“Here rests Faustina, aged fourteen years, five months. . . . Two apostoli and two rebbites sang lamentations”

2020 ◽  
pp. 342-401
Author(s):  
Ross Shepard Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Jewish Women ◽  
Active Resistance ◽  
Divine Intervention ◽  
Familial Relations ◽  
The Impact

In response to pressures detailed here, some Jews converted, disrupting familial relations. Many did not. Others immigrated to less inhospitable regions. Some accounts of their active resistance may have merit: mocking Christians at Ravenna; fighting with Arian Ostrogoths against Justinian at Naples (Prokopios). They entertained hopes of divine intervention, following a Moses-type messianic pretender on Crete, and assembling for the restoration of Jerusalem (Life of Barsauma). They adapted. Whatever the impact of the cessation of the Jewish patriarchate, Jewish leaders in Ravenna were advocating for local Jewish rights only weeks after Gamaliel’s demotion. Intriguingly, inscriptions for Jewish women synagogue officers increase in the fifth century. More inscriptions utilize Hebrew. Men called “rabbi” now appear in a few diaspora epitaphs. Emergent rabbinic programs may have offered ways to tighten social boundaries, countering the consequences of imperial restrictions and Christian pressures to convert. The evidence, however, remains merely suggestive.

Islamic Law and Society

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-191
Author(s):  
Louay M. Safi
Keyword(s):  
Composite System ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Social Growth ◽  
The Social ◽  
Collective Experience ◽  
Law And Morality ◽  
The Impact

Shari'ah (Islamic law) has been the dominant moral and legal code ofMuslim societies for the gnxter part of their history. During the early centuriesof Islam, Shari'ah hcilitated the social growth and develojment of the Muslims,growth that culminaa in the establishment of a vast emph and an outstandmgcivilization. By the close of the fifth century of Islam, however, Shari'ahbegan to lose its role as the guiding force that inspired Muslim creativityand ingenuity and that nurtured the growing spirit of the Muslim community(Ummah). Consequently, the Ummah entered a period of stagnation thatgradually gave way to intellectual decline and social decadence. Regrettably,this painful trend continues to be more or less 'part of the individualconsciousness and collective experience of Muslims.This paper attempts to trace the development of the principles of Islamicjurisprudence, and to assess the impact of Shari'ah on society. It argues thatthe law ceased to grow by the sixth century of Islam as a result of thedevelopment of classical legal theory; more specifically, law was put on hold,as it were, after the doctrine of the infallibility of ijma' (juristic consensus)was articulated. The rigid principles of classical theory, it is contended, havebeen primarily induced by the hulty epistemology employed.by sixth-centuryjurists.Shari'ah, or Islamic law, is a comprehensive system encompassing thewhole field of human experience. It is not simply a legal system, but rathera composite system of law and morality. That is, Islamic law aspires to regulateall aspects of human activities, not only those that may entail legalconsequences. Hence, all actions and relationships are evaluated in accordancewith a scale of five moral standards.According to Shari'ah, an act may be classified as obligatory (wajib),recommended (mandub), permissible (mubah), reprehensible (makruh), orprohibited (haram). These five categories reflect the varying levels of moral ...

Challenge and Conformity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Taylor-Guthartz
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Orthodox Jewish ◽  
Lived Religion ◽  
Jewish Women ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Religious Establishment ◽  
The Impact

Orthodox Jewish women are increasingly seeking new ways to express themselves religiously, and important changes have occurred in consequence in their self-definition and the part they play in the religious life of their communities. Drawing on surveys and interviews across different Orthodox groups in London, as well as on the author's own experience of active participation over many years, this is a study that analyses its findings in the context of related developments in Israel and the USA. Sympathetic attention is given to women's creativity and sophistication as they struggle to develop new modes of expression that will let their voices be heard; at the same time, the inevitable points of conflict with the male-dominated religious establishment are examined and explained. There is a focus, too, on the impact of innovations in ritual: these include not only the creation of women-only spaces and women's participation in public practices traditionally reserved for men, but also new personal practices often acquired on study visits to Israel which are replacing traditions learned from family members. The book is a study of how new norms of lived religion have emerged in London, influenced by both the rise of feminism and the backlash against it, and also by women's new understanding of their religious roles.

scholarly journals Assembly: Performing the materiality of Muslim prayer spaces

Scene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Specific Research ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Impact

This article reflects on the significance and impact of Assembly, a site-specific research project made and exhibited in Birmingham Central Mosque, Brick Lane Mosque and Old Kent Road Mosque from 2016 to 2020. Assembly provided an opportunity for Muslims and non-Muslims to experience Jumu’ah prayer first-hand via the site performances, which temporarily dissolved the religious/social boundaries of each mosque. Each performance highlighted the differences and relations between each site, furthering ideas of performativity in Muslim prayer spaces. This article summarizes the impact reported by each mosque community as well as reflecting upon the relationships built within the wider community.

Dichin (Bulgaria): Interpreting the Ceramic Evidence in its Wider Context

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIVIEN G. SWAN
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
North Central ◽  
Trading Patterns ◽  
Roman Military ◽  
Eating Practices ◽  
The Impact

In the Dichin (north central Bulgaria) store-buildings destroyed in about the 480s, the large quantities of imported Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea amphorae typify late Roman military supply (annona) to the forts of the lower Danube limes. A dearth of amphorae at Dichin for most of the sixth century is linked ultimately to alterations in trading patterns in the Mediterranean as a whole. A slight increase in amphorae shortly before the final destruction of c.580 reflects a significant recasting of supply sources. The few imported red-slipped wares are mostly late fifth century and of Pontic origin. During the sixth century, modifications in the local coarse pottery reflect cultural changes in the region — the decline of Romanized eating practices and the impact of the barbarian social traditions. The wider significance of ‘foederati ware’ for the Germanic settlement of the region and its influence on the technology of indigenous ceramics production are also explored.

Urban Patterns in the Greek Period: Athens, Paestum, Morgantina, Miletus/Priene, and Pergamon as Formal Types

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora P. Crouch
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Urban Patterns ◽  
Residential Quarters ◽  
The Impact

In order to assess the impact of the delivery and drainage of water on the urban pattern in the ancient Greek world, it is necessary to have clear ideas of what forms their cities took. Thus a brief discussion of urban patterns will be useful. Traditional descriptions of ancient Greek cities characterize them by typical street patterns, usually two major types: the Hippodamean grid of Miletus of the fifth century, and the terraces like the blades of a fan found at Pergamon of the late third and second centuries, called “scenographic urbanism.” Yet a more careful examination of the evidence suggests that for different centuries B.C., there are many more urban types than two. Examples standing for both the repertory of physical patterns and the changes in those patterns over time that we may cite are: 1. 7th century B.C.—Akragas (frontispiece): irregular hill-top site of the archaic period 2. 6th century—Paestum (Fig. 5.IB): “bar and stripes” 3. 5th century—Athens (Fig. 5.1A): organic, focused on central acropolis and agora, similar to Akragas pattern 4. 5th century—Morgantina (Fig. 5.1C): typical West Greek pattern of two flat hills with residential quarters grid platted and lower agora between them 5. 4th and 3rd centuries—Priene (Fig. 51.D): based on prototype grid at Miletus (early 5th century—Fig. 22.4) and refinement of grid as used at Rhodes (mid to late 5th century—Fig. 8.3), an adaption of Hippodamean regularity to a small plateau 6. 3rd and 2nd centuries—Pergamon (Fig. 5.1E): scenographic urbanism, with wedge-shaped terraces It is difficult to classify urban plans solely by pattern or by century. This is because the changes did not go together in any simple fashion. Inspection of the street patterns of ancient Greek cities, and the relation of those patterns to the sites, allows them to be classified into five basic types, which for easy remembrance I name after representative cities of each type: 1. Athens-type. A general rule for cities of a[n ancient] culture states that “the capital city is unlike the others in form.” Athens, a seemingly formless, organic city, is quite unlike the well-regulated cities (many of them colonies) of the other types.

scholarly journals The impact of the quartets Omar Khayyam in the poetic experience of the Iraqi poet Zahawi

2018 ◽  
Vol 226 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-490
Author(s):  
Assist. Prof. Abdolrazagh Rahmani ◽  
Associate Prof. Eshagh Rahmani ◽  
, MA student , Zahra Sakhaei manesh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Drinking Alcohol ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Literary Unity ◽  
The Universe

The universality of literature has had great effects on literary unity. In this area, the effects of Arabic and Persian reflect the development of in-kind modeling of literary and literary overlap and become a wide field of comparative studies. Khayyam is considered to be one of the greatest men of the fifth century AH and has left a great literary imprint in the world of art and literature. One of the most famous of its variants is the reference to its quartets, which seem to have conflicting views of the universe and the Creator at first sight. This duplication, which we find in the quartets of the tents has produced many studies over the ages, including those Zahawi contemporary Iraqi poet, who was affected by the tents clearly. We find this effect when the quartets of the tents express the prose and the system, and also when it regulates its quadrilateral. We find that his idea inspired much of the quartets of tents. Here is the importance of studying the comparison between them through the quartets. And their cultural influences between them and this research includes common aspects between the quartets of these poets. The most important results we have reached in this study can be summarized as follows: Al-Zahawi was influenced by his quartets of the ideas and quartets of tents. The tents look at life and the universe with a pessimistic look and call for forgetting the melancholy of the world and its depression, while also drinking alcohol and Zahawi. The Arabization of the quartets of the tents by the Zahawi and the similarity of the contents of their quartets due to the cultural context common to them as a result of the knowledge of the Arab world on the ideas of tents. Such study confirms the connection and friction of both Arabic and Persian cultures.

THE SEMIOTICS OF THE SOUL IN ANCIENT MEDICAL DREAM INTERPRETATION: PERCEPTION AND THE POETICS OF DREAM PRODUCTION IN HIPPOCRATES’ ON REGIMEN

Ramus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Ella Haselswerdt
Keyword(s):  
Medical Practice ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Dream Interpretation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Observational Methodology ◽  
Divine Intervention ◽  
Internal Condition

In the medical practice of Asclepian dream incubation, dreams offered a conduit through which the divine power of the healing god could be visited upon an ailing suppliant. This practice was enough of a part of everyday life in fifth-century Athens that it achieved the dubious honor of an extended parody in Aristophanes’ Plutus. An extensive inscriptional record suggests that it continued to flourish for many centuries. But there was another type of dream employed in ancient Greek and Roman medical practice, with a much scanter trail of evidence. These dreams had endogenous, physiological origins and provided information about the internal disposition of the body not by divine intervention, but by some manner of inward perception on the part of the patient. With the rising interest in observational methodology in the fith century, opsis, and ideally autopsy, became the basis on which scientific knowledge was produced and elaborated. Taboos against physically opening the human body, in life as well as in death, prevented physicians from directly observing their patients’ interiors. The visions of dreams, then, could potentially provide doctors with a uniquely valuable diagnostic tool: genuine access to the observation of a body's internal condition, albeit in a strange, mediated form.

Rethinking European Jewish History

2008 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Jewish Women ◽  
American Jewry ◽  
Political Boundaries ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Jewish ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Europe has changed greatly in the last century. The political boundaries between nations and states, along with the very concepts of 'nation' and 'boundary', have changed significantly, and the self-consciousness of ethnic minorities has likewise evolved in new directions. All these developments have affected how the Jews of Europe perceive themselves, and they help to shape the prism through which historians view the Jewish past. This volume looks at the Jewish past in the spirit of this reassessment. Part I reconsiders the basic parameters of the subject as well as some of its fundamental concepts, suggesting new assumptions and perspectives from which to conduct future studies of European Jewish history. Topics covered here include periodization and the definition of geographical borders, antisemitism, gender and the history of Jewish women, and notions of assimilation. Part II is devoted to articulating the meaning of 'modernity' in the history of European Jewry and demarcating key stages in its crystallization. Chapters reflect on the defining characteristics of a distinct early modern period in European Jewish history, the Reformation and the Jews, and the fundamental features of the Jewish experience in modern times. Parts III and IV present two scholarly conversations as case studies for the application of the critical and programmatic categories considered thus far: the complex web of relationships between Jews, Christians, and Jewish converts to Christianity in fifteenth-century Spain; and the impact of American Jewry on Jewish life in Europe in the twentieth-century, at a time when the dominant trend was one of migration from Europe to the Americas.

Fifth-Century Preliminaries

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-99
Author(s):  
Christopher Pelling
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
The Impact

This chapter studies the fifth-century antecedents of biography, focusing on two writers: Stesimbrotus of Thasos and Ion of Chios. These ‘preliminaries’ are not the roots of a single tree thrusting upwards, shortly to blossom into something called ‘biography’. Stesimbrotus and Ion represent several different seeds, and some will be productive in quite different ways: the anecdotal, the focus on self, the miscellaneity, and the graphic descriptions are all important features that will recur in many different strands of later literature, and are no more prominent in biography than elsewhere. Equally, the fourth-century biographers would have thought that other precursors mattered more, the Odyssey and praise-oratory in particular. Eastern influences may operate directly on, particularly, Cyropaedia, even if the impact of that eastern material on Herodotus had already prepared that particular path.

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