The Effect of High Intensity and Short Duration versus Low Intensity and Long Duration of Intermittent Pre-Exposure upon Human Dark Adaptation*

1952 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Mote ◽  
Eleanor C. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Dark Adaptation ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Long Duration

scholarly journals Effects of Static Stretching With High-Intensity and Short-Duration or Low-Intensity and Long-Duration on Range of Motion and Muscle Stiffness

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taizan Fukaya ◽  
Ryosuke Kiyono ◽  
Shigeru Sato ◽  
Kaoru Yahata ◽  
Koki Yasaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Shear Elastic Modulus ◽  
Passive Torque ◽  
Long Duration

This study investigated the effects of static stretching (SS) delivered with the same load but using two protocols – high-intensity and short-duration and low-intensity and long-duration – on range of motion (ROM) and muscle stiffness. A total of 18 healthy students participated in the study. They randomly performed high-intensity and short-duration (120% and 100 s) or low-intensity and long-duration (50% and 240 s) SS. Outcomes were assessed on ROM, passive torque at dorsiflexion ROM, and shear elastic modulus of the medial gastrocnemius before and after static stretching. The results showed that ROM increased significantly at post-stretching compared to that at pre-stretching in both high-intensity and short-duration [+6.1° ± 4.6° (Δ25.7 ± 19.9%)] and low-intensity and long-duration [+3.6° ± 2.3° (Δ16.0 ± 11.8%)]. Also, the ROM was significantly higher at post-stretching in high-intensity and short-duration conditions than that in low-intensity and long-duration. The passive torque at dorsiflexion ROM was significantly increased in both high-intensity and short-duration [+5.8 ± 12.8 Nm (Δ22.9 ± 40.5%)] and low-intensity and long-duration [+2.1 ± 3.4 Nm (Δ6.9 ± 10.8%)] conditions, but no significant differences were observed between both conditions. The shear elastic modulus was significantly decreased in both high-intensity and short-duration [−8.8 ± 6.1 kPa (Δ − 38.8 ± 14.5%)] and low-intensity and long-duration [−8.0 ± 12.8 kPa (Δ − 22.2 ± 33.8%)] conditions. Moreover, the relative change in shear elastic modulus in the high-intensity and short-duration SS was significantly greater than that in low-intensity and long-duration SS. Our results suggest that a higher intensity of the static stretching should be conducted to increase ROM and decrease muscle stiffness, even for a short time.

Distraction and Redefinition in the Reduction of Low and High Intensity Experimentally-Induced Pain

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debora L. Dubreuil ◽  
Norman S. Endler ◽  
Nicholas P. Spanos
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Pressure Pain ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Pain Ratings ◽  
Lower Pain ◽  
Intensity Condition ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Subjects underwent either low intensity or high intensity acute focal pressure pain of relatively short duration on a baseline and posttest trial. On the posttest subjects in each intensity condition either engaged in distraction (shadowing letters), attended to sensations (redefinition) or were given no treatment (controls). Distraction was more effective than redefinition at reducing rated pain and at enhancing pain tolerance for subjects in the high intensity condition. Subjects who scored as repressors gave lower pain ratings than sensitizers. Moreover, in the high intensity condition repressors given distraction reported significant increases in pain tolerance while sensitizers given distraction showed no changes in tolerance.

The peripheral auditory characteristics of noctuid moths: responses to the search-phase echolocation calls of bats

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Waters ◽  
G Jones
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Agrotis Segetum ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The noctuid moths Agrotis segetum and Noctua pronuba show peak auditory sensitivity between 15 and 25 kHz, and a maximum sensitivity of 35 dB SPL. A. segetum shows a temporal integration time of 69 ms. It is predicted that bats using high-frequency and short-duration calls will be acoustically less apparent to these moths. Short-duration frequency-modulated (FM) calls of Plecotus auritus are not significantly less acoustically apparent than those of other FM bats with slightly longer call durations, based on their combined frequency and temporal structure alone. Long-duration, high-frequency, constant-frequency (CF) calls of Rhinolophus hipposideros at 113 kHz are significantly less apparent than those of the FM bats tested. The predicted low call apparency of the 83 kHz CF calls of R. ferrumequinum appears to be counteracted by their long duration. It is proposed that two separate mechanisms are exploited by bats to reduce their call apparency, low intensity in FM bats and high frequency in CF bats. Within the FM bats tested, shorter-duration calls do not significantly reduce the apparency of the call at the peripheral level, though they may limit the amount of information available to the central nervous system.

Stretching Effects: High-intensity & Moderate-duration vs. Low-intensity & Long-duration

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (03) ◽  
pp. 239-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Freitas ◽  
J. Vaz ◽  
P. Bruno ◽  
R. Andrade ◽  
P. Mil-Homens
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Long Duration

High-intensity interval training with long duration intervals is more effective than short duration intervals for improving glycolytic capacity in the rats’ gastrocnemius muscle

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azadeh Akmali ◽  
Marziyeh Saghebjoo
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Monocarboxylate Transporter ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Ldh Activity ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
High Intensity Interval

Abstract Background There is little data regarding the ability of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to increase of glycolytic capacity and intramuscular metabolic adaptations. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of HIIT (8 weeks, 5 times/week) with short (HIIT1 min: 16 × 1 min work and active recovery at 80–95% and 50–60% VO2max, respectively) and long (HIIT4 min: 4 × 4 min work and active recovery at 80–95% and 50–60% VO2max, respectively) duration intervals and 4 weeks detraining on the levels of phosphofructokinase (PFK), glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1), monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the rats’ gastrocnemius muscle. Materials and methods Fifty-four male Wistar rats were assigned into three groups, including HIIT1 min, HIIT4 min and control (Ctrl). After 48 h of the last training session and after 4 weeks of detraining, the rats were sacrificed, and the gastrocnemius muscles were isolated. Results The PFK levels in the HIIT4 min group was significantly higher than in the HIIT1 min and Ctrl groups, and after the detraining period in the HIIT4 minDT group significantly decreased compared to the HIIT4 min group. The LDH activity in the HIIT4 min and HIIT1 min groups were significantly higher than the Ctrl group and the increasing trend in the HIIT4 min group was more than the HIIT1 min group. There was no significant change in LDH activity after detraining compared to training. No significant changes were observed in the level of GYS1 and MCT4 after HIIT. Conclusions Eight weeks of HIIT with long duration intervals induced more improvements in intramuscular glycolytic capacity than a short duration. After short-term detraining, some of these adaptations have remained.

scholarly journals Effect of Exercise Intensity on Cell-Mediated Immunity

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Katsuhiko Suzuki ◽  
Harumi Hayashida
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Physical Strain ◽  
Low Intensity

Moderate-intensity exercise is considered to enhance immune function and to be useful for preventing acute upper respiratory infections and similar conditions. Many people practice low-intensity short-duration exercise with the expectation of a beneficial effect on immunocompetency. However, it is difficult to affirm the existence of definite evidence of such a benefit. In this article, we discuss the effects of low-intensity short-duration exercise on cell-mediated immunity, and contrast them to the effects of high-intensity and long-duration exercise. Whereas high-intensity exercise induces inflammation and reduces cell-mediated immune system function, low-intensity exercise does not appear to have a large effect on either inflammation or cell-mediated immune function. Low-intensity exercises such as walking and yoga, which are helpful to relieve stress, cannot be considered as harmful to the immune system. Although yoga was shown to impose fewer restrictions on breathing and physical strain, the evidence that yoga enhances cell-mediated immunity remains insufficient. Therefore, further studies are needed to examine the exercise mode that may be most effective for improvement of immune functions.

scholarly journals Effects of pre-exercise acupuncture stimulation on heart rate response during short-duration exercise

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidehiro Nakahara ◽  
Shin-ya Ueda ◽  
Eriko Kawai ◽  
Rui Higashiura ◽  
Tadayoshi Miyamoto
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Heart Rate Response ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Manual Acupuncture ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Acupuncture Stimulation

Abstract Background The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of bradycardia induced by pre-exercise acupuncture on heart rate responses during short-duration exercise. Methods A total of 29 healthy subjects underwent two protocols: protocol 1 assessed the effects of manual acupuncture on heart rate response during rest, and protocol 2 tested the hypothesis that the bradycardic effects induced by pre-exercise acupuncture continue during low- and high-intensity exercise. Their average age, height, weight, and body mass index were 21.2 ± 2.0 years, 167.2 ± 8.8 cm, 63.8 ± 12.8 kg, and 22.7 ± 3.5 kg/m2, respectively. In acupuncture stimulations for protocols 1 and 2, an acupuncture needle was inserted into the lower leg and manual acupuncture stimulation was performed at 1 Hz. Results In protocol 1 (resting condition), acupuncture stimulation induced a bradycardic response, which continued for 4 min after the cessation of acupuncture stimulation (p < 0.05). In protocol 2, the bradycardic response induced by pre-exercise acupuncture stimulation remained during low-intensity exercise and in the beginning of high-intensity exercise performed immediately after the cessation of acupuncture stimulation (p < 0.05). However, the effects disappeared when post-acupuncture exercise was performed when the heart rate was approximately 140 beats/min during high-intensity exercise. The rating of perceived exertion after exercise differed significantly between the acupuncture stimulation task (7.9 ± 1.6) and no-stimulation task (8.5 ± 2.0) (p = 0.03) only in the low intensity group. Conclusion This study may provide new insights into the effect of acupuncture stimulation on psycho-physiological conditions during exercise.

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