scholarly journals Irradiation of intraerythrocytic Plasmodium berghei with a fractionated dose of gamma rays does not effectively reduce the infectivity in mice Mus musculus

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Mukh Syaifudin ◽  
Siti Nurhayati ◽  
Darlina Darlina ◽  
Yanti Lusiyanti ◽  
Teja Kisnanto
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Malaria Vaccine ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Γ Radiation ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
Parasitemia Level ◽  
Γ Rays

Malaria infection kills more than one million human every year, mainly under-5-year-old children, including in South East Asian nations. Gamma radiation given at a single dose is commonly used to create the attenuated Plasmodium parasites to get vaccine materials. However, there is no study on the infectivity of parasites after fractionated γ-radiation. This study aimed to assess the infectivity of parasites after irradiated with fractionated γ-rays in mice. A number of Plasmodium bergheithat was irradiated in two fractions of 100 and 50 Gy, 100 and 75 Gy; and 100 and 100 Gy within 5 minutes of interval time was injected intraperitoneally into 12 mice. Mice injected with unirradiated parasites (0 Gy) served as a control group. The parasitemia level of intraerythrocytic parasites in each group was observed at days post injection up to 20 days by making Giemsa stained thin blood smears and observed under the microscope. Results showed that fractionation radiation did not effectively attenuate the parasites where they still grew in blood of mice, except for 100+75 Gy. There are no significant differences among the treatment groups (p0.05). This is different from irradiation at the single dose that resulted in almost completely attenuated parasites mainly the dose of 150 Gy. This implicating that irradiation of gamma rays at a single dose is a better way to mitigate parasites than fractionation dose as the infectivity of irradiated parasites were lower compared to that of fractionated dosage. Keywords: Malaria vaccine, Gamma radiation, Fractionation, Parasitemia

The interval between the departure of the disintegration particle and the emission of the gamma radiation

1932 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Γ Radiation ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
Γ Ray ◽  
Recoil Atoms ◽  
Rough Calculation ◽  
Α Particles

Previous work on the existence and period of radium C′ is discussed with reference to an experiment of Jacobsen which provides evidence that a γ ray transformation of period comparable with that of radium C′ precedes the expulsion of α particles. It is shown that, from Jacobsen's results, part of the γ radiation from a source of recoil atoms should originate in the space surrounding the source.A rough calculation is made which shows that the γ rays above the source should be detectable by ordinary methods, and a description is given of an ionisation method capable of detecting the effect. The γ rays predicted by Jacobsen's experiment were tested for by using specially prepared sources of radium C. Phenomena associated with α recoil were also investigated for sources of radium (B + C) and thorium (B + C).No evidence of a γ ray emission from the space above any of the sources was obtained. The negative result indicates that the interval between the departure of the disintegration particle and the emission of the γ ray quantum is considerably less than 10−5second.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Dosis Fraksionasi Sinar Gamma dalam Melemahkan Parasit Malaria Plasmodium berghei pada Mencit untuk Pengembangan Vaksin Iradiasi

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Mukh Syaifudin ◽  
Hartati Mahmudah ◽  
Teja Kisnanto ◽  
Devita Tetriana ◽  
Siti Nurhayati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Malaria Vaccine ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Fractionated Irradiation ◽  
Macroscopic Appearance ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
Weight Stability ◽  
Thin Blood Smears

Abstract Malaria is still a big problem in Indonesia so that the development of vaccine is urgently needed. However, the immunity is not fully obtained in host that may be due to high dose of irradiation to parasites. This study aimed to determine the infectiveness of Plasmodium berghei malaria parasite in mice after being irradiated with gamma fractionated dose of 0 Gy, 100+50, 100+75 and 100+100 Gy at a dose rate of 717 Gy/h. Observation of the percentage of parasitic appearance forms (parasitemia) such as trophozoite (including ring) and schizont was done on thin blood smears stained by Giemsa from observation day 2 to 20 post injection. The results showed that fractionated irradiation was effectively suppressed the growth of parasites in the blood of mice for all treatment groups except the fractionation dose of 100+75 Gy. Mice injected with a dose of 100+100 Gy have a stable body weight during days of observation, supported by a relatively normal macroscopic appearance of the liver and spleen. It was concluded that fractionated dose of 100+100 Gy is most effectively weakened the parasite for malaria vaccine material supported by body weight stability and better condition of liver-lymph organ. AbstrakMalaria masih merupakan pemasalahan besar di Indonesia sehingga pengembangan vaksin sangat diperlukan. Akan tetapi, imunitas pada inang belum sepenuhnya diperoleh yang kemungkinan disebabkan oleh tingginya dosis iradiasi pada parasit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya infektif parasit malaria Plasmodium berghei pada mencit setelah diiradiasi gamma fraksinasi 0 Gy, 100+50, 100+75 dan 100+100 Gy pada laju dosis 717 Gy/jam. Diamati persentase kemunculan bentuk-bentuk parasit (parasitemia) seperti tropozoit (termasuk cincin) dan skizon pada apusan darah tipis yang diwarnai Giemsa, dari hari pengamatan ke-2 hingga 20 pasca penyuntikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa iradiasi fraksinasi efektif menekan pertumbuhan parasit dalam darah mencit untuk semua perlakuan kecuali dosis fraksinasi 100+75 Gy. Mencit disuntik dosis 100+100 Gy memiliki berat badan yang stabil selama pengamatan, didukung oleh tampilan makroskopis hati dan limpa yang relatif normal. Disimpulkan bahwa iradiasi fraksinasi 100+100 Gy paling efektif melemahkan parasit sebagai bahan vaksin malaria, didukung oleh kestabilan berat badan dan kondisi organ hati-limpa yang lebih baik.

scholarly journals Use of Perfluorocarbon based Blood Substitute Perftoran in Correction of Hypoxia During Acute Anemia in Animals

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-250
Author(s):  
Sergey Vladimirovich Votrin ◽  
Sergey Ivanovich Vorobyev ◽  
Sergey Bolevich ◽  
Stefani Sergeyevna Bolevich ◽  
Aleksandra Orlova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Blood Substitute ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Donor Blood ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasonography ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Internal Bleeding ◽  
Blood Smears

Abstract The cause of acute and severe hypoxia of the organism is acute posthemorrhagic anemia. To eliminate posthemorrhagic anemia in animals, the perfluorocarbon blood substitute Perftoran (Russia) with a gas-transporting function was used. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical effectiveness of the perfluorocarbon based blood substitute Perftoran with a gas-carrying function in acute posthemorrhagic anemia in animals and reveal possible side effect of the blood substitute and remove them. In the study conducted in the Clinic of Veterinary Medicine of Pushchino Research Center (Russia) participated 20 cats of both sexes, who were admitted with internal bleeding as a result of injuries. The animals were divided into two groups: the control and the treatment groups (10 per group). All animals with anemia were examined according to the standard scheme: anamnesis vitae and anamnesis morbi, physical examination (basic methods of research were used), additional methods that were used: complete blood count (CBC) and biochemical analysis of blood (BA), microscopy of blood smears, abdominal ultrasonography. Based on the obtained results, we can conclude that the use of the gas-carrying substitute for donor blood Perftoran in the treatment group of animals with posthemorrhagic anemia, which resulted from polytrauma, eliminated tissue hypoxia; the treatment of the animals in the control group with standard solutions (by infusing Stabisol) without gas transport correction led to the development of persistent hypoxia, which persisted to the stage of reticulocyte crisis.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the contraceptive effects of carprofen, flunixin meglumine and meloxicam in rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 274-278
Author(s):  
Z. Paksoy ◽  
A. Kirbas
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Implantation Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Double Dose ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Dose Administration ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Flunixin Meglumine ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Implantation Sites

The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of carprofen, flunixin meglumine and meloxicam for use in emergency contraception. Forty-eight pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were used as material. Five groups were subjected to treatments while one group served as a control. The numbers of animals in each group were equal (n = 8). Treatment groups were administered carprofen (10 mg/kg, single or double dose, s.c.), flunixin meglumine (5 mg/kg, single or double dose, i.m.) and meloxicam (2 mg/kg, a single dose, s.c.) on the third day after mating. The control group received saline. The rats were sacrificed on Day 7 of gestation. Luteal spots and implantation sites were recorded. Pre-implantation loss was calculated by subtracting the number of luteal spots from the number of implantation sites. Compared with the control, the administration of flunixin meglumine (double dose), carprofen (double dose) and meloxicam highly significantly decreased the implantation rate (P < 0.001). Single dose administration of flunixin meglumine and carprofen led to significant decreases (P < 0.01). In conclusion, this study indicates that carprofen, flunixin meglumine and meloxicam treatment cause a decline in implantation rate in rats.

Assessment of CYP2D6 re-activation after inhibitory effect of MDMA using tramadol as a probe

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
Shahin Nilchi ◽  
Davood Behdarvand ◽  
Hoda Lavasani ◽  
Mohammadreza Rouini ◽  
Yalda H. Ardakani
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Liver Perfusion ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Metabolic Ratio ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Probe Drug ◽  
Human Cytochrome

Abstract Background In recent years, the use of tramadol as a probe drug for human cytochrome p450 2D6 (CYP2D6) has been investigated. The objective of this study was to assess the recovery of rat CYP2D1 enzymatic activity after mechanism-based inhibition induced by a single dose of ecstasy (MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) and evaluation of the tramadol ability as a probe drug. CYP2D1 is orthologous in rats to human CYP2D6 and was employed in the current study. Methods A total of 16 male rats were selected and divided into control and treatment groups. The control group did not receive MDMA, while rats in the treatment group received a single dose of MDMA (1 mg/kg) and were subsequently divided into groups that were tested at 1 h, 10 days or 30 days post-administration. The rats were subjected to liver perfusion with Krebs-Heinslet buffer containing tramadol for 60 min and the tramadol and M1 levels were determined by HPLC-fluorescence. Results The enzymatic activity of CYP2D1 for the 1-h group decreased significantly when compared with the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, enzymatic activity increased non-significantly in the 10- and 30-day groups in comparison with the control group. The concentration and AUC0−60 of tramadol increased in the 1-h and 10-day groups when compared with the control group but decreased in the 30-day group; however, none of these changes was statistically significant (p>0.05). The M1 metabolic ratio in the 1-h group decreased significantly when compared with the control group (p<0.05). The M1 metabolic ratio of the 10-day group increased and of the 30-day group decreased, but neither of these changes were significant. Conclusions Regardless of the genotype, the enzymatic activity of rat CYP2D1 recovered by 10 days post-administration of MDMA. It appears that tramadol, irrespective of its stereoselectivity, is not able to appraise rat hepatic CYP2D1 activity. It can be extrapolated that tramadol is a not suitable probe drug for human hepatic CYP2D1 because CYP2D1 in rats is orthologous to human CYP2D6. Further animal and human studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.

scholarly journals Oral single dose of allopurinol in thoroughbred foals born from mares with placentitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1119-1125
Author(s):  
Luciana Oliveira de Araujo ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Wayne Nogueira ◽  
Fernanda Maria Pazinato ◽  
Friedrich Frey Junior ◽  
Silvano Costa Paixão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Group Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Wbc Count ◽  
Thoroughbred Foals

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Allopurinol in foals born from mares with placentitis. Twenty foals were assigned into two groups: Healthy foals (n=10), born from healthy mares and Placentitis foals (n=10), born from mares with placentitis. Five foals from each group were randomly assigned to a treatment or control group. Treatment groups received Allopurinol (40mg kg-1 orally six hours after birth). Blood samples were collected for estimation of hematological variables and serum concentration of calcium, chloride, creatinine, phosphorus, glucose, lactate and magnesium. Placentitis foals presented leukopenia and neutropenia when compared with Healthy foals, at birth. The white blood cell (WBC) count was lower in the Placentitis foals untreated at 12 hours. No adverse effects related to the use of Allopurinol were detected. Treated Placentitis foals showed higher serum calcium and glucose levels within 12 hours than untreated Placentitis foals. Administration of Allopurinol PO in foals born from mares with placentitis did not result in adverse effects and can help in stabilizing serum calcium and glucose levels.

scholarly journals Liver metabolic activities of Pasundan cattle induced by irradiated chitosan

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andi Mushawwir ◽  
JOHAR ARIFIN ◽  
DARMAWAN DARWIS ◽  
TITA PUSPITASARI ◽  
DEWI SEKAR PENGERTENI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Biochemical Analyzer ◽  
Automatic Biochemical Analyzer ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Development Center ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Abstract. Mushawwir A, Arifin J, Darwis D, Puspitasari T, Pengerteni DS, Nuryanthi N, Perman R. 2020. Liver metabolic activities of Pasundan cattle induced by irradiated chitosan. Biodiversitas 21: 5571-5578. A total of one hundred and twenty-five, 2-3 year old male Pasundan cattle were used as livestock samples during the three months of this research. They were selected from the local cattle breeding and development center in Ciamis. The animal samples were randomly allocated to 5 treatment groups. One group served as the control, or without irradiated chitosan, while the others were used as treatment in varying levels. Each treatment group involved five replicates with 25 Pasundan bulls per treatment i.e five Pasundan bulls per replication. Each group was provided with the following rations: C0 = Control group, without IC (0 ppm IC); C1 = 350 ppm Irradiated Chitosan (IC); C2 = 400 ppm IC; C3 = 450 ppm IC; and C4 = 500 ppm IC. Irradiated chitosan was obtained through the following steps: extraction, deacetylation, and irradiation of chitin using gamma rays. Five mL of blood samples were collected from each bull at the beginning of each month of this experiment, which totaled three months. The blood samples were sucked from the tail/coccygeal vein using a sterilized syringe and vacuum tube containing K3EDTA. The plasma was used to determine the concentration of parameters related to liver metabolism through an automatic biochemical analyzer Kenza 240TX model from Biolabo, using a commercial kit. Each procedure was followed based on the Biolabo kit (Franch) and Randox kit (UK). This study showed that IC reduces the activity of glycogenolysis and glycolysis, but is accompanied by improvements in the biochemical conditions of liver cells. This is a favorable condition for the metabolism of Pasundan bulls in order to enhance their growth and reproduction.

scholarly journals The efficacy of a slow-release albendazole capsule against Haemonchus contortus with known resistance to albendazole

2013 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan D. Fisher ◽  
Sybrand J. Van Sittert
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
South African ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Parasite Populations

Controlled-release albendazole capsules (CRCs) are currently registered for use in Australia and New Zealand as anthelmintic treatment in sheep. However, reports on the efficacy of such products on resistant parasite populations are sometimes controversial. This is the first study to report on the efficacy of such products under South African field conditions in sheep harbouring a population of Haemonchus contortus with known multiple anthelmintic resistance, including to albendazole. Treatment groups were comprised of CRC-treated and single dose albendazole-treated sheep, as well as negative controls. Groups were compared by using faecal egg count reduction tests, FAMACHA© anaemia scoring, conception rates and comparative weight gains over three and a half months. Based on a comparison of faecal egg counts, no advantage could be found using CRCs. Moreover, the use of the product actually decreased weight gain when compared with the control group animals.

Liver, Kidney Function Tests and Oxidative Damage During and after Treatment of Salmonella typhimurium Infection in Experimental Local Rabbits

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Salah Hasan ◽  
Ayman Barzan Abdulgafor ◽  
Maher Saber Owain ◽  
Mohammed Ali Hussein ◽  
Qusay Mohammed Aboud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Infected Group ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Kidney Damage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2

This study aimed to evaluate the liver, kidney damage caused by S. typhimurium and to estimate the oxidative damage in association with this bacteria. A highly virulent isolates of S. typhimurium were obtained from the department of internal and preventive medicine/ College of Veterinary Medicine/ University of Baghdad. A twenty five local rabbits of both genders with age range (2-4 months) weeks old were used for this study, the rabbits were divided randomly into five groups each group contains 5 rabbits :- group 1: drenched orally with 5 ml of normal saline and consider as control group, group 2: were drenched orally with (5 ml) suspension which contain (5��109 CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium and regarded as infected group, group 3 were drenched orally with (5 ml) suspension which have (5��109 CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium then treated with a single dose of gentamicin alone at 0.05ml/kg (5mg/ml) orally after presence of signs (after 24hrs. post inoculation), group 4 were drenched (5 ml) suspension having (5��109 CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium then treated with a single dose of Ca-EDTA alone at 40mg/kg orally after presence of signs (after 24hrs. post inoculation) and group 5 were drenched (5 ml) suspension that contain (5��109 CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium then treated with a single dose of combined gentamicin at 0.05ml/kg (5mg/ml) orally after presence of signs (after 24hrs. post inoculation) and Ca-EDTA 40mg/kg after presence of signs (after 24hrs. post inoculation).The results of biochemical profile showed a significant increase (p less than 0.05) in ALT, creatinine and urea levels in infected group as compared with control group, while, the treated groups especially group 5 showed a significant improvement in ALT, Urea and creatinine levels which returned to relative normal levels as compared with infected group after 96hrs. post treatment. Also, the results of oxidative stress showed a significant increase in the levels of MDA in G2, G3, G4 and G5 after 48 hrs. post treatment, while the level of GSH showed a significant decrease in the level at 48hrs., both were returned to relative normal levels after 96hrs.post treatment especially in group 5.In conclusion, S. typhimurium can causing liver and kidney damage which is manifested by increase ALT, Urea and Creatinine. Also, MDA and GSH is increased due to salmonellosis.

Changes of IL-4 and IFN-g expression in monocytes and T-helper lymphocytes while modeling of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Wistar rats

2018 ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
В.Н. Сахаров ◽  
П.Ф. Литвицкий ◽  
Е.И. Алексеева ◽  
Н.А. Маянский ◽  
Р.Ш. Закиров
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽  
T Helpers

Цель исследования - изучение перепрограммирования мононуклеарных лейкоцитов на модели системного ювенильного идиопатического артрита (сЮИА), воспроизводимой у крыс Wistar с использованием полного адъюванта Фрейнда и липополисахарида. Методика. сЮИА воспроизведен у 6-месячных крыс-самцов Wistar. На 40-е сут. эксперимента животные были разделены на 3 группы: 1-я группа - контроль; 2-я - группа доксициклина; 3-я - группа дексаметазона. Взятие проб крови у животных проводили на нулевые, 41-е и 55-е сут. Мононуклеарные клетки периферической крови выделяли гравиметрически, после чего окрашивали их на маркеры и внутриклеточные цитокины. Дифференцировали моноциты (CD3-CD4+) и Т-хелперы (CD3+CD4+). Анализировали динамику внутриклеточной экспрессии интерлейкина IL-4 (рассматривали как маркер про-М2 фенотипа, так как в случае выделения из клетки ИЛ-4 служит стимулятором М2 поляризации макрофагов) и IFN-g (как маркер про-М1 фенотипа) по данным проточной цитофлуориметрии. Применяли непараметрический статистический тест Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon в программе R для статистической обработки данных. Результаты и заключение. При моделировании сЮИА выявлено закономерное изменение фенотипа моноцитов. Применение же доксициклина и дексаметазона приводило к более ранней поляризации их по про-М2-пути в отношении моноцитов (на 41-е сут.) в сравнении с контролем. Про-М1 эффект (на 55-е сут., в сравнении с контролем) выявлен также в группах доксициклина и дексаметазона. У животных разных групп обнаружены характерные динамические изменения внутриклеточной экспрессии цитокинов. Важно, что различная направленность поляризации фенотипа при сЮИА и применении препаратов наблюдается не только у моноцитов, но и у Т-хелперов. The study objective was to evaluate targeted reprogramming of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) modeled in 6-month-old male Wistar rats by co-administration of complete Freund’s adjuvant and lipopolysaccharide. Methods. On day 40 of the experiment, rats were divided into three groups: control, doxycycline, and dexamethasone groups. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 41, and 55. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated gravimetrically and stained for markers and cytokines. Monocytes (CD3-CD4+) and T-helpers (CD3+CD4+) were differentiated as target cells. IL-4 was considered a marker for the pro-M2 phenotype since IL-4 can activate M2 macrophage polarization; IFN-g was considered a marker for the pro-M1 phenotype. Time-related changes in the intracellular expression of IL-4 and IFN-g were studied using flow cytometry. Data were analyzed using nonparametric statistical tests (Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon) in the R environment for statistical computing. Results and conclusions. Monocytes (like macrophages) underwent reprogramming during the development of modeled sJIA disease. In monocytes of doxycycline and dexamethasone treatment groups, pro-M2 effects were observed earlier (day 41) than in the control group. Pro-M1 effects were observed in monocytes of doxycycline and dexamethasone groups on day 55, as compared with the control group. Characteristic time-related changes of intracellular cytokine expression were described for different groups. Importantly, the differently directed phenotype polarization was observed in sJIA and treatment groups for both monocytes and T-helpers.

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