Ten: The Impact of Christianity in the Fifth Century

2015 ◽  
pp. 215-255
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Impact

Islamic Law and Society

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-191
Author(s):  
Louay M. Safi
Keyword(s):  
Composite System ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Social Growth ◽  
The Social ◽  
Collective Experience ◽  
Law And Morality ◽  
The Impact

Shari'ah (Islamic law) has been the dominant moral and legal code ofMuslim societies for the gnxter part of their history. During the early centuriesof Islam, Shari'ah hcilitated the social growth and develojment of the Muslims,growth that culminaa in the establishment of a vast emph and an outstandmgcivilization. By the close of the fifth century of Islam, however, Shari'ahbegan to lose its role as the guiding force that inspired Muslim creativityand ingenuity and that nurtured the growing spirit of the Muslim community(Ummah). Consequently, the Ummah entered a period of stagnation thatgradually gave way to intellectual decline and social decadence. Regrettably,this painful trend continues to be more or less 'part of the individualconsciousness and collective experience of Muslims.This paper attempts to trace the development of the principles of Islamicjurisprudence, and to assess the impact of Shari'ah on society. It argues thatthe law ceased to grow by the sixth century of Islam as a result of thedevelopment of classical legal theory; more specifically, law was put on hold,as it were, after the doctrine of the infallibility of ijma' (juristic consensus)was articulated. The rigid principles of classical theory, it is contended, havebeen primarily induced by the hulty epistemology employed.by sixth-centuryjurists.Shari'ah, or Islamic law, is a comprehensive system encompassing thewhole field of human experience. It is not simply a legal system, but rathera composite system of law and morality. That is, Islamic law aspires to regulateall aspects of human activities, not only those that may entail legalconsequences. Hence, all actions and relationships are evaluated in accordancewith a scale of five moral standards.According to Shari'ah, an act may be classified as obligatory (wajib),recommended (mandub), permissible (mubah), reprehensible (makruh), orprohibited (haram). These five categories reflect the varying levels of moral ...

Dichin (Bulgaria): Interpreting the Ceramic Evidence in its Wider Context

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIVIEN G. SWAN
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
North Central ◽  
Trading Patterns ◽  
Roman Military ◽  
Eating Practices ◽  
The Impact

In the Dichin (north central Bulgaria) store-buildings destroyed in about the 480s, the large quantities of imported Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea amphorae typify late Roman military supply (annona) to the forts of the lower Danube limes. A dearth of amphorae at Dichin for most of the sixth century is linked ultimately to alterations in trading patterns in the Mediterranean as a whole. A slight increase in amphorae shortly before the final destruction of c.580 reflects a significant recasting of supply sources. The few imported red-slipped wares are mostly late fifth century and of Pontic origin. During the sixth century, modifications in the local coarse pottery reflect cultural changes in the region — the decline of Romanized eating practices and the impact of the barbarian social traditions. The wider significance of ‘foederati ware’ for the Germanic settlement of the region and its influence on the technology of indigenous ceramics production are also explored.

Urban Patterns in the Greek Period: Athens, Paestum, Morgantina, Miletus/Priene, and Pergamon as Formal Types

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora P. Crouch
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Urban Patterns ◽  
Residential Quarters ◽  
The Impact

In order to assess the impact of the delivery and drainage of water on the urban pattern in the ancient Greek world, it is necessary to have clear ideas of what forms their cities took. Thus a brief discussion of urban patterns will be useful. Traditional descriptions of ancient Greek cities characterize them by typical street patterns, usually two major types: the Hippodamean grid of Miletus of the fifth century, and the terraces like the blades of a fan found at Pergamon of the late third and second centuries, called “scenographic urbanism.” Yet a more careful examination of the evidence suggests that for different centuries B.C., there are many more urban types than two. Examples standing for both the repertory of physical patterns and the changes in those patterns over time that we may cite are: 1. 7th century B.C.—Akragas (frontispiece): irregular hill-top site of the archaic period 2. 6th century—Paestum (Fig. 5.IB): “bar and stripes” 3. 5th century—Athens (Fig. 5.1A): organic, focused on central acropolis and agora, similar to Akragas pattern 4. 5th century—Morgantina (Fig. 5.1C): typical West Greek pattern of two flat hills with residential quarters grid platted and lower agora between them 5. 4th and 3rd centuries—Priene (Fig. 51.D): based on prototype grid at Miletus (early 5th century—Fig. 22.4) and refinement of grid as used at Rhodes (mid to late 5th century—Fig. 8.3), an adaption of Hippodamean regularity to a small plateau 6. 3rd and 2nd centuries—Pergamon (Fig. 5.1E): scenographic urbanism, with wedge-shaped terraces It is difficult to classify urban plans solely by pattern or by century. This is because the changes did not go together in any simple fashion. Inspection of the street patterns of ancient Greek cities, and the relation of those patterns to the sites, allows them to be classified into five basic types, which for easy remembrance I name after representative cities of each type: 1. Athens-type. A general rule for cities of a[n ancient] culture states that “the capital city is unlike the others in form.” Athens, a seemingly formless, organic city, is quite unlike the well-regulated cities (many of them colonies) of the other types.

“Here rests Faustina, aged fourteen years, five months. . . . Two apostoli and two rebbites sang lamentations”

2020 ◽  
pp. 342-401
Author(s):  
Ross Shepard Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Jewish Women ◽  
Active Resistance ◽  
Divine Intervention ◽  
Familial Relations ◽  
The Impact

In response to pressures detailed here, some Jews converted, disrupting familial relations. Many did not. Others immigrated to less inhospitable regions. Some accounts of their active resistance may have merit: mocking Christians at Ravenna; fighting with Arian Ostrogoths against Justinian at Naples (Prokopios). They entertained hopes of divine intervention, following a Moses-type messianic pretender on Crete, and assembling for the restoration of Jerusalem (Life of Barsauma). They adapted. Whatever the impact of the cessation of the Jewish patriarchate, Jewish leaders in Ravenna were advocating for local Jewish rights only weeks after Gamaliel’s demotion. Intriguingly, inscriptions for Jewish women synagogue officers increase in the fifth century. More inscriptions utilize Hebrew. Men called “rabbi” now appear in a few diaspora epitaphs. Emergent rabbinic programs may have offered ways to tighten social boundaries, countering the consequences of imperial restrictions and Christian pressures to convert. The evidence, however, remains merely suggestive.

scholarly journals The impact of the quartets Omar Khayyam in the poetic experience of the Iraqi poet Zahawi

2018 ◽  
Vol 226 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-490
Author(s):  
Assist. Prof. Abdolrazagh Rahmani ◽  
Associate Prof. Eshagh Rahmani ◽  
, MA student , Zahra Sakhaei manesh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Drinking Alcohol ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Literary Unity ◽  
The Universe

The universality of literature has had great effects on literary unity. In this area, the effects of Arabic and Persian reflect the development of in-kind modeling of literary and literary overlap and become a wide field of comparative studies. Khayyam is considered to be one of the greatest men of the fifth century AH and has left a great literary imprint in the world of art and literature. One of the most famous of its variants is the reference to its quartets, which seem to have conflicting views of the universe and the Creator at first sight. This duplication, which we find in the quartets of the tents has produced many studies over the ages, including those Zahawi contemporary Iraqi poet, who was affected by the tents clearly. We find this effect when the quartets of the tents express the prose and the system, and also when it regulates its quadrilateral. We find that his idea inspired much of the quartets of tents. Here is the importance of studying the comparison between them through the quartets. And their cultural influences between them and this research includes common aspects between the quartets of these poets. The most important results we have reached in this study can be summarized as follows: Al-Zahawi was influenced by his quartets of the ideas and quartets of tents. The tents look at life and the universe with a pessimistic look and call for forgetting the melancholy of the world and its depression, while also drinking alcohol and Zahawi. The Arabization of the quartets of the tents by the Zahawi and the similarity of the contents of their quartets due to the cultural context common to them as a result of the knowledge of the Arab world on the ideas of tents. Such study confirms the connection and friction of both Arabic and Persian cultures.

Fifth-Century Preliminaries

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-99
Author(s):  
Christopher Pelling
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
The Impact

This chapter studies the fifth-century antecedents of biography, focusing on two writers: Stesimbrotus of Thasos and Ion of Chios. These ‘preliminaries’ are not the roots of a single tree thrusting upwards, shortly to blossom into something called ‘biography’. Stesimbrotus and Ion represent several different seeds, and some will be productive in quite different ways: the anecdotal, the focus on self, the miscellaneity, and the graphic descriptions are all important features that will recur in many different strands of later literature, and are no more prominent in biography than elsewhere. Equally, the fourth-century biographers would have thought that other precursors mattered more, the Odyssey and praise-oratory in particular. Eastern influences may operate directly on, particularly, Cyropaedia, even if the impact of that eastern material on Herodotus had already prepared that particular path.

Military and Civilian: Reconfiguring the End of Roman Britain in the North

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Petts
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
The North ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Dominant Narratives ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Underlying Processes

This study explores the impact of recent discoveries on our understanding of the transition from the Roman to early medieval periods in northern England. Using the Tees Valley as a case study, it shows how modern interpretations of this process have focused primarily on the afterlife of the military sites in the region. However, the increased identification of significant Roman civilian settlements forces us to reconsider the dominant narratives and rethink the underlying processes that influenced the move from Roman-controlled frontier society in the fourth century to a fifth century society comprising both culturally Anglo-Saxon social groups and sub-Roman successor polities. A wider consideration is also given to how the changing patterns in the use of space and in refuse disposal strategies can be used to shed light on wider patterns of changing social identity in the later fourth century AD.

The Atlantic Archipelago of the British Isles

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen P. Corrigan
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Negative Concord ◽  
Scottish Gaelic ◽  
Discourse Strategies ◽  
The Impact

This chapter discusses contact between English and other languages in the British Isles from the fifth century to the present. Census data and other evidence are examined to assess the impact of migrants on historical and contemporary English dialects in the Celtic regions and elsewhere. As regards the latter, these would include svarabhakti phenomena and fronting devices typical of the syntactic/discourse strategies commonly associated with Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh. Consideration is also given to the extent to which Celtic Englishes retain relic features representing earlier stages of English. Of particular interest is the retention of historical /r/ post-vocalically as well as negative concord and the grammaticality of double modal constructions. There is also some discussion of linguistic innovations in dialects of the British Isles that have been brought about by more recent contacts with newer ethnic minority migrants in large urban areas of this region like Dublin and London.

Environmental and Social Change in Northeast Thailand during the Iron Age

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-569
Author(s):  
C.F.W. Higham ◽  
B.F.J. Manly ◽  
R. Thosarat ◽  
H.R. Buckley ◽  
N. Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Elites ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

The Iron Age of Mainland Southeast Asia began in the fifth centurybcand lasted for about a millennium. In coastal regions, the development of trade along the Maritime Silk Road led to the growth of port cities. In the interior, a fall in monsoon rains particularly affected the Mun River valley. This coincided with the construction of moats/reservoirs round Iron Age settlements from which water was channelled into wet rice fields, the production of iron ploughshares and sickles, population growth, burgeoning exchange and increased conflict. We explore the social impact of this agricultural revolution through applying statistical analyses to mortuary samples dating before and after the development of wet rice farming. These suggest that there was a swift formation of social elites represented by the wealth of mortuary offerings, followed by a decline. Two associated changes are identified. The first involved burying the dead in residential houses; the second considers the impact of an increasingly aquatic environment on health by examining demographic trends involving a doubling of infant mortality that concentrated on neonates. A comparison between this sequence and that seen in coastal ports suggests two interconnected instances of rapid pathways to social change responding to different social and environmental stressors.

Arabic in contact with English in Asia

English Today ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azirah Hashim ◽  
Gerhard Leitner ◽  
Mohammed Al Aqad
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
East Asia ◽  
South Asia ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global Language ◽  
The Impact

Arabic has a long history of contact with languages outside the Middle East (Lapidus, 2015; Beg, 1979). In Asia, the spread of Arabic began with the trade network that connected the Middle East with South Asia, South-East, East Asia and East Africa from the fifth century. It intensified with the rise of Islam from the seventh century onwards (Morgan & Reid, 2010; Azirah & Leitner, 2016). In this paper we investigate the impact of Arabic on today's English in the context of Asian Englishes. More specifically we ask if the contact of Arabic with English in Asia has led to the creation of an Arabic-Islamic layer of English in countries that have a majority or a significant minority of Muslims. Would such a layer add a new dimension to the texture of English and be integrative across national Englishes? Or would it be divisive inside individual countries? In order to explore such issues we created a corpus of Arabic loanwords in Asian Englishes. Such a database will contribute to a better coverage of the impact of Arabic in dictionaries and to the study of English as a (multiple) national, regional and global language.

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