics, Cell Structure and Material Properties of Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carriere) J. Houzeau) in Different Areas of China

Forests ◽

10.3390/f13010107 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 107

Author(s):

Wenbo Zhang ◽

Tao Hu ◽

Yanting Chang ◽

Benhua Fei ◽

Yanjun Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Material Properties ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Cell Structure ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Moso Bamboo ◽

Lumen Diameter ◽

Phyllostachys Edulis ◽

Breast Height

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carriere) J. Houzeau), native to China, is one of the most economically and ecologically important bamboo species. Since the economic interests and the strong clonality, it has been widely cultivated in southern China, which inevitably reduces the natural stands and leads to gene loss in this species. In this study, three natural populations of Moso bamboo distributed in Anhui, Guangxi, and Zhejiang province, were used to analyze the correlation between phenotypic traits, cell structure, and material properties from the perspective of phenotypic, genetic, and environmental. Among those traits and properties, fiber width was correlated with wall thickness at breast height and average nodes length under branch positively. Leaf length was correlated positively with fiber lumen diameter and parenchyma lumen diameter. Furthermore, it showed a very close correlation between moisture content, bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and diameter at breast height, clear height, and leaf length. The lumen diameter of fiber cell wall thickness is positively correlated with bending strength and modulus of elasticity. Density is positively correlated with parenchyma cell wall thickness. The experimental design is relatively detailed and representative, and the workload is huge. This study reflects the research objectives with scientific and rational experiments and data. This study will analyze the differences of various indicators from the perspective of genetic to build a bridge between micro-structure and macro-structure for rational utilization of the whole area of Moso bamboo resources in China.

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Morpho-anatomical traits of two lowest internodes related to lodging resistance in selected genotypes of Triticum

International Agrophysics ◽

10.1515/intag-2015-0053 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 475-483 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Danuta Packa ◽

Marian Wiwart ◽

Elżbieta Suchowilska ◽

Teresa Bieńkowska

Keyword(s):

Layer Thickness ◽

Common Wheat ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Cross Sections ◽

Transverse Section ◽

Principal Component ◽

Lumen Diameter ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Lodging Resistance ◽

Section Modulus

Abstract The cross-sections of first and second internodes were analyzed under a light and fluorescence microscopes in six varieties of Triticum spelta, two varieties of T. polonicum, and one variety of T. aestivum. The morphometric parameters of stem cross-sections were measured. The analyzed wheats were characterized by significant differences in traits associated with lodging resistance ie: internode diameter, lumen diameter, stem wall thickness, mechanical layer thickness, area of transverse section, and area of lumen for the first and second internode and between the internodes. In all varieties, the values of internode diameter, lumen diameter, area of transverse section and area of lumen were higher for the second internode than for the first internode, whereas the reverse was reported for stem wall thickness and mechanical layer thickness The results of the principal component analysis and section modulus values revealed similarities between spring spelt Wirtas and Rubinas and between common wheat Kontesa and winter spelt Poeme and Epanis. The number of large vascular bundles varied across the studied varieties. The average number of vascular bundles in common wheat Kontesa was significantly higher than in spring spelt Rubinas and Wirtas and significantly lower than in Polish wheat Pol-3 and winter spelt Epanis and Poeme.

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Properties of Gliricidia Wood (Gliricidia sepium) lntercropped with Cocoa (Theobroma cocoa) in Malaysia

Scientific Research Journal ◽

10.24191/srj.v14i1.5418 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Mohd Helmy Ibrahim ◽

Mohd Nazip Suratman ◽

Razali Abd Kader

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Specific Gravity ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Age Groups ◽

Gliricidia Sepium ◽

Cell Wall Thickness ◽

Tree Age ◽

Lumen Diameter ◽

Significant Difference

Trees planted from agroforestry practices can become valuable resources in meeting the wood requirements of many nations. Gliricidia sepium is an exotic species introduced to the agricultural sector in Malaysia mainly for providing shade for cocoa and coffee plantations. This study investigates its wood physical properties (specific gravity and moisture content) and fibre morphology (length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness) of G. sepium at three intervals according to age groups ( three, five and seven years of ages). Specific gravity (0.72) was significantly higher at seven years ofage as compared to five (0.41) and three (0.35) years age group with a mean of 0.43 (p<0.05). Mean moisture content was 58.3% with no significant difference existing between the tree age groups. Fibre diameter (22.4 mm) was significantly lower (p<0.05) for the trees which were three years of age when compared to five and seven years age groups (26.6 mm and 24. 7 mm), respectively. Means of fibre length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness were 0.83 mm, 18.3 mm, and 6.2 mm, respectively, with no significant differences detected between trees in all age groups. Further calculation on the coefficient of suppleness and runkel ratio suggest that wood from G.sepium may have the potential for insulation board manufacturing and paper making. However, future studies should experiment the utilisation of this species for these products to determine its full potential.

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Black blood magnetic resonance angiography with Dy-DTPA polymer: Effect on arterial intraluminal signal intensity, lumen diameter, and wall thickness

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

10.1002/jmri.1880080508 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 1051-1059 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

William B. Eubank ◽

Udo P. Schmiedl ◽

Chun Yuan ◽

Christopher D. V. Black ◽

Kenneth E. Kellar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Magnetic Resonance Angiography ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Signal Intensity ◽

Lumen Diameter ◽

Black Blood

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Manufacture of Water Pipe From Clampshell Powder Materials

JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MANUFACTURES MATERIALS AND ENERGY ◽

10.31289/jmemme.v2i2.2105 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Abdul Rahmansyah ◽

Zulfikar Zulfikar ◽

Bobby Umroh

Keyword(s):

Wall Thickness ◽

Unsaturated Polyester ◽

Polymer Composite Material ◽

Raw Material ◽

Household Waste ◽

Thickness Variation ◽

Powder Materials ◽

Outer Diameter ◽

Water Pipe ◽

Water Pipes

<h1>In general, household waste water pipelines use plastic pipes of PVC type that are not environmentally friendly and are relatively expensive. Therefore, this research will design molds and manufacture of composite pipes using raw materials of clampshell powder. The raw material used is clampshell powder with the composition of MgO and CaO compounds which is about 22.28% and 66.70%. The mixture of materials used consisted of clampshell powder with a size of 40 mesh, catalyst, and unsaturated polyester resin as a matrix. The objective of this study is manufacture of water pipes made from polymer composites reinforced by clampshell powder. Composite pipe manufacturing is carried out using the casting method. Pipe molds are made of stainless steel with a diameter of 40.46 mm (1.6 in) and an outer diameter of 50.8 mm (2 in). This mold size follows SNI 06-0084-2002 standards. The results of the study, water pipes from polymer composite material reinforced by clampshell powder with an inner diameter size of 40.64 mm and varying outside diameter. This variation depends on the composition of the clampshell powder in composite materials. The greater the clampshell powder composition, the more easily the maximum pipe wall thickness can be obtained. The average wall thickness variation is 3.35 mm. This variation is still included in the polymer water pipe requirements, which is a minimum of 2 mm.</h1>

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ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISATION AND VARIABILITY OF THE THISTLE CYNARA CARDUNCULUS IN VIEW OF PULPING POTENTIAL

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000362 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 217-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Teresa Quilhó ◽

Jorge Gominho ◽

Helena Pereira

Keyword(s):

Wall Thickness ◽

Anatomical Variation ◽

Fibre Length ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Slight Variation ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Cynara Cardunculus ◽

Fibrous Sheath ◽

Fibre Wall ◽

Fibre Width

The thistle Cynara cardunculus L. is an herbaceous perennial with high productivity that is harvested annually and is a potential fibre crop for paper pulp production. The anatomical variation within stalks was studied (base, middle and top) and compared in C. cardunculus plants at different development phases. The stalk of C. cardunculus includes an epidermis, cortex and a central cylinder with fibro-vascular bundles with phloem, xylem and a fibrous sheath that is variable in arrangement and size within and between plants.At harvest, the pith represents 37% of the stalk transectional area and 7% of the total weight. There was a slight variation in quantitative features of, respectively, the three development groups studied; mean fibre length was 1.04 mm, 0.95 mm and 1.05 mm; mean fibre width was 15 μm, 16 μm and 21 μm; mean fibre wall thickness was 3.2 μm, 3.4 μm and 4.9 μm. Fibre length and width decreased within the stem from base to top, while fibre wall thickness increased. Mean vessel diameter was 22 μm and mean vessel element length 220–483 μm. In mature plants, parenchyma represents 39% of the total transectional area and fibres 25%. The proportion of fibres increases during plant development and in mature plants is highest at the stalk base.As regards anatomical features, Cynara stalks compare favourably to other annual plants and fibre biometry indicates good potential for paper sheet forming and strength properties.

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Characterization and comparison of the wood anatomical traits of plantation grown Quercus acutissima and Quercus variabilis

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-bja10049 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Jie Wang ◽

Shan Li ◽

Juan Guo ◽

Haiqing Ren ◽

Yurong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wall Thickness ◽

Ring Width ◽

Value Added ◽

Lumen Diameter ◽

Membrane Thickness ◽

Quercus Acutissima ◽

Fibre Wall ◽

Growth Ring Width ◽

Cambial Age ◽

Pit Membrane

Abstract Oaks are important tree species, providing essential biomaterial for the wood industry. We characterize and compare wood anatomical traits of plantation grown Quercus acutissima Carruth. and Q. variabilis Blume to provide more detailed information to understand xylem radial growth, structure, and function, as well as differences between sapwood and heartwood, to provide data relevant for tree breeding and value-added wood utilization of oak plantations in China. In this study, radial strips were collected at breast height from the main trunk of the two species. Latewood percentage and growth ring width were investigated by X-ray densitometry and a Tree Ring Analysis System, respectively. Vessel and fibre lumen diameter, vessel and fibre wall thickness, vessel density, fibre wall thickness/diameter ratio, tissue proportions, and pit membrane thickness in between vasicentric tracheids were observed with light microscopy and electron microscopy and quantified. There were significant differences in a few wood anatomical traits between the two species: vessel wall thickness and vessel lumen diameter were higher in Q. acutissima than in Q. variabilis, while higher axial parenchyma proportion in sapwood was found in Q. variabilis than in Q. acutissima. More abundant tyloses were found in heartwood than in sapwood of both species. Our work showed the intraspecific and interspecific variation of the two species. Most differences between sapwood and heartwood must be attributed to differences in cambial age during their formation.

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